Information Theory and Reliable Communication

A Viking Lander 1 image was modeled as mixtures of reflectance spectra of palagonite dust, gray andesitelike rock, and a coarse rocklike soil. The rocks are covered to varying degrees by dust but otherwise appear unweathered. Rocklike soil occurs as lag deposits in deflation zones around stones and on top of a drift and as a layer in a trench dug by the lander. This soil probably is derived from the rocks by wind abrasion and/or spallation. Dust is the major component of the soil and covers most of the surface. The dust is unrelated spectrally to the rock but is equivalent to the global-scale dust observed telescopically. A new method was developed to model a multispectral image as mixtures of end-member spectra and to compare image spectra directly with laboratory reference spectra. The method for the first time uses shade and secondary illumination effects as spectral end-members; thus the effects of topography and illumination on all scales can be isolated or removed. The image was calibrated absolutely from the laboratory spectra, in close agreement with direct calibrations. The method has broad applications to interpreting multispectral images, including satellite images.

Spectral mixture modeling - A new analysis of rock and soil types at the Viking Lander 1 site. [on Mars]

This chapter provides a review on the state of soil visible–near infrared (vis–NIR) spectroscopy Our intention is for the review to serve as a source of up-to-date information on the past and current role of vis–NIR spectroscopy in soil science It should also provide critical discussion on issues surrounding the use of vis–NIR for soil analysis and on future directions To this end, we describe the fundamentals of visible and infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and spectroscopic multivariate calibrations A review of the past and current role of vis–NIR spectroscopy in soil analysis is provided, focusing on important soil attributes such as soil organic matter (SOM), minerals, texture, nutrients, water, pH, and heavy metals We then discuss the performance and generalization capacity of vis–NIR calibrations, with particular attention on sample pretratments, covariations in data sets, and mathematical data preprocessing Field analyses and strategies for the practical use of vis–NIR are considered We conclude that the technique is useful to measure soil water and mineral composition and to derive robust calibrations for SOM and clay content Many studies show that we also can predict properties such as pH and nutrients, although their robustness may be questioned For future work we recommend that research should focus on: (i) moving forward with more theoretical calibrations, (ii) better understanding of the complexity of soil and the physical basis for soil reflection, and (iii) applications and the use of spectra for soil mapping and monitoring, and for making inferences about soils quality, fertility and function To do this, research in soil spectroscopy needs to be more collaborative and strategic The development of the Global Soil Spectral Library might be a step in the right direction

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Visible and Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Soil Science

Over the past three decades, significant developments have been made in hyperspectral imaging due to which it has emerged as an effective tool in numerous civil, environmental, and military applications. Modern sensor technologies are capable of covering large surfaces of earth with exceptional spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions. Due to these features, hyperspectral imaging has been effectively used in numerous remote sensing applications requiring estimation of physical parameters of many complex surfaces and identification of visually similar materials having fine spectral signatures. In the recent years, ground based hyperspectral imaging has gained immense interest in the research on electronic imaging for food inspection, forensic science, medical surgery and diagnosis, and military applications. This review focuses on the fundamentals of hyperspectral image analysis and its modern applications such as food quality and safety assessment, medical diagnosis and image guided surgery, forensic document examination, defense and homeland security, remote sensing applications such as precision agriculture and water resource management and material identification and mapping of artworks. Moreover, recent research on the use of hyperspectral imaging for examination of forgery detection in questioned documents, aided by deep learning, is also presented. This review can be a useful baseline for future research in hyperspectral image analysis.

Modern Trends in Hyperspectral Image Analysis: A Review

Surface soil moisture is one of the crucial variables in hydrological processes, which influences the exchange of water and energy fluxes at the land surface/atmosphere interface. Accurate estimate of the spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture is critical for numerous environmental studies. Recent technological advances in satellite remote sensing have shown that soil moisture can be measured by a variety of remote sensing techniques, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the progress in remote sensing of soil moisture, with focus on technique approaches for soil moisture estimation from optical, thermal, passive microwave, and active microwave measurements. The physical principles and the status of current retrieval methods are summarized. Limitations existing in current soil moisture estimation algorithms and key issues that have to be addressed in the near future are also discussed.

