The Internet of Things (IoT) is a megatrend that cuts across all scientific and engineering disciplines and establishes an integrating technical evolution to improve production efficiencies and daily human life. Linked machines and sensors use decision-making routines to work toward a common product or solution. Expanding this technical revolution into the value chain of complex areas such as agriculture, food production, and healthcare requires the implementation and connection of sophisticated (bio)analytical methods. Today, wearable sensors, monitors, and point-of-care diagnostic tests are part of our daily lives and improve patients' medical progression or athletes' monitoring capabilities that are already beyond imagination. Also, early contributions toward sensor networks and finally the IT revolution with wireless data collection and transmission via Bluetooth or smartphones have set the foundation to connect remote sensors and distributed analytical chemical services with centralized laboratories, cloud storage, and cloud computing. Here, we critically review those biosensor and chemosensor technologies and concepts used in an IoT setting or considered IoT-ready that were published in the period 2013-2018, while also pointing to those foundational concepts and ideas that arose over the last two decades. We focus on these sensors due to their unique ability to be remotely stationed and that easily function in networks and have made the greatest progress toward IoT integration. Finally, we highlight requirements and existing and future challenges and provide possible solutions important toward the vision of a seamless integration into a global analytical concept, which includes many more analytical techniques than sensors and includes foremost next-generation sequencing and separation principles coupled with MS detection.

A Megatrend Challenging Analytical Chemistry: Biosensor and Chemosensor Concepts Ready for the Internet of Things.

Progress in utilisation of graphene for electrochemical biosensors.

Enhanced biocatalytic sustainability of laccase by immobilization on functionalized carbon nanotubes/polysulfone membranes

Bioelectrochemical systems are revolutionary new bioengineering technologies which integrate microorganisms or enzymes with the electrochemical method to improve the reducing or oxidizing metabolism. Generally, the bioelectrochemical systems show the processes referring to electrical power generation or achieving the reducing reaction with a certain potential poised by means of electron transfer between the electron acceptor and electron donor. Researchers have focused on the selection and optimization of the electrode materials, design of electrochemical device, and screening of electrochemically active or inactive model microorganisms. Notably, all these means and studies are related to electron transfer: efflux and consumption. Thus, here we introduce the basic concepts of bioelectrochemical systems, and elaborate on the extracellular and intracellular electron transfer, and the hypothetical electron transfer mechanism. Also, intracellular energy generation and coenzyme metabolism along with electron transfer are analyzed. Finally, the applications of bioelectrochemical systems and the prospect of microbial electrochemical technologies are discussed.

Progress and Prospects of Bioelectrochemical Systems: Electron Transfer and Its Applications in the Microbial Metabolism

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02395122/document

Recent advances in surface chemistry of electrodes to promote direct enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis

A smart DNA sensing system for detecting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using modified nanoparticle probes.

Construction of a biointerface on a carbon nanotube surface for efficient electron transfer

We have developed a novel, highly sensitive, biosensing system for detecting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The system employs gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs), and an electrochemical detection method. We have designed and synthesized ferrocene- and single-stranded DNA-conjugated nanoparticles that hybridize to MRSA DNA. Hybridized complexes are easily separated by taking advantage of mNPs. A current response could be obtained through the oxidation of ferrocene on the AuNP surface when a constant potential of +250 mV vs. Ag/AgCl is applied. The enzymatic reaction of L-proline dehydrogenase provides high signal amplification. This sensing system, using a nanoparticle-modified probe, has the ability to detect 10 pM of genomic DNA from MRSA without amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. Current responses are linearly related to the amount of genomic DNA in the range of 10-166 pM. Selectivity is confirmed by demonstrating that this sensing system could distinguish MRSA from Staphylococcus aureus (SA) DNA.

Yoshihisa Amano

Papers

A smart DNA sensing system for detecting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using modified nanoparticle probes.

Construction of a biointerface on a carbon nanotube surface for efficient electron transfer

An Electrochemical DNA Sensing System Using Modified Nanoparticle Probes for Detecting Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus