Showing papers by "Boise State University published in 1992"
TL;DR: The problem of lack of communication between teacher and pupil is also discussed in this article, where the teacher may ignore what the pupil is saying (the teacher "controls" knowledge by using unfamiliar language, consequently children'S ideas are devalued and are only heard when they talk among themselves).
Abstract: There is often a severe problem of lack of communication between teacher and pupils. When two people communicate, what passes between them are the words and gestures they use to attempt to convey meaning, not the meaning itself. So a teacher has some ideas which he or she hopes to convey by putting them into words, diagrams or symbols. The child may take note of the words, and so on, but from these has to build up a meaning for them. There is clearly a strong possibility that this meaning created by the child is not the meaning intended by the teacher. This possibility is very high if the type of language used by the teacher, or workcard, or textbook writer, is not familiar to the child. Then various things may happen, as Barnes (1986) has so clearly pointed out: a) The child may ignore what the teacher is saying. b) The teacher may ignore what the pupil is saying (the teacher “controls” knowledge by using unfamiliar language, consequently children'S ideas are devalued and are only heard when they talk among themselves). c) The teacher may insist that the pupils use the “correct” words and so, sound scientific. (We, like Barnes, have seen children praised for “thinking like a scientist” when it is clear that the children are simply “making noises which sound scientific”).
299 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive model of the expatriate turnover process by identifying the key contributing factors and suggesting intermediate linkages and relationships, which appears to have both managerial and theoretical implications.
Abstract: Many factors may contribute to the high rate of expatriate turnover experienced by U.S. multinational corporations. The objective of this article is to present a comprehensive model of the expatriate turnover process by identifying the key contributing factors and suggesting intermediate linkages and relationships. The model appears to have both managerial and theoretical implications.
219 citations
TL;DR: In an increasingly global environment, managers face a dilemma when selecting and applying moral values to decisions in cross-cultural settings as discussed by the authors, while moral values may be similar across cultures (either in different countries or among people within a single country), their application or ethics to specific situations may vary.
Abstract: In an increasingly global environment, managers face a dilemma when selecting and applying moral values to decisions in cross-cultural settings. While moral values may be similar across cultures (either in different countries or among people within a single country), their application (or ethics) to specific situations may vary. Ethics is the systematic application of moral principles to concrete problems.
183 citations
TL;DR: A comparison of the Sit and Reach and the Modified Sit-and- Reach in the Measurement of Flexibility in Women was made in this paper. But the results of this study were limited.
Abstract: (1992). A Comparison of the Sit and Reach and the Modified Sit and Reach in the Measurement of Flexibility in Women. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 191-195.
119 citations
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the communication used during a merger between two banks in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. They found that individuals took charge of controlling their stress during the merger and that the two banks played somewhat lesser roles in the process, except for the period immediately after the announcement of the intent to merge.
Abstract: This paper examines the communication used during a merger between two banks in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. The study drew on the framework of Ivancevich, Schweiger and Power (1987) to examine the communication process used during different phases of the merger. The study used several sources of data at each bank: interviews with current and former employees, a survey of current employees, newspaper articles and other external information sources, and internal documents such as memos and newsletters. The findings suggest that individuals took charge of controlling their stress during the merger and that the two banks played somewhat lesser roles in the process, except for the period immediately after the announcement of the intent to merge.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the changes that occur in a person as he or she becomes wiser; they also present a model of the process of becoming wise and discuss the implications for university education and in-house development of managerial wisdom.
Abstract: Current university and on-the-job learning programs for managers seldom address managerial wisdom. Yet a number of authors point to the importance of wisdom in the management of a firm. This article identifies the changes that occur in a person as he or she becomes wiser; it also presents a model of the process of becoming wise. Implications for university education and in-house development of managerial wisdom are discussed.
64 citations
TL;DR: In this article, micro-contigency analysis was used to study the buying center size and the constructs of purchase situations and phases were drawn from the early organizational buyer behavior models and validated as being significantly related to the buying centre size.