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Satellite remote sensing applications for surface soil moisture monitoring: A review

Relating soil surface moisture to reflectance

Engineering analyses to assess image data quality are described and results are presented for the infrared multispectral scanner(IRMSS) of No.1 Chinese-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS-1), which was launched on October 14, 1999. Data from CBERS-1 IRMSS and Thematic Map are compared. Based on the zero-level image acquired by CBARS-1 IRMSS on March 23, 2000, pre-processing was carried out, including radiation correction, noise cleanness, etc. Then a comprehensive assessment was conducted by five criterions such as signal/noise ratio (SNR), spatial resolution, contrast, radiometric precision and clarity. In comparison with TM. Bands 8 and 9 of CBERS-IRMSS had better clarity, Bands 6 and 7 had better contrast, Band 8 had better radiance precision. However, TM was found to produce image with much better SNR and spatial resolution. In addition, by image enhancement processing such as data fusion, the image quality can be improved greatly, and will be widely used in many fields such as resource survey and city plan.

Image Quality Assessment for the Infrared Multi-Spectral Scanner of the Chinese-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite

Soil moisture is a very important variable in hydrologic cycle and exchange of matter and energy near ground boundary. It was investigated by the means of remote sensing due to a number of reasons. In this study, under experimental conditions, relationship between hyperspectral data and soil surface moisture has been investigated. Correlation between soil surface moisture for nine soil samples and four sets of spectral data of them (prototype reflectance, absorbance, the first-order derivative of reflectance and the first-order derivative of absorbance) was analyzed. We found that it has no obvious correlation between soil surface moisture and prototype reflectance and absorbance for all samples, while absorbance has higher correlation than reflectance. The first-order derivative of reflectance and the first-order derivative of absorbance have the obvious correlation near wavebands 1844 nm, and the first-order derivative of absorbance reflectance has more obvious correlation than the first-order derivative of reflectance. We choose these bands with high square of correlation coefficient to creat liner regression forecasting equation. Another nine soil samples were used to verify the precision of estimation equation. Results show that the first-order derivative of absorbance has the capability to estimate soil surface moisture of the four sets of data. It shows the great potential to estimate soil surface moisture within a large area for different soil types.

Using Hyperspectral Data to Estimate Soil Surface Moisture under Experimental Conditions

In projection Aero-Digital Camera with Large Format Array CCD, High Resolution, Large Field of View and Multi-mode, three cameras with 4k×4k CCD sizes are integrated separately in three modes, including large field of view mode, multi-spectral mode and stereophotography mode. Such methodology make one camera system to meet different roles according to the different setting ways before flight missions. Correspondingly the different modes have different geometric characteristics, and the situation looks like more complicate with some additive factors' variations of aircraft, such as pose, speed, height, and so on.The POS/DG system was carried in flight to aid to the upper geometric correction of CCD images. Some flight pose parameters, such as precision location coordinate, flight pose, dynamic variations etc. were directly used in the geometric correction models. One processing example is also provided in this paper.

Application of POS in correcting images of aero-digital camera with large format array CCD - art. no. 62000A

Requirements for monitoring the coastal zone environment are first summarized.Then the application of hyperspectral remote sensing to coast environment investigation is introduced,such as the classification of coast beaches and bottom matter,target recognition,mine detection,oil spill identification and ocean color remote sensing.Finally,what is needed to follow on in application of hyperspectral remote sensing to coast environment is recommended.

Zheng Lanfen

Papers

Relating soil surface moisture to reflectance

Image Quality Assessment for the Infrared Multi-Spectral Scanner of the Chinese-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite

Using Hyperspectral Data to Estimate Soil Surface Moisture under Experimental Conditions

Application of POS in correcting images of aero-digital camera with large format array CCD - art. no. 62000A

The application of hyperspectral remote sensing to coast environment investigation