Showing papers by "Bethlehem Steel published in 1981"

Treatment of industrial wastewaters

Abstract: An industrial wastewater treatment method is described whereby heavy metals dissolved in the wastewater are precipitated as a slurry which, when allowed to settle, will form a sludge containing at least 10 weight percent solids In the method, an aqueous suspension or solution of a neutralizing agent is introduced into a first reactor A suspension containing particles of carrier agent is also introduced into the first reactor A portion, if not all, of the neutralizing agent is adsorbed on the surface of the particles of the carrier, which are maintained in suspension in the first reactor The carrier, with its adsorbed neutralizing agent, is passed to a second reactor and simultaneously the contaminated industrial wastewater is added to the second reactor The pH of the wastewater is adjusted to a range between 84 and 106 by the neutralizing agent Within such pH range, a substantial portion, if not all, of the heavy metals are precipitated in the form of a slurry The mixture in the second reactor is passed to a solids separation device The solids in the slurry settle to the bottom of the device to form a sludge which is removed therefrom Purified water is removed as an overflow from the separation device Optionally, a flocculant may be added to aid in settling the solids Insoluble calcium salts may also be precipitated in the second reactor Such insoluble salts are adsorbed on the surface of the carrier and/or the heavy metal slurry particles and become part of the sludge formed in the separation device

Precipitation and Recrystallization in Some Vanadium and Vanadium-Niobium Microalloyed Steels

Abstract: Static precipitation and recrystallization following hot compression of austenite and the interactions between the two processes have been studied in a set of aluminum-killed HSLA steels containing 0.1 pct carbon, [0.016 - 0.026] pct nitrogen and 0.1 or 0.2 pct vanadium. Two steels containing both vanadium (0.1 and 0.2 pct) and niobium (0.03 pct) were included for purposes of comparison. The compression and the static tests were all carried out isothermally at temperatures between 800 and 900 °C. The course of recrystallization was followed by measurements of the rate of softening and by optical metallography of specimens quenched from the test temperature after different times. Precipitation was studied by measurements of the rate of hardening, by transmission electron microscopy of thin foils, carbon and aluminum extraction replicas, and by X-ray dispersion and energy-loss spectroscopy from individual precipitates.

The effect of heat treatment on the properties and structure of molybdenum and vanadium dual-phase steels

Abstract: A systematic study was made of the effect of the heat treating parameters,(i.e., temperature, time, and cooling rate) on the properties and structure of molybdenum and vanadium bearing dual-phase steels. The volume percent martensite was found to be the major structural factor that controls the strength and ductility of these steels. The relationship between strength and ductility was independent of alloy addition for the alloys studied. Annealing temperature was shown to be very important in these alloys, especially at high quench rates. The molybdenum alloy exhibited better hardenability than the vanadium alloy for equivalent heat treating conditions. Therefore, for a given set of annealing conditions the molybdenum alloy generally had the highest tensile strength and lowest total elongation. A minimum in the 0.2 pct yield strength was found at a specific volume fraction martensite. The increase in yield strength at the lowest volume fraction studied can be related to a jog or discontinuity in the stress-strain curve during tensile testing. This jog was found to be the result of the lack of a sufficient amount of free dislocations. The causes of this deficiency of the dislocations may be: 1) an insufficient amount of transformed martensite, 2) a large martensite interparticle spacing, 3) dynamic recovery of dislocations during cooling, and 4) pinning of dislocations by precipitates during cooling.

Container for hazardous material

Abstract: A container for hazardous material has an outer shell, an inner cylindrical tank for hazardous material, resilient filler material between the shell and the tank, flexible, impervious diaphragms fixed within the tank and extending transversely to the longitudinal axis of the tank to provide chambers adjacent each end of the tank, and an arrangement to pressurize and de-pressurize the chambers. The flexible, impervious diaphragms act as an energy absorbent in case the container is subjected to a sudden load and in addition the diaphragms allow for thermal expansion or contraction of the hazardous material in the tank.

