THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

This page shows some examples of multimedia files. It is also available at: http://www.ieee-uffc.org/tr/mexample.pdf. For submission of multimedia manuscripts to TUFFC, please follow “Information for Contributors” at: http://www.ieeeuffc.org/tr/contrib.pdf. Multimedia Example Created by Jian-yu Lu, Editor-in-Chief, 07/07/03 IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society 1. Color Figure: The IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control (TUFFC) now accepts color figures online with corresponding grayscale figures in print without additional charges if authors follow the multimedia manuscript submission procedure in the “Information for Contributors”. The “color figures” icon below indicates in the print that a color version of the figure is available online. It also links to the color figure submitted originally by the authors for viewing details. Because of the sizes of color figures and the additional editorial work such as making two sets of PostScript files in which they remain identical after replacing grayscale with color, authors should request color figures online only when it is necessary. The color figure must be in JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) or GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) format to reduce file size and to decrease the bandwidth usage on the TUFFC server. Fig. 1. An eight-layer printed circuit board (PCB) used primarily for multi-channel ultrasound signal reception and storage. The board was designed in the Ultrasound Lab at The University of Toledo, led by Dr. Jian-yu Lu. It is one of the many PCBs designed for a high-frame rate medical ultrasound imaging system [1], which consists of 128 linear, ±144V peak, 0.05-10MHz, and 12-bit arbitrary waveform generators for the production of ultrasound signals or for other research purposes. 2. Movies: Please click on the movie icon to see a movie. The two movies below give you an idea on the file size versus movie quality. “VCD quality” here means 1150kbits/s for video and 224kbits/s for 16-bit MP2 stereo audio at 44.1KHz sampling rate. Fig. 2. An introduction to the Ultrasound Lab at The University of Toledo. 3. Movies and Animations: Please click on the movie icons to see movies or animations. Fig. 3. Circuit design and construction of the imaging system. 4. Movies and Animation: Please click on the movie icons to see movies or animation. Movie [File size: 785KB; Format: MPEG1; Resolution: 320X240; Duration: 9 seconds]

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control

Continuous electrowetting (CEW) is demonstrated to be an effective actuation mechanism for reconfigurable radio frequency (RF) devices that use non-toxic liquid-metal tuning elements. Previous research has shown CEW is an efficient means of electrically inducing motion in a liquid-metal slug, but precise control of the slug's position within fluidic channels has not been demonstrated. Here, the precise positioning of liquid-metal slugs is achieved using CEW actuation in conjunction with channels designed to minimize the liquid-metal surface energy at discrete locations. This approach leverages the high surface tension of liquid metal to control its resting position with submillimeter accuracy. The CEW actuation and fluidic channel design were optimized to create reconfigurable RF devices. In addition, solutions for the reliable actuation of a gallium-based, non-toxic liquid-metal alloy (Galinstan) are presented that mitigate the tendency of the alloy to form a surface oxide layer capable of wetting to the channel walls, inhibiting motion. A reconfigurable slot antenna utilizing these techniques to achieve a 15.2% tunable frequency bandwidth is demonstrated.

Continuous Electrowetting of Non-toxic Liquid Metal for RF Applications

The most widely used space mapping approach to efficient design optimization is the aggressive space mapping (ASM) algorithm. My purpose here is to present both a historical account and a technical reassessment of ASM, starting with the invention of the space mapping concept and continuing with a brief overview of the most fundamental space mapping optimization methods developed until now, within which ASM is framed. The article goes on to review over two decades of ASM evolution, in terms not only of the theoretical contributions directly incorporated into the ASM algorithm but also of the most significant engineering applications documented for ASM to date.

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Power in Simplicity with ASM: Tracing the Aggressive Space Mapping Algorithm Over Two Decades of Development and Engineering Applications

A MEMS reconfigurable ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna that rejects on-demand all WLAN signals in the entire 5.15 to 5.825 GHz range (675 MHz bandwidth) is presented. The antenna design, miniaturization procedure, and monolithic integration with the MEMS and biasing network on SiO2 Quartz substrate are described. The integration challenges are addressed and the work is presented in a way that is useful for antenna engineers. A method to vary the rejection bandwidth is also provided. The fabricated prototype is conformal and single-sided. The antenna is measured using a custom-built platform at a university laboratory. Results indicate a successful integration and minimal interference of the MEMS and biasing circuitry with the antenna, paving the road for more integrated reconfigurable antennas on SiO2 using MEMS technology. Such antennas can improve UWB, WLAN and cognitive radio communication links.