58 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that nonnative legislators are more likely to represent urban SMDs, educational attainment is a function of the urban/rural nature of the district and is not related to electoral type, and legislators from SMDs have longer legislative service than those from MMDs.
Abstract: Previous research suggests a linkage between the electoral structure of legislative districts and characteristics of those elected. More specifically, studies find that blacks and other geographically concentrated minorities are more successful in single-member districts (SMDs) while women are elected more frequently from multimember districts (MMDs). However, these findings do not control for the urban and rural character of the district. Using data from 10 states, which use some combination of single-member and nonseat designated multimember districts, we compare characteristics of legislators elected from the different district types. We find that nonnative legislators are more likely to represent urban SMDs; educational attainment is a function of the urban/rural nature of the district and is not related to electoral type; and that legislators from SMDs have longer legislative service than those from MMDs. More importantly though, with respect to race and gender, we find compelling evidence that black...
52 citations
TL;DR: Minimizing lateral masking with peripheral precues eliminates the dramatic performance improvement sometimes observed across short precue-target delays, causing performance to be consistently better than with central precues across these delays.
46 citations
TL;DR: In the early 1920s, Reza Pahlavi as mentioned in this paper led a Russian-officered Cossack brigade to a February 1921 coup d'etat, seizing power for journalist Sayyid Zia alDin Tabatabai.
Abstract: [Reza Khan] seemed to me a strong and fearless man who had his country's good at heart. —Sir Edmund Ironside, recalling late 1920 Reza… has never spoken for himself, nor… [his] Government… but only on behalf of his country… —Sir Percy Loraine, January 1922 He is secretive, suspicious and ignorant; he appears wholly unable to grasp the realities of the situation or to realise the force of the hostility he has aroused. —Harold Nicolson, September 1926 I fear we can do nothing to humanise this bloodthirsty lunatic. —Sir Robert Vansittart, December 1933 Born in obscurity about 1878 and soon orphaned, Reza Pahlavi enlisted at fifteen in a Russian-officered Cossack brigade. Rising through the ranks, he provided force for a February 1921 coup d'etat, seizing power for journalist Sayyid Zia alDin Tabatabai. Reza Khan provided strength in the new government and rose from army commander to minister of war (April 1921) to prime minister (1923) and, after failing to make a republic in 1924, to the throne in 1925. As shah he ruled with increasingly arbitrary power until Britain and Russia deposed him in 1941. He died in exile in 1944.
43 citations
TL;DR: It was determined that the highest risk categories for both department and job were nursing, housekeeping, food service, and laboratory technicians, while injury rate for females (11.2 per 100 person years) was more than twice that of males (5.1).
Abstract: 1. This retrospective study examined the magnitude of the problem of work related health hazards affecting professional and non-professional employees of a state university health science center and hospital. 2. From the 1,513 injury episodes that occurred among the 9,668 employees during the 32 month study period, it was determined that the highest risk categories for both department and job were nursing, housekeeping, food service, and laboratory technicians. 3. Injury rate for females (11.2 per 100 person years) was more than twice that of males (5.1). Injury rates declined from 11.6 per 100 person years at ages 25 to 39 to 3.8 at ages over 60. Puncture wounds (32.7%), mostly by needlesticks, were the most frequently reported injury type, followed by strains and sprains (17.2%), lacerations (12.5%), and contusions (12.1%). Language: en
TL;DR: It is shown that the additivity of the ideal of closed measure zero sets is not bigger than covering for category, and that the addition of the ideals of null and meager sets is the same.
TL;DR: The authors conducted case studies of selected environmental courses, taught by seven teachers in six Illinois secondary schools and found some similarities and differences in environmental education programs at the secondary school level and suggest some directions for similar courses.
