Showing papers by "Augustana College (Illinois) published in 1990"
TL;DR: A major area of second language acquisition research is the role played by learner variables in the process of learning a second language as discussed by the authors and the focus of interest is on the complex relationship between learner characteristics, their specific language learning behaviors or strategies, and, of course, the ultimate success of these strategies in language learning.
Abstract: A MAJOR AREA OF SECOND LANGUAGE (SL) acquisition research is the role played by learner variables in the process of learning a second language.' The focus of interest is on the complex relationship between learner characteristics, their specific language learning behaviors or strategies, and, of course, the ultimate success of these strategies in language learning. Learner characteristics in the social and affective domains in particular are widely regarded as profoundly influencing outcome by virtue of their association with language acquisition behavior. The pioneering work of Gardner and Lambert (13, 14) brought motivation and other attitudinal/affective variables to the forefront of research. Krashen's Monitor
244 citations
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: A great deal of recent research in psychology has focused on the role of close personal relationships in behavior and experience as mentioned in this paper, which has extended our appreciation of the centrality of personal relationships while also verifying the relevance of close relationships to a wide variety of psychological and other processes, including physical and mental health.
Abstract: A great deal of recent research in psychology has focused on the role of close personal relationships in behavior and experience. For example, topics such as social support, friendship, jealousy, marriage, and divorce have received increasing attention in recent years. Such research has extended our appreciation of the centrality of personal relationships while also verifying the relevance of close relationships to a wide variety of psychological and other processes, including, for example, physical and mental health.
116 citations
TL;DR: The authors compared radio, print, interpersonal, and public address communication modalities, examining the manner in which each exercises influence and found that television resembles interpersonal more than the other communications modalities in the manner that it exercises influence, placing greater emphasis on relational as opposed to content messages.
Abstract: This investigation compared television with radio, print, interpersonal, and public address communication, examining the manner in which each exercises influence. Respondents were exposed to a commercial, political, or social action persuasive message presented via one of the five communication modalities. The pattern of results revealed that television resembles interpersonal more than the other communication modalities in the manner that it exercises influence, placing greater emphasis on relational as opposed to content messages, source as opposed to content factors, and a warmer, more casual communication style.
55 citations
TL;DR: The investigation found that physicians report use of expertise strategies more than other types of compliance-gaining strategies, and the use of verbally aggressive strategies is more likely during initial interactions with patients rather than subsequent interactions.
Abstract: Past research on physicians' use of methods to increase patients' compliance with directions seldom considers physicians' use of verbal compliance-gaining strategies. This study explored primary care physicians' reports of their compliance-gaining message strategy selection. The investigation found that physicians report use of expertise strategies more than other types of compliance-gaining strategies. Physicians also report that they exert more verbal effort to increase compliance by patients who have potentially severe illnesses and a history of noncompliance. Finally, in those situations in which the physician does not rely on expertise compliance-gaining strategies, the use of verbally aggressive strategies is more likely during initial interactions with patients rather than subsequent interactions. Implications for communication theory and the medical field are discussed.
49 citations
TL;DR: This paper argued that assimilationist theory had a profound impact on immigration studies in the United States from the 1920s into the 1960s, but that this mode of conceptualization has been subsequently challenged theoretically by developments in social history.
Abstract: This article argues that assimilationist theory (seen as a specific instance of process theory) had a profound impact on immigration studies in the United States from the 1920s into the 1960s, but that this mode of conceptualization has been subsequently challenged theoretically by developments in social history. Specifically, exegetical evidence is offered for viewing the challenge as hinging on a reconceptualization of the meaning of culture and the role of social actors in creating their own history. The case is made by examining in depth two exemplars of immigration research published in different time‐periods: for the assimilationist model, W. I. Thomas et al.’s Old World Traits Transplanted, and from the new social history, John Bodnar's The Transplanted. To illustrate the impact of assimilationist thought on scholarship for nearly a half century, analyses are provided of a select number of ‘classic’ studies written between the respective appearances of the two aforementioned books.