Reconfigurable UWB Antenna With RF-MEMS for On-Demand WLAN Rejection

In order to meet antenna design specifications under realistic conditions, electromagnetic coupling effects between the antenna and its environment must be considered. In this work, an efficient antenna design optimization methodology that considers the influence of the human head and main mobile handset components on the antenna performance is presented. The computational optimization time is dramatically reduced by exploiting a Broyden-based input space mapping (SM) algorithm. Both coarse and fine models required for the SM algorithm are based on the finite-element method (FEM) and are implemented in the same simulator; simplifying the modeling process. However, our coarse model does not consider any object of the actual operational environment. In spite of that and other simplifications applied to the coarse model, the proposed optimization scheme is able to find a solution that meets the specifications in a realistic environment by performing an extremely small number of expensive fine model simulations. Our practical illustration opens up the feasibility of using this CAD methodology to optimize other RF devices that operate in close proximity to objects that affect its desired response, as it is the case for many wearable devices.

Space mapping optimization of handset antennas considering EM effects of mobile phone components and human body

This letter presents a Vivaldi antenna having the capability of dynamically rejecting interferers, mainly aiming at multistandard communication with dynamic frequencies allocation. Only half of the Vivaldi is used and placed over a ground plane, which is suitable to vehicular communication. The rejection Alter is integrated to the antenna real estate and consists of two microstrip resonators and two varactor diodes coupled to the slot of the Vivaldi. It is simply biased by applying the control voltage at the antenna RF port. Good matching is achieved from 2.5 to 8 GHz while rejecting a band whose central frequency can be tuned from 1.8 to 5.8 GHz. Simulated and measured return loss, gain, and radiation patterns are presented. The measured gain rejection in the direction of the radiation maximum is about 20 dB or better in the entire tuning range.

Halved Vivaldi Antenna With Reconfigurable Band Rejection

In this paper a switchable bandstop filter able to switch between two different central frequency states while precisely maintaining a fixed bandwidth is presented. The filter topology allows precise control over the design parameters frequency and bandwidth, achieved by choosing adequate resonator sections which are switched by PIN diodes to obtain two discreet states. The central frequency control was obtained by modifying resonator length. Bandwidth control was achieved by choosing a resonator width and controlling the normalized reactance slope parameter of a decoupling resonator by means of a switchable resonator extension. The filter was designed to have center frequencies of 2 and 1.5 GHz both having an 8% fractional bandwidth. The comparison between simulations and measurements showed a central frequency deviation of 4 MHz for the 2 GHz frequency response, and a deviation of 2 MHz for the 1.5 GHz frequency response. The fractional bandwidth deviation for the 2 GHz filter response was 0.67%, while at 1.5 GHz a 0.4% deviation was observed. The simulation and measured responses are in very good agreement.

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Microstrip Switchable Bandstop Filter using PIN Diodes with Precise Frequency and Bandwidth Control

A reconfigurable bandpass filter able to switch between WiFi and UMTS reception standards is presented. The topology allows achievement of two accurate centre frequencies, each associated with a precisely defined bandwidth, using six pin diodes. The design carefully takes into account the external quality factor for both filter states to ensure a good impedance match at each band of operation. Coupling coefficients and resonator lengths produce the bandwidths and centre frequencies required by both standards definitions. Surface mount components were carefully modelled and included in simulations. Simulated and measured results show excellent agreement.

Switchable bandpass filter for WiFi-UMTS reception standards

The demand and relevance of efficient analog fault diagnosis methods for modern RF and microwave-integrated circuits increase with the growing need and complexity of analog and mixed-signal circuitry. The well-established digital fault diagnosis methods are insufficient for analog circuitry due to the intrinsic complexity in analog faults and their corresponding identification process. In this paper, we present an artificial neural network (ANN) modeling approach to efficiently emulate the injection of analog faults in RF circuits. The resulting metamodel is used for fault identification by applying an optimization-based process using a constrained parameter extraction formulation. A generalized neural modeling formulation to include auxiliary measurements in the circuit is proposed. This generalized formulation significantly increases the uniqueness of the faults identification process. The proposed methodology is illustrated by two faulty analog circuits: a CMOS RF voltage amplifier and a reconfigurable bandpass microstrip filter.

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Zabdiel Brito-Brito

Papers

Space mapping optimization of handset antennas considering EM effects of mobile phone components and human body

Halved Vivaldi Antenna With Reconfigurable Band Rejection

Microstrip Switchable Bandstop Filter using PIN Diodes with Precise Frequency and Bandwidth Control

Switchable bandpass filter for WiFi-UMTS reception standards

Analog Gross Fault Identification in RF Circuits Using Neural Models and Constrained Parameter Extraction