Abstract: Integration of environmental education throughout the curriculum provides the range of perspectives and knowledge necessary for environmental understanding but creates other problems. One suggestion for alleviating these difficulties at the secondary level is to create distinct environmental education courses, possibly as part of the science curriculum. Although such courses may reduce the difficulties inherent in an integrated approach, other complications may arise. The author conducted case studies of selected environmental courses, taught by seven teachers in six Illinois secondary schools. The findings indicate some similarities and differences in environmental education programs at the secondary school level and suggest some directions for similar courses.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the empirical evidence generated by inductive investigations of this relationship suggests that acceptance of the pessimistic thesis that multipolar systems are inherently unstable would be premature, and that, if intervening variables are considered, a more pacific image of a future multipolar world is equally plausible.
Abstract: The probable transition from a bipolar to a multipolar international system has inspired divergent predictions about the likely consequences for global stability. This article places two recent exemplary deductive models under examination, in order to evaluate the validity of their conclusions about the alleged stability of the cold war's bipolar competitive world relative to that of multipolar systems. A review of the empirical evidence generated by inductive investigations of this relationship suggests that acceptance of the pessimistic thesis that multipolar systems are inherently unstable would be premature, and that, if intervening variables are considered, a rival, more pacific image of a future multipolar world is equally plausible.
01 Jun 1992
TL;DR: There are two types of such studies: the first type explores the relationship between some measure of campaign funding (either expenditures or contributions) and electoral outcomes as discussed by the authors. And the second type explores how these measures affect electoral outcomes.
Abstract: ntil recently, the difficulty of obtaining state legislative campaign finance data meant that only a few political scientists had broached the subject (see, e.g., Adamany 1969; Alexander 1976; Owens and Olson 1977; and Glantz et al. 1976). Within the last decade, however, there is an increased scholarly attention in the subject. Aside from Ruth Jones's (1984) and Herbert Alexander's (1991) comprehensive reviews, there are basically two types of such studies. The first type explores the relationship between some measure of campaign funding (either expenditures or contributions), and electoral outcomes. In these studies, expenditures are treated as one of several independent variables, and electoral outcome is the dependent variable. This genre, represented by studies such as Tucker and Weber (1987), Giles and Pritchard (1985), and Caldeira and Patterson (1982), generally find that campaign expenditures and party strength are important correlates of electoral success.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide theoretical and empirical grounds for concluding that nonconsensual constitutional revision is often the rule rather than the exception and the endogeneity of politically relevant transaction costs and their manipulation by self-interested political actors in a post-constitutional environment are central to the analysis.
Abstract: In a post-constitutional context, restructuring of constitutional rights often fundamentally alters the role and scope of government. It is therefore important to assess the extent to which consensuality is likely to characterize the process of constitutional revision. This article provides theoretical and empirical grounds for concluding that nonconsensual constitutional revision is often the rule rather than the exception. The endogeneity of politically relevant transaction costs and their manipulation by self-interested political actors in a post-constitutional environment are central to the analysis.
TL;DR: In this article, the first purpose of the study was to determine whether gifted students participating in the Future Problem Solving Program would feel that they had more control over their futures than either oth
Abstract: The first purpose of this study was to determine whether gifted students participating in the Future Problem Solving Program would feel that they had more control over their futures than either oth
TL;DR: The Serious and Unstable Condition: Financing America’s Health Care as mentioned in this paper is a seminal work in the area of health care finance, which focuses on the serious and unstable condition of the health care system.
Abstract: (1992). Serious and Unstable Condition: Financing America’s Health Care. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 921-923.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the literature and the practice of accounting for research and development (R&D) costs from the first reference in 1917 to the current treatment and made a strong case for changing the way that R&D costs are accounted for in the United States.
Abstract: This study reviews the literature and the practice of accounting for research and development (R&D) costs from the first reference in 1917 to the current treatment. The conceptual treatment of R&D is compared to current financial accounting rules and explanation of the evolution of the current rules is presented. The economic and social consequences of the current rules which require R&D costs to be expressed are examined. The paper explores possible alternative treatment of R&D costs. As a contrast to U.S. practice, the accounting treatment of R&D costs in other countries is discussed. Given the findings of this paper, a strong case can be made for changing the way that R&D costs are accounted for in the United States.