Studies of the interfacial kinetics of the reaction of CO 2 with liquid iron by the 14 CO 2 -CO isotope exchange reaction

Abstract: The rate of dissociation of CO2 on liquid iron between about 1540 and 1740 °C and at CO/CO2 ratios of 6.7 to 100 has been studied by means of the14CO2-CO exchange reaction. It is shown that for essentially pure iron the rate constant at low oxygen potential is consistent with that for the decarburization of liquid iron by CO2, indicating a common rate determining step. The influence of the gas composition on the rate is found to be consistent with surface blockage by adsorbed oxygen which obeys an ideal Langmuir adsorption isotherm over the experimentally accessible conditions. The adsorption coefficient for oxygen with respect to the infinitely dilute solution with 1 wt pct as standard state is deduced to be given by: logK′o = 11270/T – 4.09 The value of K′o at 1550 °C is found to be in good accord with the available data for the depression of the surface tension of liquid iron by oxygen.

One-spot car coke quenching process

Abstract: A process for quenching hot coke in a one-spot coke quench car. The process utilizes a unique arrangement of pipes and spray nozzles to quench the hot coke in a substantially watertight coke quench car having a sloping bottom. A plurality of pipes are directed downwardly from a header mounted on the bench side of the quench car to provide solid streams of water onto the shallow coke bed portion at the top of the sloped bottom for a portion of the quench period. After an initial period a flow of water from a plurality of spray nozzles mounted on additional headers is directed onto the substantially horizontal deep coke bed portion for the remainder of the quenching period. The unvaporized quench liquid is retained in the watertight car until the completion of the quench cycle when it is rapidly drained away.

An investigation of the advantages of using a man-computer interactive scheduling methodology for job shops

Abstract: Scheduling has been a difficult problem for job shops which manufacture discrete parts. The research described in this paper investigates the hypothesis that interactive man-computer scheduling methodology is more effective in this task than a batch scheduling methodology. This hypothesis is investigated under eight different problem configurations generated by varying three job description parameters. The results have been evaluated statistically and the effectiveness of an interactive schedule compared to the slack-per-remaining-operation heuristic is investigated. Influences of the level of variation in job description parameters on the quality of the interactive schedule have also been analysed in this study. Results show that scheduling interactively is significantly more effective in most problem situations, and that the level of variation of some of the parameters has a significant impact on the quality of the interactive schedule.

Transition plate for a mine roof truss

Abstract: A generally rectangular transition plate for connecting inclined and horizontal chords of a mine roof truss has one face defining a generally flat planar plate bearing surface adapted to be closely received against a mine roof. The sides and one end of the plate are bent outwardly from the one face. A first opening in the plate adjacent the one end is adapted to receive a mine roof bolt. A second opening in the plate is located adjacent the other end of the plate. A saddle portion extends between the other end of the plate and the second opening and is adapted to receive a truss tie member. The plate has a low profile and sufficient rigidity to sustain the forces present in the truss.

Articulated test probe mechanism with fluid bearing in test roll gap

Abstract: A nondestructive eddy current or ultrasonic articulated probe mechanism automatically detects rolling mill roll surface defects for use with a defect test system. The articulated probe mechanism is mounted on a traversing roll grinder carriage, is automatically positioned over the test roll, and has a probe head with controlled fluid bearing, air or liquid, to automatically maintain probe head-to-test roll gap. One or multiple eddy current, or ultrasonic, probes in the head generate anomoly test signals which, together with a probe head temperature sensor signal, are suitable for processing in an appropriate test instrument.

Titanium and vanadium dual-phase steel and method of manufacture

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method and to the resulting product, wherein said product is a low-carbon dual phase steel having a combination of high strength, good ductility and a YS/TS ratio ≦0.6. The method includes the steps of (1) preparing an Al-killed steel consisting essentially of 0.05 to 0.15 wt. % C, up to 2.0 wt. % Mn, up to 1.0 wt. % Si, 0.03 to 0.15 wt. % V and a sufficient amount of titanium to "getter" the excess sulfur and nitrogen, with the balance essentially being iron, where the titanium addition should be at least equal to the atomic percent of the sulfur plus nitrogen, but no more than about 1.6 times, (2) intercritically annealing such steel within the α+γ temperature range, and (3) cooling to room temperature.