41 citations
TL;DR: A new fauna of late Early to early Middle Triassic vertebrates has been found in the upper member of the Fremouw Formation in the Beardmore Glacier area of Antarctica as mentioned in this paper, including Cynognathus, a kannmeyeriid and other therapsid (mammal-like) reptiles representing new, more derived genera of carnivorous and gomphodont cynodonts.
Abstract: AbstrackA new fauna of late Early to early Middle Triassic vertebrates has been found in the upper member of the Fremouw Formation in the Beardmore Glacier area of Antarctica. It includes Cynognathus, a kannmeyeriid, and other therapsid (mammal-like) reptiles representing new, more derived genera of carnivorous and gomphodont cynodonts. New genera of temnospondyl amphibians belonging to the capitosauroid evolutionary complex also occur. The unusual abundance of well-preserved amphibians may offer new insights concerning the evolution and distribution patterns of early Mesozoic temnospondyls. These fossils represent only the second terrestrial vertebrate fauna from the mainland of Antarctica. The fossils occur on a prominent sandstone platform, which represents part of the exhumed channel of a braided stream deposit. The platform is over 200 metres above the well-known Lystrosaurus fauna of the lower Fremouw Formation. The locality is near the axis of a major foreland basin that paralleled the present trend of the Transantarctic Mountains. Conditions of rapid subsidence and aggradation of fluvial units were ideal for the preservation of vertebrate faunas.
40 citations
TL;DR: It was found that patients report their physicians to rely more on verbally unaggressive messages, such as liking and positive expertise, than on verbally aggressive ones, when selecting verbal compliance-gaining strategies.
Abstract: This study explored primary care physicians' verbal compliance-gaining strategy selection as reported by their patients. The investigation found that patients report their physicians to rely more on verbally unaggressive messages, such as liking and positive expertise, than on verbally aggressive ones. Physicians were reported to increase use of verbally unaggressive message strategies during subsequent interactions. Patients' satisfaction was found to be positively related to physicians' verbally unaggressive strategies. However, verbally aggressive strategy use was not found to relate negatively to patients' satisfaction. Patients' locus of control was found to interact significantly with severity of illness and physicians' use of compliance-gaining strategies to predict patients' compliance. Physicians' use of more verbally aggressive strategies for conditions in which patients were internalizers and had a potentially severe or nonthreatening medical condition significantly increased compliance, as did...
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the learner's strategic orientation interacts with the linguistic features (formal vs. semantic) of the subdomain of language being acquired and that the interaction manifests itself in terms of a stronger or weaker disposition to experiment with the "marked" form in that subdomain.
Abstract: guage learners may be usefully classified as either form-based or meaning-based in terms of their strategic orientation to the acquisition of the target language. The study posits and tests the specific hypothesis that the learner's strategic orientation interacts with the linguistic features (formal vs. semantic) of the subdomain of language being acquired and that the interaction manifests itself in terms of a stronger or weaker disposition to experiment with the "marked" form in that subdomain.
14 citations
TL;DR: Two lines of research are discussed, one indicating that haptic short-term memory is strong relative to other memory systems, and the other suggesting that the choose-short bias occurs across species.
Abstract: The present study examined short-term memory for tactile and temporal stimuli. Subjects were required to touch three-dimensional sample objects of different shapes and textures, presented for three durations: short, medium, or long. After the sample duration elapsed, a retention interval (5 sec.—20 sec.) occurred followed by a recall test for one of the sample dimensions of shape, texture, or time, across trials. Analysis showed that accuracy for shape and texture was high throughout testing (95–99%), but memory for perceived duration was relatively poor (60%). Further analysis indicated that poor recall on the time dimension was isolated to the medium and long samples; accuracy for short durations was consistently high (90%). In addition, a reliable response bias emerged; subjects recalled durations shorter than the actual duration presented. The results were discussed in terms of two lines of research, one indicating that haptic short-term memory is strong relative to other memory systems, and the other...
