Gut Microbiota Regulation of Tryptophan Metabolism in Health and Disease

Food-derived peptides with biological activity: from research to food applications.

Tryptophan- and arginine-rich antimicrobial peptides: structures and mechanisms of action.

The gut microbiota influences the health of the host, especially with regard to gut immune homeostasis and the intestinal immune response. In addition to serving as a nutrient enhancer, L-tryptophan (Trp) plays crucial roles in the balance between intestinal immune tolerance and gut microbiota maintenance. Recent discoveries have underscored that changes in the microbiota modulate the host immune system by modulating Trp metabolism. Moreover, Trp, endogenous Trp metabolites (kynurenines, serotonin, and melatonin), and bacterial Trp metabolites (indole, indolic acid, skatole, and tryptamine) have profound effects on gut microbial composition, microbial metabolism, the host's immune system, the host-microbiome interface, and host immune system-intestinal microbiota interactions. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates the regulation of intestinal immunity by Trp metabolites (as ligands of AhR), which is beneficial for immune homeostasis. Among Trp metabolites, AhR ligands consist of endogenous metabolites, including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, and cinnabarinic acid, and bacterial metabolites, including indole, indole propionic acid, indole acetic acid, skatole, and tryptamine. Additional factors, such as aging, stress, probiotics, and diseases (spondyloarthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer), which are associated with variability in Trp metabolism, can influence Trp-microbiome-immune system interactions in the gut and also play roles in regulating gut immunity. This review clarifies how the gut microbiota regulates Trp metabolism and identifies the underlying molecular mechanisms of these interactions. Increased mechanistic insight into how the microbiota modulates the intestinal immune system through Trp metabolism may allow for the identification of innovative microbiota-based diagnostics, as well as appropriate nutritional supplementation of Trp to prevent or alleviate intestinal inflammation. Moreover, this review provides new insight regarding the influence of the gut microbiota on Trp metabolism. Additional comprehensive analyses of targeted Trp metabolites (including endogenous and bacterial metabolites) are essential for experimental preciseness, as the influence of the gut microbiota cannot be neglected, and may explain contradictory results in the literature.

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Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Intestinal Immunity Mediated by Tryptophan Metabolism

Biofabrication with chitosan.

The protective effects of hen egg yolk phosvitin phosphopeptides (PPPs) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress were evaluated in an in vitro assay using human intestinal epithelial cells. Caco-2 cells were stimulated with 1 mM H2O2 for 6 h, and the secretion of IL-8, a proinflammatory mediator, was determined by ELISA as a biomarker of oxidative stress. The inhibition of H2O2-induced IL-8 secretion from Caco-2 cells was observed by pretreatment for 2 h with PPPs, but not with phosvitin. PPPs also suppressed the formation of malondialdehyde in H2O2-treated Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, intracellular glutathione levels and glutathione reductase activity were elevated by the addition of PPPs. The protective effects of PPPs against H2O2-induced oxidative stress were almost the same as that of glutathione, and PPPs with a high content of phosphorus exhibited higher protective activity than PPPs without phosphorus; however, phosphoserine itself did not show any significant antioxidative stress a...

Antioxidative stress activity of oligophosphopeptides derived from hen egg yolk phosvitin in Caco-2 cells.

BACKGROUND: Food protein-derived peptides with antioxidant activity have great potential for use as natural antioxidants in food products. However, neither the structure–activity relationship nor the antioxidant mechanism of peptides is fully understood. Egg yolk phosvitin has been acknowledged to have strongly antioxidant protein owing to its highly phosphorylated form. In this study the antioxidant activities of tryptic digests of hen egg yolk phosvitin (PPPs), which were prepared by partial dephosphorylation and subsequent hydrolysis by trypsin, were compared with that of intact phosvitin.



