A review on the preparation of the activated carbon from agricultural waste material is presented. The physical properties such as proximate and ultimate analysis of agricultural waste material were reviewed. The chemical compositions such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin contents were also discussed. The effects of various parameters on the preparation such as carbonization and activation temperature, time, types of activating agents and impregnation ratio were reviewed. Various physical and chemical processes for the activation of the agricultural residues and their effects on the textural properties such as surface area and pore volume were discussed. The low cost, renewable and relatively less expensive of the agricultural waste were found to be efficiently being converted into wealth. The uses of activated carbon derived from agricultural residues in many fields were evidently proven in the review. The reaction kinetic modeling on the pyrolysis and activation of agricultural wastes were also reviewed.

Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review

Valorization of biomass waste to engineered activated biochar by microwave pyrolysis: Progress, challenges, and future directions

Storage of pure CO2 and CH4 and separation of their binary mixture in three different classes of nanostructured adsorbentssilicalite, C168 schwarzite, and IRMOF-1have been compared at room temperature using atomistic simulation. CH4 is represented as a spherical Lennard-Jones molecule, and CO2 is represented as a rigid linear molecule with a quadrupole moment. For pure component adsorption, CO2 is preferentially adsorbed than CH4 in all the three adsorbents over the pressure range under this study, except in C168 schwarzite at high pressures. The simulated adsorption isotherms and isosteric heats match closely with available experimental data. A dual-site Langmuir−Freundlich equation is used to fit the isotherms satisfactorily. Compared to silicalite and C168 schwarzite, the gravimetric adsorption capacity of pure CH4 and CO2 separately in IRMOF-1 is substantially larger. This implies that IRMOF-1 might be a potential storage medium for CH4 and CO2. For adsorption from an equimolar binary mixture, CO2 is ...

Storage and separation of CO2 and CH4 in silicalite, C168 schwarzite, and IRMOF-1: a comparative study from Monte Carlo simulation.

This review compiles the work done by various researchers on synthesis of activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications in air pollution control. The general methods for preparation of lignocellulosic activated carbon as adsorption materials are discussed. The effect of carbonization and activation parameters such as temperature, heating rate, gas flow rate, activating agent, and residence time toward properties of activated carbon were reviewed. These parameters were related to the utilization of lignocellulosic activated carbon in air pollution control: removal of SO 2 , removal of NO 2 , simultaneous removal of SO 2 and NO x , removal of H 2 S, and removal of VOC. Under appropriate activation conditions, it is possible to obtain activated carbon with surface area and pore volume as high as 3000 m 2 /g and 1.5 cm 3 /g, respectively, which could be considered as a good sorbent. Converting lignocellulosic biomass into activated carbon could solve environmental problems such as agricultural waste and air pollutions control.

Synthesis of activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications in air pollution control—a review

Separation of olefin/paraffin is an energy-intensive and difficult separation process in petrochemical industry. Energy-efficient adsorption process is considered as a promising alternative to the ...

Adsorption of ethane, ethylene, propane, and propylene on a magnesium-based metal-organic framework.

Adsorption equilibria of single components for pure methane, ethane, ethylene, hydrogen, and nitrogen onto activated carbon adsorbent (Calgon Co.) were measured. The results were obtained with a static volumetric method at 293.15 K, 303.15 K, and 313.15 K and at pressures up to 2 MPa. Experimental data were correlated by the Langmuir−Freundlich equation. Isosteric enthalpies of adsorption were calculated and shown according to surface loading.

Adsorption equilibria of methane, ethane, ethylene, nitrogen, and hydrogen onto activated carbon

The adsorption characteristics of SO2 were studied with KOH-impregnated granular activated carbon (K-IAC). To confirm selective SO2 adsorptivity of K-IAC using a fixed bed adsorption column, experiments were conducted on the effects of KOH and of linear velocity, temperature, and concentration. In addition, changes in features before and after adsorption were observed by utilizing FTIR, XRD, ToF-SIMS, and AES/SAM, examining the surface chemistry. K-IAC adsorbed 13.2 times more SO2 than did general activated carbon (GAC). The amount of SO2 adsorbed increased as linear velocity and concentration increased and as temperature decreased. At lower temperature, the dominant reaction between KOH and SO2 produces K2-SO3 and H2O. Any H2O remaining on the surface is converted into H2SO4 as SO2 and O2 are introduced. Then, the KOH and SO2 reaction produces K2SO4 and H2O. The surface characterization results proved that adsorption occurred through chemical reaction between KOH and SO2. The SO2 adsorbed K-IAC exists in the form of stable oxide crystal, K2SO3 and K2SO4, due to potassium. The basic feature given to the surface of activated carbon by KOH impregnation was confirmed to be acting as the main factor in enhancing SO2 adsorptivity.

Adsorption Characteristics of SO2 on Activated Carbon Prepared from Coconut Shell with Potassium Hydroxide Activation

Adsorption and reaction behavior for the simultaneous adsorption of NO–NO2 and SO2 on activated carbon impregnated with KOH

Performance of fixed-bed KOH impregnated activated carbon adsorber for NO and NO2 removal in the presence of oxygen

This study identifies surface chemistry characteristics based on competitive behavior in the simultaneous adsorption behavior of NOx (NO rich) and SO2 using KOH impregnated activated carbon (K-IAC) in excess O2. The NOx and SO2 adsorption on K-IAC occurred mainly through the acid-base reaction. The high surface area with many pores of activated carbon acted as storage places of oxide crystal produced from NOx and SO2 adsorption. KOH, an impregnant, provided the selective adsorption sites to NOx and SO2, enabling simultaneous adsorption. However, larger amounts of SO2, with higher adsorption affinity to K-IAC compared to NOx, were adsorbed in a NOx/SO2 coexistent atmosphere. Oxygen was chemisorbed to K-IAC, which enhanced the selective adsorptivity for NO. In binary-component adsorption of NOx and SO2 on K-IAC, oxide crystals such as KNO, (x = 2,3) and K2SOx (x = 3,4) were dominantly formed through two different adsorption mechanisms by chemical reacton. Depending on the extent that oxide crystals blocked pores, compositions of oxide crystals were distributed differently according to depth.

Young Whan Lee

Papers

Adsorption equilibria of methane, ethane, ethylene, nitrogen, and hydrogen onto activated carbon

Adsorption Characteristics of SO2 on Activated Carbon Prepared from Coconut Shell with Potassium Hydroxide Activation

Adsorption and reaction behavior for the simultaneous adsorption of NO–NO2 and SO2 on activated carbon impregnated with KOH

Performance of fixed-bed KOH impregnated activated carbon adsorber for NO and NO2 removal in the presence of oxygen

Studies on the Surface Chemistry Based on Competitive Adsorption of NOx-SO2 onto a KOH Impregnated Activated Carbon in Excess O2