Showing papers by "Bethlehem Steel published in 1996"

Measurements of Corrosion at Defects in Painted Zinc and Zinc Alloy Coated Steels Using Current Density Mapping

Abstract: Current density mapping was used to locate and monitor the early stages of corrosion at defects on painted surfaces in solution. Principles of the technique and methods of analysis were reviewed, and the effects of different scribing techniques were investigated. Results for painted zinc and aluminum-zinc alloy coated steel surfaces showed corrosion occurred initially at localized sites on the exposed zinc in both dilute chloride and sulfate solutions and when zinc was galvanically coupled to or isolated from steel. Current density mapping was shown to locate corrosion-susceptible defects on painted roll-formed materials that were not readily discernible optically.

Industrial intelligent control: fundamentals and applications

Abstract: Fundamental Techniques for Intelligent Control. Learning Strategies and Algorithms. System Modeling and Estimation. Dynamic Controls. Optimization Control Techniques. Multivariate Statistics and Quality Control. Fault Detection and Diagnosis. Appendix. Bibliography. Index.

Industrial intelligent control : fundamentals and applications

Abstract: Fundamental Techniques for Intelligent Control. Learning Strategies and Algorithms. System Modeling and Estimation. Dynamic Controls. Optimization Control Techniques. Multivariate Statistics and Quality Control. Fault Detection and Diagnosis. Appendix. Bibliography. Index.

Method and apparatus for detecting radioactive contamination in steel scrap

Abstract: A method of monitoring for radioactive contamination of scrap contained in a railroad car comprises the steps of detecting the presence of a moving railroad car The railroad car is scanned for radioactive contamination upon being detected, and scanning continues thereafter The identification of the railroad car is then determined by an RFID system The scintillator scanning for radiation is deactivated when the vehicle is no longer detected Once scanning is completed, then a determination is made whether the scanned vehicle is contaminated with radiation, and an indication that the vehicle is contaminated is made in that event

Film-Induced Brittle Intergranular Cracking of Silver-Gold Alloys

Abstract: Dealloying of a binary noble alloy produces a porous layer rich in the more noble element. Application of a tensile load initiates a brittle intergranular (IG) crack in the dealloyed layer that advances into the unattacked material. This study showed that the crack penetration depth (Cd) is proportional to the thickness of the dealloyed layer (t). For a given value of t, the grain-boundary crack penetration distance was shown to decrease as the dealloying potential increased. The dependence of Cd on t and the dealloying potential, as opposed to the applied potential at the time of fracture, supported the film-induced cleavage model.

Process for improving the formability and weldability properties of zinc coated sheet steel

Abstract: A post plating or post coating method for improving formability and weldability properties in sheet steel product having a protective zinc or zinc alloy layer formed on at least one surface thereof. The steps of the method comprise immersing the sheet steel product into a bath containing at least zinc to apply the protective layer, removing the sheet steel product from the bath, the sheet steel product having a protective zinc or zinc alloy layer formed on at least one surface thereof, and applying an alkaline solution to the protective layer to form a zinc oxide layer thereon, the alkaline solution being applied at a location outside the bath.

Method and apparatus to determine and control the carbon content of steel in a BOF vessel

Abstract: Apparatus for determining in-blow % carbon content and/or the First Turn Down Carbon of a BOF heat includes a light sensor housed within a temperature regulated case having a sighting window including air wipe means to shield the light sensor from steelmaking dust and fume. The apparatus also includes a means to generate a signal that corresponds to the amount of oxygen blown into the BOF during a heat, and a programmable logic controller. The logic controller is programmed to continuously process oxygen blown signals from the signal generating means, and light intensity signals received from the light sensor. The program calculates continuous in-blow % carbon content of the heat based upon the difference in light intensity from a point of maximum light intensity emitted from the BOF vessel in relation to the amount of oxygen blown into the BOF vessel during the same period of time.

Behavior of Painted Steel and Aluminum Sheet in Laboratory Automotive Corrosion Tests

Abstract: Cold-rolled steel, electrogalvanized steel (60 g/m2 coating), and three aluminum alloy sheet products (Al 2036, Al 5182, and Al 6111 [UNS A92036, A95182, and A96111, respectively]) were pa...

