Alzahra University

About: Alzahra University is a education organization based out in Tehran, Iran. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Catalysis & Population. The organization has 2390 authors who have published 4324 publications receiving 44916 citations.

Bis- and Trisindolylmethanes (BIMs and TIMs)†

Abstract: The indole ring system is present in many natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other compounds of importance.1–8 The indole unit forms the basis for general BIM and TIM structures (Figure 1). The main purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the various synthetic strategies to synthesize BIMs and TIMs. A number of BIM and TIM applications will be briefly pointed out, although this is not the main aim of this review. Many of the most important BIMs and TIMs were widely isolated from various terrestrial and marine natural sources. These natural products have novel structures and exhibit a range of important biological activities.9–19 Cancer chemotherapy with bis(3-indolyl)methane was recently reviewed and numerous activities are reported.20 3,3′-Diindolylmethane and derivatives also are used as dietary supplements for humans.21–24 BIMs inhibit bladder cancer growth,25 inhibit renal cell carcinoma growth,26 have growth inhibitory activity on lung cancer cells,27 are active against colon cancer,28,29 inhibit mammary tumor growth,30,31 induce apoptosis in prostate cancer,32–34 inhibit the proliferation process in breast tumor cells,35–50 have growth inhibitory activity on prostate cancer cell lines,51,52 have antitumorigenic activity,53 serve as topoisomerase IIR catalytic inhibitors,54 serve as inhibitors of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor kinase,55 exhibit antimicrobial and antifungal activities,56,57 exhibit antibiotic activity58 and antibacterial activity,59 have inhibitory effects on phenobarbital-induced hepatic CYP mRNA expression,60 serve as cytodifferentiating agents,61 are antiangiogenic and cytotoxic agents,62 have antimetastatic activity,63 have radical scavenging activity,64 growth promoting activity,65 and analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities,66 and are also utilized as tranquilizers67 and glass-forming high-tripletenergy materials.68 The oxidized form of BIMs and TIMs are utilized as dyes,69–74 as well as colorimetric sensors.75–78 A patent79,80 disclosed the synthetic method of chromogenic 3,3′-bisindolyl-4-azaphthalides 1 and their uses as color formers in pressureand heat-sensitive recording materials (Figure 2).81 A recent patent describes the synthesis of BIMs forming complexes 2 with radioactive metal ions (Gd3+), which are useful contrast agents for radio-imaging and visualization of various tissues and organs (Figure 2).82 Recently Maciejewska et al.83 used DNA-based electrochemical biosensors to demonstrate that bis(5-methoxyindol3-yl) methane, 3,84 considerably reduces the growth of cancer cell lines such as HOP-92 (lung), A498 (renal), and MDAMB-231/1TCC (breast) (Figure 3). Their results also indicate that BIMs could potentially be applied as chemotherapeutic agents against tumors.83,85 Recently Lee and co-workers have found that 1,1,3-tri(3indolyl)cyclohexane, 4, inhibits cancer cell growth in lung cancer cells of xenograft models (Figure 4).86 Ghaedi et al.87,88 have used BIMs coated on an aluminasodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surface for preconcentration and determination of Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), and Fe(III) ions by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Also BIMs and TIMs have been used as ligands for the synthesis of more complex molecules, and different properties of these complexed molecules have been investigated.89–94 † This paper is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Junes Ipaktschi on occasion of his 70th birthday. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: +98 21 88041344. E-mail: mshiri@alzahra.ac.ir. ‡ Alzahra University. § Bu-Ali Sina University. ⊥ University of KwaZulu-Natal. Figure 1. The structure of BIMs and TIMs. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 2250–2293 2250

Induction of diabetes by streptozotocin in rats

Abstract: The objective of this study is to induce experimental diabetes mellitus by Streptozotocin in normal adult Wistar rats via comparison of changes in body weight, consumption of food and water, volume of urine and levels of glucose, insulin and C-peptide in serum, between normal and diabetic rats Intra-venous injection of 60mg/kg dose of Streptozotocin in adult wistar rats, makes pancreas swell and at last causes degeneration in Langerhans islet beta cells and induces experimental diabetes mellitus in the 2–4 days Induction of experimental diabetes mellitus is indeed the first step in the plan of purification of pancreatic Langerhans islet cells of normal rats for transplanting under the testis subcutaneous of experimentally induced diabetic rats Streptozotocin induces one type of diabetes which is similar to diabetes mellitus with non-ketosis hyperglycemia in some animal species For induction of experimental diabetes in male adult rats weighted 250–300 grams (75–90 days), 60mg/kg of Streptozotocin was injected intravenously Three days after degeneration of beta cells, diabetes was induced in all animals The diabetic and normal animals were kept in the metabolic cages separately and their body weight, consumption of food and water, urine volume, the levels of serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide quantities in all animals were measured and then these quantities were compared For a microscopic study of degeneration of Langerhans islet beta cells of diabetic rats, sampling from pancreas tissue of diabetic and normal rats, staining and comparison between them, were done Induction of diabetes with Streptozotocin decreases Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in pancreas islet beta cells and causes histopathological effects in beta cells which probably intermediates induction of diabetes In this study, we used Streptozotocin for our experiments in induction of experimental diabetes mellitus After Induction of diabetes, consumption of food and water, volume of urine and glucose increased in the diabetic animals in comparison with normal animals, but the weight of body and the volume of insulin and C-peptide decreased in the diabetic animals Sampling and staining of pancreas tissue of diabetic and normal rats showed that the Langerhans islet beta cells of diabetic rats have been clearly degenerated In three days, Streptozotocin makes pancreas swell and at last causes degeneration in Langerhans islet beta cells and induces experimental diabetes It also changes normal metabolism in diabetic rats in comparison with normal rats Consumption of water and food, volume of urine, serum glucose increases in diabetic animals in comparison with normal rats but the levels of serum insulin, C-peptide and body weight decreases