Showing papers by "Animal Research Institute published in 1978"
TL;DR: In this article, the evolution of CO2 from field plots was measured for 3 yr, on two soil types, with and without N fertilization and relationships with average air temperature, average soil water content and an interaction term were derived.
Abstract: The evolution of CO2 from field plots was measured for 3 yr, on two soil types, with and without N fertilization and relationships with average air temperature, average soil water content and an interaction term were derived. Multiple correlation coefficients ranged between 0.64 and 0.85 and average air temperature accounted for most of the variance in the relationships. Negative correlation coefficients with average soil water content predominated particularly in the fall when rainfall was high and evaporation was low. Regression equations relating the three factors were homogeneous within but not between soils.
N consistently reduced the CO2 evolved from the soils despite the effect of the year, soil type or rate of application. The reduced microbial activity due to N fertilization observed in the field was confirmed with laboratory incubations using Warburg techniques. Laboratory experiments showed that the lowering of soil pH by N addition was largely, but not entirely responsible for the decreased activity.
227 citations
TL;DR: The concentration of the unconjugated and sulfoconjugated estrogens have been measured in the fetal and maternal fluids of the ewe throughout pregnancy and the possible roles of estrogen during early pregnancy are discussed.
Abstract: The concentration of the unconjugated and sulfoconjugated estrogens have been measured in the fetal and maternal fluids of the ewe throughout pregnancy. Estrone sulfate was the major estrogen in all the fluids examined. In the fetal fluids, it was first detectable in allantoic fluid on Day 31, peaked at a high level (14.2 ng/ml) on Day 46 and declined rapidly to 850 pg/mI at Day 55 before gradually rising to a second high level. The concentration in amniotic fluid followed that in allantoic fluid, but no second peak was evident. The pattern for the concentration of unconjugated estrone was similar to that of the sulfoconjugate, but at a very much lower level. The change in the concentration of the estradiol sulfates was similar to that for estrone sulfate. An estimate was obtained for the radio of the amounts of estradiol-17oto estradiol-17j3 which were present. In the maternal fluids, estrone sulfate was again the major estrogen present, but it was not readily detectable in the jugular venous plasma until approximately Day 50. The possible roles of estrogen during early pregnancy are discussed.
111 citations
TL;DR: The high levels of free fatty acid and diglyceride reported in the cardiac lipids of rats fed rapeseed oil suggest that extensive autolysis occurs during homogenization with a rotating blade-type homogenizer.
101 citations
TL;DR: The fact that OR was much more closely related to LW than DW, over a wide range of genotypes, indicates the ovarian response to the current plane of nutrition to be less than to the body reserve status of the ewe.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the basal diet on the true metabolizable energy (TME) value of tallow was measured using a 4 × 4 factorial with four levels of added tallow (0, 5, 10, 15%).
66 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that egg size may be a factor influencing the shell quality of older hens and that egg weight increased continuously between 165 and 490 days for all strains.
64 citations
TL;DR: The half-life of atrazine, calculated from first-order plots, was lowest at low pH and increased as the pH of the reaction mixture increased as discussed by the authors, and the only product identified after hydrolysis in aqueous fulvic acid solution was 2-ethylamino-4-hydroxy-6-isopropylamino 1,3,5-triazine.
Abstract: The hydrolysis of atrazine in aqueous fulvic acid solution followed first-order kinetics with respect to the herbicide concentration. The half-life of atrazine, calculated from first-order plots, was lowest at low pH and increased as the pH of the reaction mixture increased. Increase in fulvic acid concentration resulted in a higher hydrolysis rate constant and a shortened half-life but had no effect on the activation energy. However, the latter increased with increase in pH of the reaction mixture. The only product identified after hydrolysis in fulvic acid solution was 2-ethylamino-4-hydroxy-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two experiments were made to measure the effects of fat ratios on the true metabolizable energy (TME) values of two-component fat mixtures, and the data obtained suggest that the response per unit of soybean oil decreases as the amount in the fat mixture increases.