Bake hardenable vanadium containing steel and method thereof

Abstract: Rolled articles such as hot rolled or cold rolled and annealed sheet and/or strip include effective amounts of vanadium in low carbon steels to produce an improved bake hardenable product especially adapted for automotive use. The use of vanadium in the alloy steel chemistry controls bake hardenability, permits solution annealing at lower temperatures in its manufacturing sequence and specifies a composition range which is more easily cast within desired limits and causes less variation in final mechanical properties. Controlling the vanadium to carbon ratio to maintain a value of about 10 or greater also improves aging resistance.

Apparatus for storing and dropping expendable BOF sensors

Abstract: A sensor dropper for storing, shielding and dropping sensors into a BOF vessel. The sensor dropper includes a support frame to move the stored sensors toward or away from a sensor drop path leading into said BOF vessel, a dropper assembly supported on the support frame for storing and releasing sensors into the sensor drop path to the BOF, and a shield gate to protect the sensor dropper and stored sensors from BOF fume. The dropper assembly includes a plurality of storage and release mechanisms and corresponding shear mechanisms. Each storage and release mechanism includes a threaded sensor support shaft from which a stored sensor is suspended and dropped into the sensor drop path when the threads of the sensor support shaft are rotated in an outward direction, and each shear mechanism includes a shear blade housed within a tubular cutter having outer shear blades to sever an electrical sensor cable when the inner shear blade is rotated past the outer shear blades. The shield gate is rotatably mounted at a location along the sensor drop path between the dropper assembly and includes a counterweight to hold shield gate in a closed position. The counterweight is balanced to allow the shield gate to rotate to an open position upon impact from a dropped sensor and return to the closed position after the dropped sensor falls from the shield gate into the BOF vessel.

Method of determining slope angles of impression walls and depths of impressions on an embossed sheet surface

Abstract: An embossed cold rolled metal (e.g. steel) sheet for use in manufacturing appliances and method of making same wherein the surface attributes of the embossed sheet are optimized to improve corrosion resistance of the painted product, promote uniform paint coverage of the sheet surface, reduce paint consumption, enable repainting without loss of pattern crispness, and provide consistent and aesthetically pleasing appearance of the painted sheet. The embossed sheet has a plurality of plateaus and impressions defined therein in a manner such that the arithmetic average surface roughness (Ra) of the plateaus is from about 50 to 100 microinches, the maximum impression depths over a given area are from about 0.0025 to 0.0032 inches, the impression walls define maximum slopes of from about 8-17 degrees, and there are no sharp corners or ridges at the transition points between plateaus and impressions.

Apparatus for magnetically filtering wastewaters containing oil-coated mill scale

Abstract: Electro-magnetic filter apparatus and method of operating to separate and remove oily magnetic solids from wastewaters. The filter apparatus includes a filter assembly having an electro-magnetic coil that encircles a canister. The canister has an interior space defined by a wall surface and a first perforated baffle spaced apart from a second perforated baffle. The interior space contains a ferromagnetic matrix comprising split ring lock washers. The feed side end portion of the canister communicates with the wastewater source that contains the oily magnetic solids, a wash-water supply, a pressurized air supply and a disposal stream. The discharge side end portion of the canister communicates with a recycling stream, the disposal stream and the wash-water supply. A feed side valve arrangement selectively introduces the wastewater into the feed side end portion of the canister during filtering operations, and selectively injects a pressurized air/wash-water mixture from the wash-water and pressurized air supply into the feed side end portion of the matrix canister during up-flow backwashing operations. The ferromagnetic matrix is fluidized by the pressurized air/wash-water mixture the during the up-flow backwashing. A discharge side valve arrangement selectively discharges clean effluent through the recycling stream during filtering or introduces water, from the wash-water supply, into the discharge end portion of the matrix canister during down-flow backwashing.