RESULTS: Compared with intact phosvitin, PPPs exhibited distinctly stronger capability of inhibiting lipid oxidation in a linoleic acid system and more efficient radical-scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. However, the chelating capability of PPPs on iron(II) was weaker than that of intact phosvitin. The strong antioxidant activity of PPPs can be mainly attributed to the amino acid composition rather than to the content of phosphorylserine ligands. Histidine, methionine and tyrosine are the amino acids most likely to be responsible for the strong antioxidant activity of phosvitin peptides.



CONCLUSION: The present study indicated that PPPs could be used in foods as natural antioxidants with strong antioxidant activity. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

Antioxidant activity of tryptic digests of hen egg yolk phosvitin.

I Nutrient Absorption System Nutraceutical Proteins and Peptides in Health and Disease: An Overview: Y Mine and F Shahidi Calcium-Binding Peptides: D Kitts Mineral-Binding Proteins and Peptides and the Bioavailability of Trace Elements: D Bougle and S Bouhallab Cholesterol-Lowering Proteins and Peptides: Satoshi Nagaoka Heavy-Metal-Binding Proteins: Jennifer Kovacs-Nolan and Yoshinori Mine Tight-Junction-Modulatory Factors in Food: Makoto Shimizu and Akira Mori II Body's Defense System Antimicrobial Peptides: Judy CK Chan and Eunice CY Li-Chan Bovine Milk Antibodies for Protection against Microbial Human Diseases: Hannu Korhonen and Pertti Marnila Avian Immunoglobulin Y and its Application in Human Health and Disease: Jennifer Kovacs-Nolan, Yoshinori Mine, and Hajime Hatta Antiangiogenic Proteins, Peptides, and Amino Acids: Jack N Losso and Hiba A Bawadi Relevance of Growth Factors for the Gastrointestinal Tract and Other Organs: Subrata Ghosh and Raymond J Playford Cystatin: A Novel Bioactive Protein: Soichiro Nakamura III Body's Regulating System ACE Inhibitory Peptides: Hans Meisel, Daniel Walsh, Brian Murray, and Richard J FitzGerald Regulation of Bone Metabolism: Milk Basic Protein: Yukihiro Takada and Seiichiro Aoe Anticariogenic Peptides: KJ Cross, NL Huq, and EC Reynolds Fibrinolytic Enzymes from Food in Cardiovascular Disease: Ada H-K Wong and Yoshinori Mine IV Body's Nervous System Opioid Peptides: Daniel Tome, Benjamin Guesdon, and Lisa Pichon Factor on Body's Nervous System: Relaxation Effects of Tea L-Theanine: M Ozeki, TP Rao, and LR Juneja V Hypoallergenic Foods Introduction to Food Allergy: Steve L Taylor and Susan L Hefle The Production of Hypoallergenic Wheat Flour for Wheat-Allergic Patients: Soichi Tanabe and Jun Watanabe Milk Proteins: Koko Mizumachi and Jun-ichi Kurisaki Egg Proteins: Prithy Rupa and Yoshinori Mine Soybean: T Ogawa Meat Allergy: Soichi Tanabe and Toshihide Nishimura Rice-Seed Allergenic Proteins and Hypoallergenic Rice: Tsukasa Matsuda, Masayuki Nakase, Angelina M Alvarez, Hidehiko Izumi, Takeo Kato, and Yuichi Tada Buckwheat Allergy: Chein-Soo Hong and Kyu-Earn Kim VI Modern Approaches to BioactiveProteins and Peptides Database of Protein and Bioactive Peptide Sequences: Jerzy Dziuba and Anna Iwaniak Rational Designing of Bioactive Peptides: S Nakai and N Alizadeh-Pasdar Engineering Hen Egg-White Lysozyme: Akio Kato New Methodologies for the Synthesis of Oligopeptides and Conformation-Constrained Peptidomimetics: Kazuhiro Chiba Lacticin 3147 : Paul D Cotter, Colin Hill, and R Paul Ross Membrane-Based Fractionation and Purification Strategies for Bioactive Peptides: Yves Pouliot, Sylvie F Gauthier, and Paule Emilie Groleau