47 citations
TL;DR: Plasma levels of estrone sulfate, estrone and estradiol, and progesterone were measured in six ewes throughout pregnancy in the ewe to discuss the possible role of estrones sulfate and the possibility of placental conversion of progester one to estrone sulphate during late pregnancy inThe ewe.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the sexual and social behavior of four boars were studied from 32 to 52 weeks of age, and it was found that lack of physical contact with other pigs accounted for approximately 70% of the impairment in the copulatory performance of boars reared in the absence of visual and physical contact.
Abstract: Five groups of four boars were reared from an early age under various social conditions. The sexual and social behaviour of these boars was studied from 32 to 52 weeks of age. Boars reared in a group from 3 weeks of age achieved a significantly greater (0·10 > P > 0·05 and P < 0·05) number of copulations and displayed significantly more (P < 0·05 and P < 0·05) courting behaviour than boars reared from 3 weeks of age in the absence of either physical contact or of both physical and visual contact with other pigs, respectively. On average, lack of physical contact with other pigs accounted for approximately 70% of the impairment in the copulatory performance of boars reared in the absence of visual and physical contact with other pigs. There were no significant differences between the copulatory performance of the boars reared in a group from 3 weeks and either those reared from 12 weeks of age in the absence of visual and physical contact with other pigs or those that were housed as a group during rearing and the testing period.
39 citations
TL;DR: Immersion of knives momentarily in hot water was ineffective in destroying salmonellas on knives used in a meatworks to carry out the bung dropping operation and laboratory experiments confirmed that knives covered with meat products required 10 or more seconds to be effectively decontaminated at this temperature.
Abstract: SUMMARY Immersion of knives momentarily in hot water (82°C) was ineffective in destroying salmonellas on knives used in a meatworks to carry out the bung dropping operation. Laboratory experiments confirmed that knives covered with meat products required 10 or more seconds to be effectively decontaminated at this temperature.
Examination of knives used for slaughtering and for dressing beef carcases showed that knives coming into contact with hides had higher counts for salmonella and a higher percentage positive than knives used for other cutting operations. Knives used for cutting the skin of the forelegs and hindlegs had the highest counts.
TL;DR: There was no evidence of any relationship between the year or time of year and magnitude of the energy loss, and multiple regression analysis showed that only 23% of the variation in the loss/bird/24 hr was explained by differences in body weight and weight change.
TL;DR: Hens offered whole grains ate 11% less food, converted food into eggs more efficiently, were heavier and laid larger eggs than those given the mash diets, and either canthaxanthin or citranaxanthIn or β‐apo‐8'‐carotenoic acid ethyl ester plus canthAXanthin in diets containing lucerne meal produced eggs with acceptable yolk colours.
Abstract: 1. Cross‐bred hens were offered, from 25 to 73 weeks of age, diets based on either wheat or barley in the form of either a mash or as whole grains plus a concentrate mixture; four sources of xanthophylls were also compared. 2. Wheat reduced food intake by 8%, increased efficiency of food conversion and live‐weight gain while barley increased litter moisture content, and, during the first half of the laying year decreased egg production by 3.3% and yolk colour by 4%. 3. Hens offered whole grains ate 11% less food, converted food into eggs more efficiently, were heavier and laid larger eggs than those given the mash diets. 4. With whole grains yolk colour was less than with mash diets during the first 24 weeks of lay but this was reversed during the last 24 weeks of lay. 5. Either canthaxanthin or citranaxanthin or β‐apo‐8'‐carotenoic acid ethyl ester plus canthaxanthin in diets containing lucerne meal produced eggs with acceptable yolk colours.
TL;DR: Three selection treatments were conducted for 12 generations in each of two base populations, with results indicating that increased nursing ability of the mother and increased adult body weight of the offspring were increased and the observed combined responses for n12 and w42 in the index lines were smaller than the optimum expected from index selection.