10 citations
TL;DR: The role of Weber's methodological writings on verstehende Soziologie in the construction of an American variant of interpretive sociology during the first half of the twenty-first century is examined in this paper.
Abstract: This article examines the role of Weber's methodological writings on verstehende Soziologie in the construction of an American variant of interpretive sociology during the first half of the twentie...
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared pigeons' short-term memory of temporal and visual stimuli in a delayed matching-to-sample task and found that acquisition of the matching task was faster and accuracy was higher in the visual than in the temporal group.
Abstract: In the present experiment, we compared directly pigeons’ short-term memory of temporal and visual stimuli in a delayed matching-to-sample task. The sample stimuli consisted of red and green lights presented for 5 and 30 sec, followed by a retention interval and blue and yellow comparisons. For subjects in the visual group, duration was irrelevant and the color of the sample was the conditional cue. For animals in the temporal group, color was irrelevant and duration of the sample was the conditional stimulus. The results showed that acquisition of the matching task was faster and accuracy was higher in the visual than in the temporal group. More importantly, memory of either sample generally declined at a similar rate when the duration of the retention interval was increased and when the intertrial interval was reduced. Taken together, the results indicate that with 1–8-sec retention intervals, short-term memory for temporal stimuli is similar to that found with color-visual samples. The findings are discussed in terms of retrospective and prospective processing.
TL;DR: The present study examined rats' responding on a differential-reinforcemenr-of-low-rates schedule of food reinforcement following intraperitoneal injections of various doses of bombesin, and found that only the 6 μg/kg dosage improved DRL responding.
Abstract: The present study examined rats' responding on a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates schedule of food reinforcement following intraperitoneal injections of various doses of bombesin (4, 6, 8, 16, 32 micrograms/kg). Analyses indicated that only the 6 micrograms/kg dosage improved DRL responding. The findings are consistent with prior research examining bombesin's effect on operant behavior and support the notion that bombesin induces satiety rather than malaise.
TL;DR: For the isomerization reaction of monofluoro-disilene, the geometrical structures of reactant, product and transition state have been optimized and energy constant, vibrational frequency calculated by means of statistical thermodynamics and Eyring's transition state theory as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: For the isomerization reaction of monofluoro-disilene, the geometrical structures of reactant, product and transition state have been optimized and energy constant, vibrational frequency calculated. By means of the statistical thermodynamics and Eyring's transition state theory, the equilibrium constant, rate constant and heat of isomerization have also been computed. Hence, this reaction has been analysed completely.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether the dual-element effect occurs when temporal and visual stimuli appear simultaneously in a zero-delayed, symbolic matching-to-sample task and found that the line matching task was acquired more slowly for pigeons that were first trained to attend to duration.
Abstract: The present study examined whether the dual-element effect occurs when temporal and visual stimuli appear simultaneously in a zero-delayed, symbolic matching-to-sample task. Two groups of pigeons were first exposed to either a red or green sample stimulus, for either 30 s or 5 s. The sample was followed by the presentation of yellow and blue comparisons. For pigeons in one group, the duration of the sample was the relevant cue. Responses to the yellow comparison were reinforced if the sample was 30 s, and responses to the blue comparison were reinforced if the sample was 5 s. For the other group, sample duration was irrelevant. Responses to the yellow comparison were reinforced if the sample had been green and responses to the blue comparison were reinforced if the sample had been red. Both groups then learned a second matching task in which the sample and comparison stimuli were vertical and horizontal lines. Finally, matching performance was examined when the lines appeared together with the temporal or color elements. The results showed that the line matching task was acquired more slowly for pigeons that were first trained to attend to duration. More importantly, matching was reduced when the temporal and line elements appeared simultaneously, and the effects were similar to those obtained when visual elements are combined.