Glioma diagnosis and therapy: Current challenges and nanomaterial-based solutions.

Collagen-Anchored Cascade Nanoreactors with Prolonged Intratumoral Retention for Combined Cancer Starvation and Chemotherapy

Recent progress in nitric oxide-generating nanomedicine for cancer therapy.

Nanocatalytic therapy is an emerging strategy for combating various malignant tumors, which is limited by acid/H2O2 deficiency and overexpressed glutathione (GSH). Herein, the versatile MoO3–x@Fe3O4-GOD-PVP (MFGP) nanoreactors were developed to overcome the limitations of nanocatalytic therapy. First, MoO3–x nanoflakes were loaded with Fe3O4 nanozymes via electrostatic self-assembly and then decorated with glucose oxidase (GOD) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). At the tumor microenvironment (TME), nanocatalytic therapy can be performed by the nanoreactors triggering a sequence of catalytic reactions. The hydroxyl radicals (·OH) generated by Fe3O4 nanozymes triggering the Fenton reaction can kill cancer cells. GOD could not only consume the glucose of the TME to starve the tumor but also in situ generate gluconic acid/H2O2 resulting in sustainable ·OH production. In addition, overexpressed GSH, an antioxidant of cancer cells, would be effectively consumed via Mo triggering redox reactions. Importantly, due to the strong second near-infrared (NIR-II) absorption of MoO3–x nanoflakes, MFGP possessed an excellent photothermal property (photothermal conversion efficiency of 49.9%). The generated hyperthermia by MFGP can simultaneously enhance the Fenton reaction efficiency, GOD catalytic reaction, and GSH depletion. Extensive biomedical evaluations demonstrated the desirable tumor suppression effect based on hyperthermia-augmented nanocatalytic therapy. Overall, this work paves the way to the exploration of tumor nanocatalytic therapy. 

H2O2 Self-Supplementing and GSH-Depleting Nanoreactors Based on MoO3–x@Fe3O4-GOD-PVP for Photothermally Reinforced Nanocatalytic Cancer Therapy at the Second Near-Infrared Biowindow

Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous transmitter extensively present in the human body, regulates vascular relaxation, immune response, inflammation, neurotransmission, and other crucial functions. Nitrite donors have been used clinically to treat angina, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and erectile dysfunction. Based on NO's vast biological functions, it further can treat tumors, bacteria/biofilms and other infections, wound healing, eye diseases, and osteoporosis. However, delivering NO is challenging due to uncontrolled blood circulation release and a half-life of under five seconds. With advanced biotechnology and the development of nanomedicine, NO donors packaged with multifunctional nanocarriers by physically embedding or chemically conjugating have been reported to show improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects. Herein, we review and discuss recent applications of NO nanomedicines, their therapeutic mechanisms, and the challenges of NO nanomedicines for future scientific studies and clinical applications. As NO enables the inhibition of the replication of DNA and RNA in infectious microbes, including COVID-19 coronaviruses and malaria parasites, we highlight the potential of NO nanomedicines for antipandemic efforts. This review aims to provide deep insights and practical hints into design strategies and applications of NO nanomedicines.

Youqing Ye

Papers

Glucose oxidase and L-arginine functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets for multimodal targeted therapy of glioblastoma