"Nanoantibiotics": a new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era.

CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1. Fundamental Theory of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering 1.2. Optical Properties of SERS Tags 2. Synthesis of SERS Tags 2.1. Noble Metal Nanosubstrates 2.1.1. Single Particle-Based SERS Substrates 2.1.2. Nanoparticle Cluster-Based Substrates 2.2. Raman Reporter Molecules 2.2.1. Selection Principles and Reporter Types 2.2.2. Self-Assembled Monolayer Coverage Strategy 2.3. Surface Coating for Protection 2.3.1. Biomolecule Coating 2.3.2. Polymer Coating 2.3.3. Liposome Coating 2.3.4. Silica Coating 2.4. Attachment of Targeting Molecules 3. Bioanalysis Applications 3.1. Ionic and Molecular Detection 3.2. Pathogen Detection 3.3. Live-Cell Imaging 3.3.1. Cancer Marker Detection 3.3.2. Intercellular Microenvironment Sensing 3.4. Tissue SERS Imaging 3.5. In Vivo SERS Imaging 4. Challenges and Perspectives 4.1. Reproducible Signal of SERS Tags 4.1.1. Precisely Controlled Hot Spots for Nanosubstrates 4.1.2. Calibration of SERS Intensities and Enhancements 4.2. Improving Multiplexing Capability 4.3. Reduced Size for Subcellular Imaging 4.4. Development of Multifunctional Nanoplatforms 4.4.1. Magnetic SERS Dots 4.4.2. Multimodal Imaging Dots 4.4.3. SERS Tag-Based Therapeutic Systems 4.5. Biocompatibility 5. Conclusions and Remarks

SERS Tags: Novel Optical Nanoprobes for Bioanalysis

Imaging and drug delivery using theranostic nanoparticles

In recent years, nanotechnology has been increasingly applied to the area of drug development. Nanoparticle-based therapeutics can confer the ability to overcome biological barriers, effectively deliver hydrophobic drugs and biologics, and preferentially target sites of disease. However, despite these potential advantages, only a relatively small number of nanoparticle-based medicines have been approved for clinical use, with numerous challenges and hurdles at different stages of development. The complexity of nanoparticles as multi-component three dimensional constructs requires careful design and engineering, detailed orthogonal analysis methods, and reproducible scale-up and manufacturing process to achieve a consistent product with the intended physicochemical characteristics, biological behaviors, and pharmacological profiles. The safety and efficacy of nanomedicines can be influenced by minor variations in multiple parameters and need to be carefully examined in preclinical and clinical studies, particularly in context of the biodistribution, targeting to intended sites, and potential immune toxicities. Overall, nanomedicines may present additional development and regulatory considerations compared with conventional medicines, and while there is generally a lack of regulatory standards in the examination of nanoparticle-based medicines as a unique category of therapeutic agents, efforts are being made in this direction. This review summarizes challenges likely to be encountered during the development and approval of nanoparticle-based therapeutics, and discusses potential strategies for drug developers and regulatory agencies to accelerate the growth of this important field.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1208%2Fs12248-012-9339-4.pdf

Challenges in Development of Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucaptt0/toxicology-nanoparticles%202011.pdf

Toxicology and clinical potential of nanoparticles.

The lung is an attractive target for drug delivery due to noninvasive administration via inhalation aerosols, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, direct delivery to the site of action for the treatment of respiratory diseases, and the availability of a huge surface area for local drug action and systemic absorption of drug. Colloidal carriers (ie, nanocarrier systems) in pulmonary drug delivery offer many advantages such as the potential to achieve relatively uniform distribution of drug dose among the alveoli, achievement of improved solubility of the drug from its own aqueous solubility, a sustained drug release which consequently reduces dosing frequency, improves patient compliance, decreases incidence of side effects, and the potential of drug internalization by cells. This review focuses on the current status and explores the potential of colloidal carriers (ie, nanocarrier systems) in pulmonary drug delivery with special attention to their pharmaceutical aspects. Manufacturing processes, in vitro/in vivo evaluation methods, and regulatory/toxicity issues of nanomedicines in pulmonary delivery are also discussed.

/pdf/nanomedicine-in-pulmonary-delivery-54lmp20qb2.pdf

Nanomedicine in pulmonary delivery.

To achieve maximum pharmacological effects with minimum side effects of drugs, drugs should be delivered to target sites without significant distribution to non-target areas. Using pharmaceutical nanocarrier systems for drug delivery is a useful delivery platform for improving target specificity, therapeutic activity, and reducing toxicity of drugs. Various sophisticated nanocarrier systems have been developed for drug delivery, and this review focuses on liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, lipid nanoparticles, microemulsions, nanogels, and submicron lipid emulsions. This review outlines and explores nanocarrier systems for drug delivery by various administration routes including parenteral, oral, transdermal, pulmonary, ocular, and mucosal and discusses the product development and related issues in nanopharmaceutical drug delivery.

Nanopharmaceuticals I: Nanocarrier systems in drug delivery

The study reports on the drug release behavior of a potent synthetic somatostatin analogue, octreotide acetate, from biocompatible and biodegradable microspheres composed of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) following a single intramuscular depot injection. The serum octreotide levels of three Oakwood Laboratories formulations and one Sandostatin LAR® formulation were compared. Three formulations of octreotide acetate-loaded PLGA microspheres were prepared by a solvent extraction and evaporation procedure using PLGA polymers with different molecular weights. The in vivo drug release study was conducted in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Blood samples were taken at predetermined time points for up to 70 days. Drug serum concentrations were quantified using a radioimmunoassay procedure consisting of radiolabeled octreotide. The three octreotide PLGA microsphere formulations and Sandostatin LAR® all showed a two-phase drug release profile (i.e., bimodal). The peak serum drug concentration of octreotide was reached in 30 min for all formulations followed by a decline after 6 h. Following this initial burst and decline, a second-release phase occurred after 3 days. This second-release phase exhibited sustained-release behavior, as the drug serum levels were discernible between days 7 and 42. Using pharmacokinetic computer simulations, it was estimated that the steady-state octreotide serum drug levels would be predicted to fall in the range of 40–130 pg/10 μL and 20–100 pg/10 μL following repeat dosing of the Oakwood formulations and Sandostatin LAR® every 28 days and every 42 days at a dose of 3 mg/rat, respectively.

Yun Seok Rhee

Papers

Nanomedicine in pulmonary delivery.

Nanopharmaceuticals I: Nanocarrier systems in drug delivery

Sustained-release delivery of octreotide from biodegradable polymeric microspheres.

Advances in microscopy and complementary imaging techniques to assess the fate of drugs ex vivo in respiratory drug delivery: an invited paper.

Phase behavior of itraconazole-phenol mixtures and its pharmaceutical applications