TL;DR: Two discrimination experiments were run to investigate analog versus discrete properties of a shift of visual spatial attention, and D-prime analyses in both experiments suggest that attention is shifted in a discrete manner between locations.
Abstract: Two discrimination experiments were run to investigate analog versus discrete properties of a shift of visual spatial attention. Central cuing was used in Experiment 1, whereas peripheral cuing was used in Experiment 2. Presentation of a probe stimulus between fixation and the target (Distance 1), opposite fixation from the target (Distance 3), or away from an imaginary line running from the target through fixation (Distance 2) permitted a fine-grained analysis of attention at those loci across target-probe delays. D-prime analyses in both experiments suggest that attention is shifted in a discrete manner between locations. Sensitivity to probes was generally greater when the probe was aligned with the target and fixation, with Distance 3 equal to Distance 1, than when it was away (at Distance 2). Analysis of sensitivity to targets across cue-probe delays suggests that attention was directed to the probe upon its appearance.
TL;DR: The present study shows no evidence that either present levels of predation or scarcity of food limit reproductive output, and shows that predation has the potential to affect reproductive output.
Abstract: To ascertain what factors affect reproductive output of colonies of the Desert Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex desertorum, colonies were subjected to two experiments. The first was a 3-way factorial design, which varied (i) artificial predation intensity, (ii) seed addition, and (iii) insect matter addition. The second experiment used fences to prevent horned lizards (Phrynosoma spp.) from foraging on concentrations of worker ants found at colony entrances. Increased artificial predation caused a decrease in alate production. The effect of predation was strongest in colonies also receiving insect matter. The treatments of adding seeds and adding insect matter by themselves did not have a measurable effect on alate production. Exclusion of horned lizard predators using fencing also had no effect on alate production. Although this study shows that predation has the potential to affect reproductive output (and therefore the potential to have been important in the evolutionary history of P. desertorum) the present study shows no evidence that either present levels of predation or scarcity of food limit reproductive output.
TL;DR: Walsh et al. as discussed by the authors examined the effects of intellectual imbalance, a variable assumed to be heritable to some extent, and love deprivation, a composite variable consisting of various indices of parental abuse and neglect, on violent delinquency within different socioeconomic status (SES) environments.
Abstract: This study tests the proposition derived from behavioral genetic theory that genetics and environmental variables have different effects across different environments. I examine the effects of intellectual imbalance [performance IQ (P) significantly greater than verbal IQ (V)] a variable assumed to be heritable to some extent, and love deprivation, a composite variable consisting of various indices of parental abuse and neglect, on violent delinquency within different socioeconomic status (SES) environments. The findings are consistent with behavioral genetic theory, in that love deprivation could not explain any unique variance in violent delinquency after P gt V explained all that it could in the advantaged environment (49.5%), and P gt V could not explain any unique variance in the disadvantaged environment after love deprivation explained all that it could (28.8%). It was also found that love deprivation explains a highly significant 30.5% of the variance in P gt V among SES-disadvantaged subjects, thus supporting those who posit that environmental disadvantages contribute significantly to intellectual imbalance. Violit summary: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study by Walsh was to test the proposition, based upon behavioral genetic theory, that genetic and environmental factors will exhibit differential effects upon violent delinquency across different environmental contexts. METHODOLOGY: The researcher employed a non-experimental case-study design, with a non-probability sample of 388 white juvenile delinquents who had been processed through an Idaho juvenile probation facility in the middle of the 1980's. Measures included a number of genetic as well as environmental factors, to examine their influences upon delinquency for subjects from three different socio-economic statuses. The genetic-related trait for this study was reported IQ, whilst the environmental factor was a measure of love deprivation. The IQ variable was more specifically defined as the difference between the subjects' reported performance IQ scores and their verbal IQ scores (a P > V intellectual imbalance). Love deprivation was measured using the Walsh and Petee love deprivation index. Seven indicators of love deprivation were used - physical abuse, psychological abuse, parental promiscuity, parental substance abuse, broken home, illegitimate birth and feeling unloved. The alpha reliability for this measure was somewhat questionable, at 0.62. Each subject's case history was assessed by the author for each of the seven indicators, with the subject being assigned the mean for each indicator that was derived from the initial professional rating. Socioeconomic status was determined via a composite measure of family income and occupational status of the head of the household. Three groups were differentiated - the homogeneously advantaged, the homogeneously disadvantaged, and a heterogeneous group for reference purposes. Violent delinquency was determined with the Andrew Violence Scale, with each incident being scored additively. Violence was defined as homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, assault and battery. Analyses included Chi- Square, correlations and regressions. