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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global. By Virginia Held. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 220p. $45. In her latest book, Virginia Held elaborates on themes from previously published articles to explicate and defend the ethics of care. For those unfamiliar with this well-developed tendency of feminist thought, she reviews its evolution from the 1980s writings of Sara Ruddick, Carol Gilligan, and Nel Noddings to the more recent work of theorists including, among many others, Eva Kittay, Annette Baier, Joan Tronto, and Selma Sevenhuijsen. Held also underlines the differences between the ethics of care and dominant moral and political perspectives, including Kantian universalism, utilitarianism, liberal contract theory, and virtue theory. She proposes that care is, compared with justice, the more basic value, on the grounds that society can exist without the latter but not without the former. She recommends that men and women participate equally in care activities; that care infuse citizen as well as familial relations; and that society beat back the imperializing thrust of the market ethos and the conflict-mongering thrust of the militarized state to improve the well-being of children, the elderly, the sick and disabled, the community, culture, the environment, and deprived regions of the world.

The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global

http://act-r.psy.cmu.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Walsh-learning-erps.pdf

Learning from experience: event-related potential correlates of reward processing, neural adaptation, and behavioral choice.

Although a large proportion of our lives are spent participating in social interactions, the investigation of the neural mechanisms supporting these interactions has largely been restricted to situations of social observation - that is, situations in which an individual observes a social stimulus without opportunity for interaction. In recent years, efforts have been made to develop a truly social, or 'second-person', neuroscientific approach to these investigations in which neural processes are examined within the context of a real-time reciprocal social interaction. These developments have helped to elucidate the behavioural and neural mechanisms of social interactions; however, further theoretical and methodological innovations are still needed. Findings to date suggest that the neural mechanisms supporting social interaction differ from those involved in social observation and highlight a role of the so-called 'mentalizing network' as important in this distinction. Taking social interaction seriously may also be particularly important for the advancement of the neuroscientific study of different psychiatric conditions.

/pdf/using-second-person-neuroscience-to-elucidate-the-mechanisms-o4fsfr56yp.pdf

Using second-person neuroscience to elucidate the mechanisms of social interaction

Economic approaches to decision making assume that people attach values to prospective goods and act to maximize their obtained value. Neuroeconomics strives to observe these values directly in the brain. A widely used valuation term in formal learning and decision-making models is the reward prediction error: the value of an outcome relative to its expected value. An influential theory (Holroyd & Coles, 2002) claims that an electrophysiological component, feedback related negativity (FRN), codes a reward prediction error in the human brain. Such a component should be sensitive to both the prior likelihood of reward and its magnitude on receipt. A number of studies have found the FRN to be insensitive to reward magnitude, thus questioning the Holroyd and Coles account. However, because of marked inconsistencies in how the FRN is measured, a meaningful synthesis of this evidence is highly problematic. We conducted a meta-analysis of the FRN's response to both reward magnitude and likelihood using a novel method in which published effect sizes were disregarded in favor of direct measurement of the published waveforms themselves, with these waveforms then averaged to produce "great grand averages." Under this standardized measure, the meta-analysis revealed strong effects of magnitude and likelihood on the FRN, consistent with it encoding a reward prediction error. In addition, it revealed strong main effects of reward magnitude and likelihood across much of the waveform, indicating sensitivity to unsigned prediction errors or "salience." The great grand average technique is proposed as a general method for meta-analysis of event-related potential (ERP).

/pdf/a-neural-reward-prediction-error-revealed-by-a-meta-analysis-2le6j6zx77.pdf

A neural reward prediction error revealed by a meta-analysis of ERPs using great grand averages.

https://cogdevlab.ucsd.edu/files/2015/05/Liao-Akalin-Acar-Makeig-Deak-NeuroImage-2015.pdf

EEG imaging of toddlers during dyadic turn-taking: Mu-rhythm modulation while producing or observing social actions

The current study employed a modified gambling task, in which probabilistic cues were provided to elicit positive or negative expectations. Event-related potentials (ERPs) to ‘‘final outcome’’ and ‘‘probabilistic cues’’ were analyzed. Difference waves between the negative condition and the corresponding positive condition were examined. The results confirm that feedback related negativity (FRN) amplitude is modulated by the interaction of outcome valence and expectancy by showing larger FRN difference waves for unexpected than expected outcomes. More interestingly, the difference wave between ERPs elicited by positive and negative expectations showed a negative deflection, with a frontal midline source density around 280 ms after onset of the predictive cue. Negative expectations were associated with larger FRN amplitudes than positive expectations. This suggests that FRN is elicited by probabilistic cues to pending outcomes. Descriptors: ERN, Error signals, Feedback, FRN, Reward expectancy, Reinforcement learning

/pdf/this-ought-to-be-good-brain-activity-accompanying-positive-3dqf8l7u54.pdf

This ought to be good: Brain activity accompanying positive and negative expectations and outcomes

Human brain responsivity to different intensities of masked fearful eye whites: An ERP study

https://cogdevlab.ucsd.edu/files/2013/04/Liao_Li_Deak_CogDev_2011.pdf

Can unpredicted outcomes be intended? The role of outcome-beliefs in children's judgments of intention

When two identical visual discs move toward each other on a two-dimensional visual display, they can be perceived as either “streaming through” or “bouncing off” each other after their coincidence. Previous studies have observed a strong bias toward the streaming percept. Additionally, the incidence of the bouncing percept in this ambiguous display could be increased by various factors, such as a brief sound at the moment of coincidence and a momentary pause of the two discs. The streaming/bouncing bistable motion phenomenon has been studied intensively since its discovery. However, little is known regarding the neural basis underling the perceptual ambiguity in the classic version of the streaming/bouncing motion display. The present study investigated the neural basis of the perception disambiguating underling the processing of the streaming/bouncing bistable motion display using event-related potential (ERP) recordings. Surprisingly, the amplitude of frontal central P2 (220–260 ms) that was elicited by the moving discs ~200 ms before the coincidence of the two discs was observed to be predictive of subsequent streaming or bouncing percept. A larger P2 amplitude was observed for streaming percept than the bouncing percept. These findings suggest that the streaming/bouncing bistable perception may have been disambiguated unconsciously ~200 ms before the coincidence of the two discs.

/pdf/pre-coincidence-brain-activity-predicts-the-perceptual-2ne9ip447c.pdf

Yu Liao

Papers

EEG imaging of toddlers during dyadic turn-taking: Mu-rhythm modulation while producing or observing social actions

This ought to be good: Brain activity accompanying positive and negative expectations and outcomes

Human brain responsivity to different intensities of masked fearful eye whites: An ERP study

Can unpredicted outcomes be intended? The role of outcome-beliefs in children's judgments of intention

Pre-coincidence brain activity predicts the perceptual outcome of streaming/bouncing motion display