Surface Characteristics of Cold-Rolled Steel as They Affect Paint Performance

Abstract: Paint failure on cold-rolled steel sheet occurs by cathodic delamination at the pretreatment/steel interface. Surface contamination, mainly carbon, is primarily responsible for variable paint performance on cold-rolled steel. The carbon is not uniformly distributed on the steel surface, and its presence in localized areas interferes with the formation of the zinc phosphate during the pretreatment step. The carbon is present primarily in amorphous elemental form and probably originates during annealing from the breakdown of residual rolling oils left on the steel surface prior to annealing and from the thermal dissociation of carbon monoxide. Material with high surface contamination fails much more rapidly than material with low surface contamination because of the poorer bonding of the zinc phosphate to the substrate and the greater oxygen and moisture access to the steel surface as a consequence of porosity of the zinc phosphate layer.

Protective atmosphere gas wiping apparatus and method of using

Abstract: A combined gas wiping die (11) and closed protective atmosphere chamber (28) for treating linear material (37) issuing from a molten metal coating bath (15) is provided with gas exit orifices (55) leading from the hood (27) to the external environment. The gas exit orifices (55) have a combined cross sectional area less than the total cross sectional area of the throat (23) of the wiping die (11). The combined wiping die (11) and protective chamber (28) with limited area exit orifices (55) is used with a wiping gas such as nitrogen or argon. The thickness of molten coatings on linear material (37) wiped with the combined die (11) and protective chamber (28) can be very accurately controlled by changes in wiping gas pressure.

Proposed Steel Column Strength Criteria

Abstract: The development of proposed design criteria is presented for pinned end columns for the load and resistance factor design provisions being developed for the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Available test data have been examined by regression analysis to determine a practical column strength equation for design. The study resulted in the division of slenderness into three regions: a plastic region where slenderness does not effect column strength; an inelastic region where strength decreases linearly with increasing slenderness; and an elastic region where strength is defined by a hyperbola. Equations representing column strength in each of these regions are developed, and a resistance factor to be used with these equations is derived.

Breakdown of Oxide Films on Steel Exposed to Chloride Solutions

Abstract: Breakdown of the thin air-formed oxide film is the first step in the corrosion of steel exposed to aqueous chloride environments. We studied oxide-film breakdown by observing changes, with time, of appearance, weight loss, and corrosion potential while varying the three components of the system: environment, substrate, and film. Environment was varied by changes in chloride and hydrogen peroxide concentrations. Low carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium substrates were studied. Various types of crystalline oxide film were applied to steel substrates by RF sputtering. The results of this work demonstrated that the chemical and electronic properties of the oxide film on steel are inconsequential in determining whether film-breakdown will occur. We interpret these results in terms of a film-breakdown mechanism in which substrate dissolution begins at film defects and spreads, thus causing removal of the film by undercutting. According to this model, the ability of the substrate to spo...

Method and apparatus for alignment of spray nozzles in continuous casting machines

Abstract: Method and apparatus for aligning spray nozzles which have been disposed to apply a liquid coolant in a desired pattern on a target area. The invention includes the use of a light beam projected onto the target area to indicate any misalignment and the provision of means to adjust the spray nozzles so that the adjusted position results in a desired pattern of distribution of liquid coolant on a target area.

Regenerating alkanolamine desulfurizer solutions

Abstract: A method for regenerating a spent alkanolamine absorbing solution containing absorbed H2 S and CO2 in two desorption stages to produce two separate acid gas streams. The first acid gas stream that contains substantially all of the H2 S is sent to a sulfur recovery system and the second acid gas stream that is primarily CO2 is vented to the atmosphere. The desorption stages are connected in series and both are operated at substantially the same above-atmospheric pressure within the range of 8-12 psig (1.54-1.82 atm abs).

Biaxially oriented thermoplastic polymer film and method of manufacture

Abstract: A BIAXIALLY ORIENTED THERMOPLASTIC POLYMER FILM AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE Abstract of the Disclosure The invention is directed to biaxially oriented thermoplastic polymer flexible film having a substantially uniform thickness between about .005 and .030 of an inch (.13 mm and .76 mm) and characterized by a structure comprised of discrete, platelet-like spherulitic crystalline aggregates compressed transversely to the plane of the film and biaxially oriented in the plane of the film and having a combination of improved properties and also to a rigid conduit or extrudate having a plurality of thermoplastic crystalline polymer layers each of which has e a unique microstructure and improved properties. The film is produced by solid state hydrostatic extrusion of a generally cylindrical preform comprised of a plurality of concentric tubular-like discrete layers of polymers through an extrusion zone having converging walls and a diverging geometry, wherein the discrete layers in the preform are substantially simultaneously circumferentially expanded and axially elongated by compressive forces to produce an oriented polymer rigid tubular extrudate com-prised of a plurality of concentric tubular-like layers of oriented polymer. The tubular extrudate or preform is slit longitudinally so that the discrete layers of the extrudate can be separated into individual films.

Thermal mechanical process for steel slabs and the product thereof

Abstract: This invention is directed to a thermal-mechanical process, and to the product thereof, for treating carbon or low alloy steels to improve their strength and toughness. The process is characterized by the steps of austenitizing a carbon or low alloy steel workpiece, preferably in the form of a slab, reducing said slab at a temperature above about 1900° F. (1038° C.) to a thickness in the range of 2 to 4 inches (5.1 to 10.2 cm), controlled quenching to effect thermal equilibration until a surface-to-center thermal gradient within a temperature range of 50° to 150° F. (28° to 83° C.) is reached, and initiating working such control quenched workpiece at an average temperature within the range of 1450° to 1750° F. (788° to 954° C.). The reduced steel product, having been treated in accordance with said thermal-mechanical process to yield a rolled steel plate having a thickness between about 0.5 to 1.25 inches (1.3 to 3.2 cm), is characterized by a fine-grained microstructure that is essentially grain size symmetrical from the center to the surface, with a grain size difference on the order of about 1 ASTM number, center to sub-surface, and by improved strength and toughness.

Open top drain

Abstract: A corrugated metal open top pipe drain for the collection and removal of surface water from paved areas, such as highways, parking lots, airports and the like.

Gas wiping apparatus and method of using

Abstract: A gas wiping die for wiping wire issuing from a molten metal coating bath is provided with critical parameters with respect to the die angle, the length and thickness of the die orifice and the relationship of the sides of the orifice, the throat diameter of the die and the height above the molten bath surface. The thickness of molten coatings on wire wiped with the combined die can be very accurately controlled by changes in wiping gas pressure.

Iron oxide paint pigment precursor

Abstract: The iron oxide paint pigment precursor used in a process for producing such paint pigment is found in scarfer spittings, a steel mill waste product. The cores are characterized by a chemical composition comprised of between about 0.04 and 0.10 weight percent carbon, about 0.06 and 0.25 weight percent manganese, about 0.015 and 0.025 weight percent phosphorus, less than about 0.05 weight percent silicon, less than 0.01 weight percent sulfur, about 94 and 98 weight percent iron and the remainder oxygen and incidental impurities and a particle size within the range of 5 mm to 0.125 mm.

Dual head measuring techniques for radiation gaging of reinforcing bar

Abstract: A continuously measuring on-line production gage calibrated to indicate bar weight per foot and unaffected by typical reinforcing bar shape variability utilizes two radiation gages with their measuring axes separated by 90 degrees and offset by 45 degrees from the rib plane of the reinforcing bar. Each gage is equipped with a shutter which may be adjusted electrically to simulate any required weight per foot standard and with the gage zeroing on a predetermined shutter setting, the shutter automatically opens and radiation detector signal variations from the zero point are amplified, linearized, averaged, and scaled electronically to produce a percent weight per foot output signal. Summation of detected radiation is also performed through use of optical fibers.