Nutraceutical Proteins and Peptides in Health and Disease

Bioactive Proteins and Peptides as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Mine/Bioactive Proteins and Peptides as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals

Preface Contributors PART 1 Introduction 1 Biologically Active Food Proteins and Peptides in Health: AnOverview (Yoshinori Mine, Eunice CY Li-Chan, and BoJiang) PART 2 Functions of Biologically Active Proteins andPeptides 2 Anti-inflammatory/Oxidative Stress Proteins and Peptides(Denise Young and Yoshinori Mine) 3 Antioxidant Peptides (Youling L Xiong) 4 Antihypertensive Peptides and Their Underlying Mechanisms(Toshiro Matsui and Mitsuru Tanaka) 5 Food Protein Derived Peptides as Calmodulin Inhibitors(Rotimi E Aluko) 6 Soy Protein for the Metabolic Syndrome (CristinaMartinez-Villaluenga and Elvira Gonzalez deMejia) 7 Amyloidogenic Proteins and Peptides (Soichiro Nakamura,Takanobu Owaki, Yuki Maeda, Shigeru Katayama, and KosukeNakamura) 8 Peptide-Based Immunotherapy for Food Allergy (Marie Yangand Yoshinori Mine) 9 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (Bo Jiang, Yuanxin Fu, and TaoZhang) 10 Food Proteins or Their Hydrolysates as Regulators of Satiety(Martin Foltz, Mylene Portier, and Daniel Tome) PART 3 Examples of Food Proteins and Peptides with BiologicalActivity 11 Health-Promoting Proteins and Peptides in Colostrum and Whey(Hannu J Korhonen) 12 Functional Food Products with Antihypertensive Effects(Naoyuki Yamamoto) 13 Secreted Lactoferrin and Lactoferrin-Related Peptides:Insight in Structure and Biological Functions (DominiqueLegrand, Annick Pierce, and Joel Mazurier) 14 Bioactive Peptides and Proteins from Fish Muscle and Collagen(Nazlin K Howell and Chitundu Kasase) 15 Animal Muscle-Based Bioactive Peptides (JenniferKovacs-Nolan and Yoshinori Mine) 16 Processing and Functionality of Rice Bran Proteins andPeptides (Rashida Ali, Frederick F Shih, and Mian NadeemRiaz) 17 Bioactive Proteins and Peptides from Egg Proteins(Jianping Wu, Kaustav Majumder, and Kristen Gibbons) 18 Soy Peptides as Functional Food Materials (ToshihiroNakamori) 19 Bioactivity of Proteins and Peptides from Peas (Pisumsativum, Vigna unguiculata, and Cicer arietinum L)(Bo Jiang, Wokadala C Obiro, Yanhong Li, Tao Zhang, and WanmengMu) 20 Wheat Proteins and Peptides (Hitomi Kumagai) PART 4 Recent Advances in Bioactive Peptide Analysis for FoodApplication 21 Peptidomics for Bioactive Peptide Analysis (IcyD Siva and Yoshinori Mine) 22 In silico Analysis of Bioactive Peptides (MartaDziuba and Bartlomiej Dziuba) 23 Flavor-Active Properties of Amino Acids, Peptides, andProteins (Eunice CY Li-Chan and Imelda WY Cheung) 24 Controlled Release and Delivery Technology of BiologicallyActive Proteins and Peptides (Idit Amar-Yuli, Abraham Aserin,and Nissim Garti) Index

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Yoshinori Mine

Papers

Antioxidative stress activity of oligophosphopeptides derived from hen egg yolk phosvitin in Caco-2 cells.

Antioxidant activity of tryptic digests of hen egg yolk phosvitin.

Nutraceutical Proteins and Peptides in Health and Disease

Bioactive Proteins and Peptides as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Mine/Bioactive Proteins and Peptides as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals

Bioactive Proteins and Peptides as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals