Growing evidences suggest that the fibroblast growth factor/FGF receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling has crucial roles in a multitude of processes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis by regulating cellular lineage commitment, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of various types of cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of FGF signaling and its roles in organ development, injury repair, and the pathophysiology of spectrum of diseases, which is a consequence of FGF signaling dysregulation, including cancers and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this context, the agonists and antagonists for FGF-FGFRs might have therapeutic benefits in multiple systems.

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FGF/FGFR signaling in health and disease

Fiber loop ringdown (FLRD) utilizes an inexpensive telecommunications light source, a photodiode, and a section of single-mode fiber to form a uniform fiber optic sensor platform for sensing various quantities, such as pressure, temperature, strain, refractive index, chemical species, biological cells, and small volume of fluids. In FLRD, optical losses of a light pulse in a fiber loop induced by changes in a quantity are measured by the light decay time constants. FLRD measures time to detect a quantity; thus, FLRD is referred to as a time-domain sensing technique. FLRD sensors have near real-time response, multi-pass enhanced high-sensitivity, and relatively low cost (i.e., without using an optical spectral analyzer). During the last eight years since the introduction of the original form of fiber ringdown spectroscopy, there has been increasing interest in the FLRD technique in fiber optic sensor developments, and new application potential is being explored. This paper first discusses the challenging issues in development of multi-function, fiber optic sensors or sensor networks using current fiber optic sensor sensing schemes, and then gives a review on current fiber optic sensor development using FLRD technique. Finally, design perspectives on new generation, multi-function, fiber optic sensor platforms using FLRD technique are particularly presented.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/9/10/7595/pdf

Fiber Loop Ringdown — a Time-Domain Sensing Technique for Multi-Function Fiber Optic Sensor Platforms: Current Status and Design Perspectives

Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialised to their various roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing and vocalisation. The precise positioning, size and shape of skeletal elements is therefore critical for their function. During embryonic development, bone forms by endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can arise from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm or neural crest. This review describes inductive mechanisms to position and pattern bones within the developing embryo, compares and contrasts the intrinsic versus extrinsic mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous skeletal development, and details known cellular processes that precisely determine skeletal shape and size. Key cellular mechanisms are employed at distinct stages of ossification, many of which occur in response to mechanical cues (e.g. joint formation) or pre-empting future load-bearing requirements. Rapid shape changes occur during cellular condensation and template establishment. Specialised cellular behaviours, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy in endochondral bone and secondary cartilage on intramembranous bones, also dramatically change template shape. Once ossification is complete, bone shape undergoes functional adaptation through (re)modelling. We also highlight how alterations in these cellular processes contribute to evolutionary change and how differences in the embryonic origin of bones can influence post-natal bone repair. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/dvdy.278

Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones.

MAPK and PI3K signaling: At the crossroads of neural crest development.

Craniofacial development involves several complex tissue movements including several fusion processes to form the frontonasal and maxillary structures, including the upper lip and palate. Each of these movements are controlled by many different factors that are tightly regulated by several integral morphogenetic signaling pathways. Subject to both genetic and environmental influences, interruption at nearly any stage can disrupt lip, nasal, or palate fusion and result in a cleft. Here, we discuss many of the genetic risk factors that may contribute to the presentation of orofacial clefts in patients, and several of the key signaling pathways and underlying cellular mechanisms that control lip and palate formation, as identified primarily through investigating equivalent processes in animal models, are examined.

Genetics and signaling mechanisms of orofacial clefts

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling has been implicated in the regulation of osteogenesis in both intramembranous and endochondral ossifications. In the developing palate, the anterior bony pa...

/pdf/fgf8-signaling-alters-the-osteogenic-cell-fate-in-the-hard-40ga0802a8.pdf

FGF8 Signaling Alters the Osteogenic Cell Fate in the Hard Palate.

Polarization holography is a newly researched field, that has gained traction with the development of tensor theory. It primarily focuses on the interaction between polarization waves and photosensitive materials. The extraordinary capabilities in modulating the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light have resulted in several new applications, such as holographic storage technology, multichannel polarization multiplexing, vector beams, and optical functional devices. In this paper, fundamental research on polarization holography with linear polarized wave, a component of the theory of polarization holography, has been reviewed. Primarily, the effect of various polarization changes on the linear and nonlinear polarization characteristics of reconstructed wave under continuous exposure and during holographic recording and reconstruction have been focused upon. The polarization modulation realized using these polarization characteristics exhibits unusual functionalities, rendering polarization holography as an attractive research topic in many fields of applications. This paper aims to provide readers with new insights and broaden the application of polarization holography in more scientific and technological research fields. 

Linear polarization holography

A multichannel-fiber ringdown sensor based on the principle of time-division multiplexing is described. The purpose of multiplexing is to obtain the information of one or more fiber ringdown sensor heads simultaneously under the premise of cost neutrality. To illustrate the principle, we study the typical dual-channel fiber ringdown force sensor in our experiment. It shows that the pressures at two different points can be measured simultaneously. In addition, we find by measurement that our sensors have good linear responses above the response threshold of the applied force.

Multichannel-fiber ringdown sensor based on time-division multiplexing

A potential technology applied in optical storage, the polarization holography has attracted much attention. In polarization holography, not only the amplitude and phase but also the polarization state is applied to record the information. What is meant by faithful reconstruction is that the reconstructed wave is identical to the signal wave. In the previously reported experiments about faithful reconstruction in orthogonal polarization holography, all the reading waves are identical to the reference waves of recording stage. It may result in a misunderstanding that the reading wave being identical to the reference wave of recording stage is the prerequisite for faithful reconstruction. We designed the experiments to observe the faithful reconstruction read by different polarized waves, where two orthogonal elliptically polarized waves are applied in the recording stage and phenanthrenequinone-doped poly methyl methacrylate (PQ/PMMA) is used as the recording material. By controlling the exposure time of recording material, the faithful reconstruction may be observed when the reading wave is the linearly polarized wave and the elliptically polarized wave, where neither reading wave is the same as the reference wave. The result may be of help for us to understand the reconstructed characteristics of orthogonal polarization holography.

Faithful reconstruction in orthogonal elliptical polarization holography read by different polarized waves.

A collinear non-interferometric phase retrieval method for holographic data storage is proposed. The code rate of the collinear system can be increased by 2 times due to transferring the 50% embedded data from a signal beam to a reference beam. Because the reference beam should be always known both in the recording process and reading process, there is no extra material cost for saving the embedded data. Therefore, the storage density of collinear system is increased by about 2 times compared with previous off-axis non-interferometric phase retrieval systems. Besides, we can enhance the algorithm constraint to shorten iteration numbers by increasing the amplitude weight of the reference beam. In the experiment, we shortened the iteration number and the BER by about 3 times. We also find that the reference number can be reduced by using the collinear way and increasing the amplitude weight of reference. This law allows us to give more code positions to signal so that the data amount in one data page can be increased.

Zhiyun Huang

Papers

FGF8 Signaling Alters the Osteogenic Cell Fate in the Hard Palate.

Linear polarization holography

Multichannel-fiber ringdown sensor based on time-division multiplexing

Faithful reconstruction in orthogonal elliptical polarization holography read by different polarized waves.

Collinear non-interferometric phase retrieval for holographic data storage.