Apparatus and method for measuring temperature and/or emissivity of steel strip during a coating process

Abstract: Method and apparatus for measuring the surface temperature/emissivity of coated steel strip during a coating (e.g., galvannealing) process. The apparatus includes first and second radiation sensors each having a response exponentially related to the reciprocal of absolute temperature when viewing a blackbody source, and each positioned to receive focused radiation from the surface to be measured to provide first and second signals indicative of the radiation received by the sensor, respectively. To provide the focused radiation, the apparatus includes an optical system for gathering thermal radiation emitted by the surface to be measured and focusing it onto the sensors after a first common filter and second individual filters of differing wavelengths such that the first sensor is responsive to shorter wavelengths, the second sensor is responsive to longer wavelengths, and both sensors view the same area simultaneously. Finally, a processing means is provided for processing the two sensor signals to determine temperature/emissivity. Several variations of the processing means are provided including one which uses a Ratio Correction Factor (RCF) and an apparent emissivity (ECA) for determining temperature/emissivity while another one uses a Black Body Deviation Factor (BBDF).

Zinc coated steel sheet and strip having improved formability and surface quality and method thereof

Abstract: A method for improving the formability of zinc coated steel sheet, and the product produced therefrom. The steps of the method include applying to the zinc coating an oxalic acid solution in an amount that will form a zinc oxalate film having a coating weight in a range of s about 10 mg/ft 2 to about 100 mg/ft 2 . A lubricant is applied to the zinc oxalate film, and the lubricant is adsorbed by the zinc oxalate film to provide a lubricated zinc oxalate film that is bonded to the zinc coating. The method produces an improved zinc coated sheet product having a tightly formed lubricated coating structure resistant to galling in the die steels of a forming press. The improved zinc coated sheet product having a lubricated zinc oxalate film improves formability and reduces the coefficient of friction during the forming operations that shape the zinc coated steel sheet or strip into a finished product shape.

Removable insulated cover and method for transporting hot oversized steel ingots

Abstract: A removable cover for encasing freight having an oversized portion of freight positioned on a bed of a freight car is shown including an interior insulated space for encasing the freight, openings through which the oversized portion of freight extends, and sidewalls having pockets of insulation shaped to receive the oversized portion of the freight. The sidewalls are movably attached to the removable cover and positioned to be moved to a closed position that covers the openings and encases the oversized portion of freight extending through said openings within the pockets of insulation. The removable cover further includes a seal that extends between the bed of the freight car and the removable cover, and the seal includes a granular insulation material in which the removable cover is imbedded.

Using a Facility Location Algorithm to Determine Optimum Cast Bloom Lengths

Abstract: The dimensions of a bloom, which is a rectangular piece of steel, are critical for efficiently and effectively rolling the bloom into a finished structural shape (I-beam) for sale to the customer. To achieve maximum productivity and yield, the bloom size (thickness, width and length) to be rolled on a finishing mill into a structural shape must be determined by steel deformation experts. Suppose, for a particular finishing mill, these ‘rolled' blooms are all produced from a ‘cast' bloom of the same cross-section but with many different lengths. It is necessary to consolidate the many ‘cast' bloom length-metallurgical grade combinations to a number that can be managed by the casting operation and bloom stockyard without significantly impacting productivity and yield. An uncapacitated facility location problem formulation and algorithm were used to solve this problem. The way in which this approach was used to solve a real-world application is discussed.

Descaling system for use in the manufacture of steel and corresponding method

Abstract: This invention relates to a descaling system for use in the manufacture of steel and corresponding method, including a pump recirculation system. The recirculation system is adapted to make high pressure descaling fluid (e.g. water) instantaneously available to the descaling nozzles for spraying, and to maintain a temperature differential between the pump suction and pump discharge less than about 25° F. during both descaling and recirculation.

Apparatus to determine and control the carbon content of steel in a BOF vessel

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an apparatus for determining in-blow %carbon content in a BOF vessel, comprising: means for generating a realtime signal indicative of an amount of oxygen blown into a BOF vessel; means for generating a realtime signal indicative of a visible light emitted from a BOF vessel during an oxygen blow; and means for calculating in-blow %carbon content of steel in the BOF vessel based upon the amount of oxygen blown and light intensity signals, wherein the calculating means is adapted for calculating the in-blow %carbon content based upon: a) a DLI/ILI ratio comprising: at least one (ILI) value indicative of an increase in said visible light between a start of said oxygen blow to a point of maximum visible light intensity, and continuous realtime (DLI) values indicative of a continuing decrease in said visible light between said point of maximum visible light and an end of said oxygen blow; and b) continuous realtime DO 2 values indicative of an amount of oxygen blown between said point of maximum visible light intensity and said end of said oxygen blow.