Abstract: Three selection treatments were conducted for 12 generations in each of two base populations (P and Q): (1) increased nursing ability of the mother (n12), as measured by mean 12-day weight of eight young within a crossfostering set (MP and MQ lines), (2) increased adult (42-day) body weight of the offspring (w42) (WP and W Q lines), and (3) performance combining the two traits (n12 and w42) into a selection index (BP and BQ lines). Lines C P and CQ were maintained as unselected controls in each population. In each line-generation subclass, 92 single-pair matings were made and the offspring assigned to balanced crossfostering sets of four dams each. Regression coefficients of mean performance (in grams) on generations were 0.080 ±0.029 and 0.054 ± 0.031 for n12 in MP and MQ, and 0.680 ± 0.039 and 0.868 ± 0.051 for w42 in WP and WQ, respectively. The BP and BQ lines showed genetic gains in n12 (0.090 and 0.053, respectively) and w42 (0.576 and 0.696) intermediate between the performance of MP and WP, and MQ and WQ, respectively, except for n12 of BQ. Realized heritabilities for n12 were 0.16 ± 0.05 and 0.11 ± 0.06 and those for w42 were 0.40 ± 0.02 and 0.43 ± 0.03 for P and Q, respectively. The realized genetic correlations between n12 and w42 were 0.70 ± 0.07 and 0.73 ± 0.08 in P and Q, respectively. The ratios of the predicted to observed responses in MP, BP and BQ were 0.99, 1.03 and 0.89, respectively. However, the predicted and observed responses differed in M Q, WP and WQ; the ratios were 1.29, 0.65 and 0.65, respectively. The observed combined responses for n12 and w42 in the index lines (BP and BQ) were smaller than the optimum expected from index selection. A possible cause was that the estimated genetic correlations (0.22 ± 0.16 and -0.17 ± 0.16 for BP and B Q, respectively) and heritabilities (0.39 ± 0.03 and 0.28 ± 0.02, respectively) for w42 that were used to construct the selection index were smaller than the respective realized parameters.
TL;DR: In this paper, all basic approaches to disease control: eradication, vaccination or medication and improvement of genetic resistance are considered together in planning an effective program of disease control, including genetic resistance improvement.
Abstract: All basic approaches to disease control: eradication, vaccination or medication and improvement of genetic resistance should be considered together in planning an effective programme of disease con...
TL;DR: This article used desludging centrifuge to remove insoluble calcium salts to remove the precipitate formed from calcium addition, which reduced the protein content of the powder and increased the solubility index.
TL;DR: It seems probable that TME values obtained with adult roosters can be used in the formulation of diets for younger birds; however, additional confirmatory work is required.
TL;DR: It is shown that Babesia bovis, a pathogenic piroplasm of cattle causes immunosuppression against its natural tick vector, Boophilus microplus, which seems to be the first of immunosuppetression caused by a protozoan against a parasitic arthropod.
Abstract: INFECTION with protozoan parasites may interfere with the immune response to a variety of agents including bacteria1, other protozoans2–5 and helminths6–8. In two recent studies of immunosuppression by a rodent piroplasm8,9, the likely, veterinary importance of the effect was suggested. We have now verified this possibility by showing that Babesia bovis, a pathogenic piroplasm of cattle causes immunosuppression against its natural tick vector, Boophilus microplus. The observation seems to be the first of immunosuppression caused by a protozoan against a parasitic arthropod.
TL;DR: Protein intake had no effect on the 507-day body weights and on hen-day egg production, except for a small decrease for treatment 4, although the intakes of protein, leucine, and lysine were lower for treatments 3 and 4 between 326 and 507 days of age than the NRC requirements.
TL;DR: Haemangiomas, haemangiosarcomas, transitional cell carcinomas, papillomas, fibromas and an adenoma were detected in the urinary bladders of 19 affected cattle and were accompanied by chronic cystitis.
Abstract: Bovine enzootic haematuria was diagnosed in Queensland in coastal areas in association with bracken fern (Pteridium esculentum) on 3 properties or with mulga fern or rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi) on 4 properties, and in inland areas in association with C. sieberi on 3 properties. In the absence of bracken fern, long-term ingestion of C. sieberi is suggested as a cause of bovine enzootic haematuria. Haemangiomas, haemangiosarcomas, transitional cell carcinomas, papillomas, fibromas and an adenoma were detected in the urinary bladders of 19 affected cattle and were accompanied by chronic cystitis.