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: The author found that there were five times more boys in the sample who had higher performance IQ scores than verbal IQ scores (P > V) than there were V > P boys. He suggested that the P > V profile thus appeared to be a marker of antisocial behavior, with the performance component being the active ingredient of the profile. Socioeconomic status (SES) had a significant but weak effect on P > V, with higher SES subjects showing a lesser difference in performance and verbal scores. For the whole sample, regardless of SES, love deprivation, P > V and SES showed a significant but modest relationship to violent delinquency. For the disadvantaged group, the mean of violent delinquency was almost twice that of the other two groups. This group also had the highest mean love deprivation scores, although the three groups did not differ on P > V. The author suggested that, consistent with behavioral genetic theory, the environmental variable of love deprivation impacted most significantly upon violence within the disadvantaged group, with the effect decreasing as SES environments improve. For the disadvantaged group, there was a high correlation between love deprivation and violence, whilst for the advantaged boys, P > V correlated strongly with violent behavior. Neither factor, however, strongly correlated with violence in the heterogeneous group. For the disadvantaged group, regression analysis showed that, after love deprivation explained all the variance it could (25.8%), P > V did not account for any unique variance. Conversely, for the advantaged group, love deprivation had no unique explanatory power after P > V accounted for all the variance that it could (49.5%). For the heterogeneous group, both variables were able to significantly, although weakly, predict violent delinquency (8.9%). The environmental variable, therefore, impacted much more strongly upon the disadvantaged than the advantaged boys - a finding that is consistent with behavioral genetic theory which stipulates that in lower SES environments, negative environmental influences will overwhelm any variance in individual differences in accounting for violent behavior. For the higher SES boys, individual differences, such as P > V, will have a larger impact upon such behavior patterns than will environmental factors. AUTHOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS: The author suggested that general theories of violent delinquency must take into account both environmental and individual differences, as well as interactions between the two variables. He advocated the use of twin studies to more precisely ascertain the influences of environmental and genetic factors upon violent delinquency. EVALUATION: This study presents an interesting examination of the differential effects of two types of variables upon violent behavior. However, one must question the internal validity of the study - did it measure what it was trying to measure? The reliance solely upon IQ for a measure of genetic influence, and upon love deprivation as a representative of all sorts of environmental factors, might not give an accurate picture of the role of the two types of factors in the development of violent behavior. The study may not have been measuring general effects of the two factors in violent delinquency, but may have actually been investigating only the role of IQ and love deprivation. Also, the secondary nature of the data limits the precision of the results - the author relied upon other people's versions of what each boy reported, and thus cannot be sure of the accuracy of the case histories. Whilst the analyses were appropriate to the investigation, the reporting of the findings was often confusing and unclear. Despite these limitations, the study might be useful as a basis for further research in the field. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) KW - Idaho KW - Family Environment KW - Domestic Violence Effects KW - Domestic Violence Victim KW - Child Abuse Effects KW - Child Abuse Victim KW - Child Abuse-Violence Link KW - Child Abuse-Delinquency Link KW - Child Neglect Victim KW - Child Neglect Effects KW - Love Deprivation KW - Juvenile Violence KW - Juvenile Offender KW - Violence Causes KW - Genetic Factors KW - Biological Factors KW - Environmental Factors KW - Socioeconomic Status KW - Offender Intelligence KW - Intelligence-Delinquency Link KW - Intelligence-Violence Link
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used 6l6 interpersonal conflict metaphors that resulted in 28 categories, including negative, positive, neutral, and neutral, to illustrate the general nature of the conflict process within a metaphor, role of the person using the metaphor and role of conflict partner within the metaphor, power distribution inherent within the model, and conflict management strategies and tactics encouraged by the metaphor.