Ultrasonic transducer suspension system for on-line high speed ultrasonic inspection of flat rolled products

Abstract: Apparatus and method for acoustically inspecting hot flat plates while on-line by utilizing an array or arrays of transducers continually spaced a set distance from the bottom of the plates by serrated rollers spring mounted with the array of transducers in a container with overflowing liquid wetting the passing plate to acoustically couple the transducers to the plate and a spray of sufficient force to temporarily cool the hot plate and dispel steam and vapor formed, the spray being in a direction opposite the direction of travel of the hot plate; and support of the unit on a track mounted carriage, with the liquid reused through a reservoir connected system. It is critical that the spray be at an angle of 27° or less to the horizontal and that the spray have sufficient force to have an apparent liquid velocity of at least 44 feet per second, adding the speed of the water and the hot plate together. Also includes associated electronic instrumentation and a rotary pulser with spring biased hinged mounted serrated roller having a cam activated limit switch for enabling the electronic instrumentation and a sprocket and chain connection from the serrated roller to a rotary pulse generator for detecting the position of the plates.

Method for cleaning a process monitoring probe

Abstract: A process monitoring probe within a sample container is cleaned by flushing a sample process stream from the container and then discharging a jet of water from a nozzle at the probe within the container. A chemical cleaning agent is injected into the water to be discharged from the nozzle.

Annealing of Cold-Rolled Rephosphorized Steels Containing Si and Cb

Abstract: The effects of continuous and batch annealing on the mechanical properties and strengthening mechanisms of rephosphorized steels containing Si and Cb were studied. Cold rolling in combination with continuous annealing provided a higher yield strength than was attained in the hot-rolled material because of the resultant finer ferrite grain size. On the other hand, batch annealing following cold reduction generally resulted in a lower yield strength because of grain growth and, for the Cb-alloyed steels, precipitate coarsening as well. For the steels alloyed with Si, in the case of batch annealing, increasing Si from 0 to 0.5 pct resulted in increasing yield stength due to both grain refinement and solid solution strengthening, whereas in the case of continuous annealing, the Si addition resulted solely in solid solution strengthening. For the Cb-steels, the increase in yield strength with increasing Cb content was due to increased precipitation strengthening in the case of continuous annealing and due to both increased precipitation strengthening and grain growth retardation in case of batch annealing.

Ceramic furnace door and frame

Abstract: A cast ceramic hearth door and frame which provides a one-piece ceramic frame with provisions for a door to be slideably disposed within the one-piece frame.

Expandable mandrel apparatus for manufacturing smooth-lined corrugated pipe

Abstract: A smooth, plastic-lined corrugated pipe having an intermediate layer of plastic foam The pipe is made by internally coating a corrugated pipe with a foaming mixture and pressing an expandable cylinder of plastic sheet liner against the foaming mixture until the foam solidifies An expandable mandrel apparatus presses the plastic sheet liner into position The apparatus comprises a hollow cylinder, an elastomeric cylinder fitted on the outside of the hollow cylinder defining an annular space therebetween and a fluid conducting means communicating with the annular space

Method of controlling a coking cycle

Abstract: The endpoint of devolatilization of a coal mass in a coke oven during a coking cycle is determined by providing a probe which is capable of supplying an electrical signal which indicates the effective thickness of a layer of carbon deposited on the probe by gas released from the coal mass and in addition indicates the rate of devolatilization of the coal mass which is a measure of the heat input to the coal mass and can be used to control heat input to the coke oven.

A Study of the Entry and Removal of Hydrogen during Coating and Thermal Treatment of Steel

Abstract: High strength steel wires were charged with hydrogen, electroplated with nickel, and baked at 191 C for 3 hours to relieve hydrogen embrittlement. To follow the entry and removal of hydrogen and its effects, measurement of (1) hydrogen contents of the wire and the coating, and (2) cracking susceptibility of the wire were made during each step of these processes. The results show that hydrogen introduced into steel during processes such as preplate acid cleaning and electroplating is initially present in a mobile form that causes embrittlement. Although postplate baking can relieve embrittlement by simply driving mobile hydrogen out of the steel, this work clearly demonstrates that baking can also relieve embrittlement by an alternate mechanism believed to involve driving the mobile species into internal trap sites. Because steel can accommodate process hydrogen in this innocuous trapped state, the total hydrogen content of steel as determined by high temperature extraction does not provide a reli...