TL;DR: Eleven immature adult Angiostrongylus cantonensis were recovered from beneath the meninges of a captive Bennett's wallaby which died after displaying posterior paresis followed by paralysis and intermittent opisthotonic spasms of increasing frequency for 7 days.
Abstract: Eleven immature adult Angiostrongylus cantonensis were recovered from beneath the meninges of a captive Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) which died after displaying posterior paresis followed by paralysis and intermittent opisthotonic spasms of increasing frequency for 7 days. Congestion and focal malacia with haemorrhage were seen in the brainstem and cerebellum. Sections of worms with scanty inflammatory response were seen beneath the congested haemorrhagic leptomeninges of cerebrum and in a cerebellar folium. Infection was thought to have originated from feed or water contaminated with larvae released from a molluscan intermediate host.
TL;DR: Free and protein amino acid contents of whole-plant maize ensiled with or without urea were determined at intervals during the fermentation process, and many individual amino acids increased considerably in urea-treated silage while there was a general decline of most amino acids in the untreated silage.
Abstract: Free and protein amino acid contents of whole-plant maize ensiled with or without urea were determined at intervals during the fermentation process. The free amino acid content of both untreated and urea-treated silage increased with time in storage, but the increases were generally larger in the treated silage. The true protein of untreated silage decreased with time in storage. In urea-treated silage many individual amino acids increased considerably. Among those were the essential amino acids isoleucine, lysine, threonine and valine. The result was a net gain of several amino acids in the treated silage while there was a general decline of most amino acids in the untreated silage. Urea-treated silage at day 20 contained 38% more true protein and 150% more free amino acids than did untreated silage. The implications of these changes for dairy cattle nutrition are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a test cell comprising two flat plates, one of which was serrated, was used for measuring the stickiness of cooked spaghetti, and the plates compressed 10 spaghetti strands to a preselected maximum force in an Instron, and were then held stationary to allow the spaghetti to relax and finally pulled apart.
Abstract: A test cell comprising two flat plates, one of which was serrated, was used for measuring the stickiness of cooked spaghetti. The plates compressed 10 spaghetti strands to a preselected maximum force in an Instron, and were then held stationary to allow the spaghetti to relax and finally pulled apart. The maximum tensile force was used as an index of stickiness. Stickiness was independent of maximum compression force and the compression force after the relaxation period was linearly related to the maximum compression force, providing the maximum force did not rupture the spaghetti. Control of maximum force and force after relaxation depended on the rate of compression. Stickiness readings increased linearly with rate of plate movement and were also affected by the elapsed time after cooking. Standard test conditions were adopted: deformation rate (compression and tension) 10 mm/min; maximum compression force 40 kg; relaxation period 30 sec; and the samples were tested 10 min after cooking. The stickiness readings were not related to sensory ratings of adhesion because the effects of saliva were not simulated in the instrument but were related to assessments of stickiness prior to mastication. Examination of the microstructure of the cooked samples indicated that stickiness was related to the starch/protein ratio at the surface region of the spaghetti. A higher ratio was associated with sticky spaghetti while less sticky samples had lower ratios. It is not certain whether the differing ratios seen are due to changes in the starch or protein levels or both.
TL;DR: Milk yield was related more to cell number than to cell size of the mammary glands and liver, and large amounts of milk were produced by heavy dams with substantial feed intake.
TL;DR: The use of humus analogues for investigating pesticide behavior in soils was attempted by MATHUR and MORLEY (1975), who found that the insecticide methoxychlor present in the culture of a fungus was incorporated at the rate of about 668 ppm into a humic acid-like pigment produced by this organism.