Abstract: Metaphors are cognitive structures that help individuals understand their world. In interpersonal conflict management, metaphors can function as models for how conflicts should be negotiated. Hocker and Wilmot (1991) asserted that negative metaphors appear to dominate interpersonal conflicts. The results from this investigation support the prevalence of negative interpersonal conflict metaphors. The 349 respondents in this study used 6l6 interpersonal conflict metaphors that resulted in 28 categories. These data, however, contradict the categories previously specified in the literature. To highlight the function of metaphors as models of interpersonal conflict, the natural processes metaphor is analyzed to illustrate the (a) general nature of the conflict process within the metaphor, (b) role of the person using the metaphor, (c) role of the conflict partner within the metaphor, (d) power distribution inherent within the model, and (e) conflict management strategies and tactics encouraged by the metaphori...
TL;DR: Results indicate that managers have a positive attitude toward using computers regardless of computer familiarity and these attitudes do not change as a function of manipulating the task complexity dimension.
TL;DR: Fine-grained temporal analyses indicated that, as attention was shifted, sensitivity to information at the second location gradually increased while sensitivity at the first location simultaneously decreased, and average sensitivity remained significantly greater than average sensitivity immediately following the initial precue.
Abstract: Shifting visual attention is often described as analogous to a spotlight moving through empty space between locations. In the present experiment, a peripheral precue summoned attention to an initial location, and 200 ms later a second peripheral cue appeared beside one of two possible second locations, each 14 degrees away from the initial location. The target was twice as likely to appear at the location that had been indicated by the immediately preceding cue as at the location that had been previously cued or that would be cued. Fine-grained temporal analyses indicated that, as attention was shifted, sensitivity to information at the second location gradually increased while sensitivity at the first location simultaneously decreased. Average sensitivity over the two locations during the shift remained significantly greater than average sensitivity immediately following the initial precue. In contrast, an attentional "spotlight" moving from the first to the second location would produce a decrease in average sensitivity to its initial level while the spotlight was between locations.
TL;DR: Cost effectiveness of six alternative road embankment construction practices and 16 alternative fill-slope stabilization practices was evaluated as means for controlling erosion on forest roads built on granitic soils in Idaho.
Abstract: Cost effectiveness of six alternative road embankment construction practices and 16 alternative fill-slope stabilization practices was evaluated as means for controlling erosion on forest roads built on granitic soils in Idaho (USA). A total of 63 bordered erosion plots 1-8 m wide by 4-6 m long, were used. Eroded material was collected in troughs at the bottom of each plot in the spring and fall. Measurements began in the fall of 1981 and continued until the fall of 1983. Costs were obtained by tabulating actual labor, equipment, and supplies used to install the treatments. Rainfall erosivity values accumulated for the snow-free periods between erosion measurements proved to be a statistically significant covariate for the analysis of treatment effects. There were no significant differences between the three embankment construction practices (sidecast, layer placed, and controlled compaction). But surface rolling did significantly increase erosion in all cases. Nine of the post-construction soil stabilization measures significantly reduced erosion, and one measure significantly increased erosion (P < 0-5). Stabilization measures that combined mulches with revegetation appeared to be more beneficial for erosion control than either mulches or revegetation alone. Rankings of the erosion control effectiveness of individual soil stabilization practices were different from the rankings of the cost effectiveness of the practices. Application of alternative treatments is discussed.
01 Jan 1992