Abstract: The inordinate retention of pesticides in soils (CHIBA and MORLEY 1968a; MOP™ 1972; MATHUR and MORLEY 1975; STEVENSON 1976), particularly in organic soils (MATHUR et al 1976a; 1976b; MATHUR and SAHA 1977), suggeSts that, in addition to the fraction that is adsorbed (MORITA 1976), a portion of certain pesticides may be incorporated or 'locked' into soil humus. The examination of this possibility through extraction and chemical degradation of humic materials treated with pesticides in the field is difficult, due to the nature of soil humus (MATHUR 1971). Also, the possibilities of biodegradation of the pesticide render the use of isotope-labelled materials in the field ineffective for such studies. One alternative is to use biodegradation to resolve complexes of pesticides and humic materials into identifiable units. For this, the humates used may be natural (HSU and BARTHA 1974) or models synthesized biologically or chemically. Analogues offer the opportunity to study incorporation of pesticides during synthesis, rather than their reactions only with the relatively stable humus. The use of model humic acids has contributed considerably towards our understnading of the chemical structure and behavior of soil humus (LADD and BUTLER 1966; MARTIN and HAIDER 1971; PIPER and POSNER 1972; ROY et al 1973; ROWELL et al 1973; HAIDER and MARTIN 1976; NELSON et al 1976). Consequently, the use of humus analogues for investigating pesticide behavior in soils was attempted by MATHUR and MORLEY (1975). They found that the insecticide methoxychlor present in the culture of a fungus was incorporated at the rate of about 668 ppm into a humic acid-like pigment produced by this organism. This indication of the possibility of incorporation of this pesticide into soil humus, and of the feasibility of using model humic acids for such studies was further investigated here by having 14C-labelled methoxychlor present during the chemical synthesis of a humic acid analogue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recrystallized, pure (99%~) 2,2-bis (p-methoxyphenyl)l,l,l- trichloroethane (methoxychlor) was obtained from Canadian Industries Ltd.; universally ring-labelled methoxychlor-14C from Mallinckrodt Nuclear, St. Louis, Mo.; and hydroquinone (p-dihydroxybenzene) from Sigma Chemical Co. Ai1 solvents used--were pesticide-grade and used as received.
TL;DR: Developmental forms of 2 strains of Babesia bovis were studied in the tick vector Boophilus microplus, and it was suggested that continuous blood passaging of the NT strain had resulted in selection of parasites incapable of penetrating gut epithelial cells of the tick.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS. Developmental forms of 2 strains of Babesia bovis (Babes) were studied in the tick vector Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). One strain (designated T) was shown to be infective for the tick, and the other (NT) to have lost infectivity for the tick, because of repeated blood passaging in cattle.
Parasites of the 2 strains in gut contents of adult female ticks were similar during the first 16 h post-repletion (PR), but thereafter their structure differed. From 16–64 h PR, the majority of T strain parasites were spherical and without processes. During the next 32 h elongate forms and vermicules developed. Fission bodies were seen within epithelial cells of the gut by 96 h PR. T-strain parasites in gut contents decreased in number from ∼ 96 h and were difficult to find at 144 h, the time of the final observation.
In contrast, NT strain parasites were plentiful throughout the period of observation. They were predominantly spherical, ranging in diameter from 1.5 to 15 μm. Forms with obvious processes measuring up to 81 μm in length were seen in large numbers at seemingly regular intervals from 16–144 h PR, suggesting that a process of development and divisions was being repeated. No vermicules or fission bodies were seen.
T-strain, but not NT strain parasites, were seen in hemolymph and ova of the ticks and in their larval progeny. It is suggested that continuous blood passaging of the NT strain had resulted in selection of parasites incapable of penetrating gut epithelial cells of the tick.
TL;DR: It is recommended that rest periods be planned between groups of assays to permit recovery of body weight loss.
TL;DR: Serological test results for leptospiral species on serums from cattle and pigs performed by the diagnostic laboratories of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries from July 1973 to June 1976 were used to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of 3 leptOSPiral serotypes in Queensland.
Abstract: Serological test results for leptospiral species on serums from cattle and pigs performed by the diagnostic laboratories of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries from July 1973 to June 1976 were used to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of 3 leptospiral serotypes in Queensland. There was a higher prevalence of antibodies to L. hardjo than to L. pomona in cattle, whereas in pigs the prevalence of antibodies to L. pomona was much higher than that for L. tarassovi or L. hardjo. Feral pigs had a particularly high prevalence of L. pomona antibodies. There is a different geographical distribution of antibodies to L. pomona and L. hardjo. L. hardjo antibodies appear to be fairly uniformly distributed but there is a higher prevalence of L. pomona antibodies in low rainfall areas. This relationship was shown to be significantly correlated.