Showing papers by "California State University, Long Beach published in 1968"

The Paraspinal Sacrospinalis-Splitting Approach to the Lumbar Spine

Abstract: A bilateral approach to the lumbar spine is described in which each sacrospinalis is split on a sagittal plane three-fourths of the way out to the lateral margin of the muscle. The approach is especially valuable for one-level fusions in a young person with spondylolisthesis. One iliac crest usually supplies enough bone for both sides. We have used this approach in forty-nine patients as an alternative to the mid-line line approach and have found that it is extremely valuable in some circumstances.

Evaluation of Boron as a Paleosalinity Indicator and its Application to Offshore Prospects

Abstract: The validity of boron in illite as a salinity indicator has been questioned recently. Using analytical data from whole rocks, some workers argue that illite is predominantly detrital and inherits much of its boron from the parent rocks. They also believe that additional boron, absorbed at the time of deposition, is a function of soluble organic matter associated with clay minerals as well as with paleosalinity. Therefore, it has been proposed that equivalent boron variations in cyclothems, previously reported by the writer, could be related to source and organic carbon rather than to paleosalinity. Further studies of illitic clay fractions, reported in this paper, failed to reveal a significant correlation between organic carbon and boron in illite (observed boron) or the boron-K2O ratio (adjusted boron). However, equivalent boron, computed from clay-fraction analyses, may be influenced by organic carbon. Equivalent boron, as defined in earlier publications, depends on the boron-K2O ratio and the K2O concentration in pure illite. Assuming that all the K2O in a clay fraction is held in illite, the dilutent effect of organic matter must lead to inverse correlation between organic carbon and K2O. Consequently, equivalent boron which depends on the K2O concentration must be related similarly to organic carbon. Correct on for this dilutent effect leads to equivalent-boron values which correlate more closely with other geological information. Cyclothems in the lower Yoredale Formation of the upper Visean (Upper Mississippian in part) of England have been interpreted as accretion cycles related to repeated advances of deltas in a slowly subsiding basin. In Recent analogues of these cyclothems a marked reduction in salinity characterizes the initial phases of accretion, but salinity becomes extremely variable toward the end of each cycle. Near the base of Yoredale cyclothems, where paleosalinity is most predictable, equivalent boron precisely parallels the inferred salinity changes. Poor correlation between equivalent boron and inferred paleosalinity in the upper part of many cyclothems is attributed to difficulties in predicting paleosalinity from geological information, rather than to an undetected relation between equival nt boron and some other environmental parameter. Results from earlier paleosalinity investigations emphasize the exploration potential of this technique. For example, supposedly nonmarine rocks have been recognized correctly as marine; the primary depositional origin of reeflike structures has been confirmed; reef and off-reef facies have been correlated; finally, periods of maximum reef growth have been shown to coincide with periods of widespread marine transgression. Although the additional costs associated with geochemical exploration may not be justified in shallow prospects where abundant control is available, geochemical methods could increase significantly the wildcat success ratio in newly discovered oil provinces where drilling costs are high. Many offshore basins, as for example the newly discovered basins in the North Se area, are in this category.

Tertiary Tectonics of the White Pine–Grant Range Region, East-Central Nevada, and Some Regional Implications

Abstract: The White Pine-Grant Range area is a 400 sq mile region located in east-central Nevada, east of the Antler erogenic front, and west of the Sevier-Laramide thrust belt. About 20,000 feet of Paleozoic rock are overlain by 3000 to 5000 feet of Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks, and 0 to 10,000 feet of Mio-Pliocene sedimentary rocks. The near concordance of Paleozoic and early Tertiary strata indicates that the major deformation of the area is post-Oligocene in age. Mesozoic tectonic movements were limited to the formation of gentle folds and high-angle faults of limited displacement. The structure of the area is dominated by north-trending folds, some overturned, which involve both Tertiary volcanic and Paleozoic rocks. These folds are cut by a series of low-angle faults emplacing younger rocks over older; six faults are present in the White Pine Range and two in the northern Grant Range. A series of complex discrete slide masses 1 to 3 miles long characterizes the southwestern Horse Range; a relatively unfaulted overturned Paleozoic section characterizes the southeastern Horse Range. Displacement along these faults increases from the center toward the ends of the ranges; the faults are not continuous throughout the length of the range, and probably do not represent features of a regional d ecollement. Relations suggest that deformation or movement on these faults was probably nearly surficial, partly a product of uplift of the ranges and partly the result of basement extension. Much observable movement took place during deposition of Mio-Pliocene sediments, accompanied by emplacement of gravity slide masses and monolithic breccia of Paleozoic and volcanic rock in the Mio-Pliocene sedimentary basin. Differences in intensity of folding and degree of low-angle faulting in the White Pine, Horse Range, and northern Grant Ranges suggest that these areas were deformed separately. The north-trending folds may be the result of gravity effects on the flanks of major uplifted blocks, but probably reflect a period of postvolcanic crustal shortening in this region.

Cementing plug launching apparatus

Abstract: Cementing plug launching apparatus for use in cementing a casing string in a well in which a casing closure is releasably attached to the upper end of the casing string, the closure having a cement conduit opening therethrough and in which a cementing plug is releasably supported below the closure by the cement conduit, the plug being separable from the cement conduit upon introduction of a ball into the cement flowing into the casing through the conduit. Such apparatus in which a combination of top and bottom plugs are releasably supported by the cement conduit, the bottom plug being releasable from the top plug in response to the introduction of a first ball into the cement flowing through the cement conduit into the casing and the top plug being released from the cement conduit in response to the introduction of a second ball into the cement flowing through the cement conduit into the well casing, a float shoe being provided at the lower end of the casing for arresting downward movement of the bottom and top plugs, respectively. Such apparatus in which the casing closure includes releasable latch means for latching the same to a well head structure at the bottom of a body of water. Such apparatus in which the casing closure comprises an adaptor threadedly engageable in a casing coupling.

The Resolving-Power Functions and Quantum Processes of Television Cameras

Abstract: The extensive paper by O. H. Schade, Sr., (RCA Review, vol. 28, pp. 460–535, September 1967) is summarized. The resolving power of an imaging system is described in terms of a series of “resolving power functions”; these relate the resolution to the exposure as a critical variable. The successive functions vary as a number of other significant parameters are changed. The treatment permits prediction of resolving power performance of TV camera and other imaging systems under a variety of operating conditions. Experimental confirmation of the analysis is mentioned.

Investigation of heat transfer and of suction for tripping boundary layers.

Abstract: An experimental investigation was made to determine the feasibility of tripping the laminar boundary layer on an airfoil by means of heat transfer. Model surface temperatures up to 500°F were used in heating the first 8% of the airfoil. The effect of heat transfer on both favorable and adverse pressure gradients was studied. In a second experiment, the effect of suction through an isolated hole on tripping was investigated. Three configurations of ^2-in.-diam suction holes were tested, one hole at the 1% chord point, another at 5%, and a 1^-in. spanwise row of holes, -fy in. apart at 2%. It was found that transition was not precipitated by either heat transfer or suction, within the limits of these experiments, for a chord Reynolds number between 1.6 X 10 6 and 2.46 X 10 6. The experimental findings for the heated leading edge were checked by the boundary-layer stability analysis, and excellent qualitative agreement was obtained. Nomenclature c = cr + icij complex velocity, Eq. (3) Ci = amplification rate parameter, Eq. (3) cr = velocity of propagation of Tollmien-Schl ichting wave, Eq. (3) i = (—1)1/2, imaginary operator for complex variable k = size of tripping device p = pressure R,Rk,Rd, = Reynolds number, based on free-stream conditions; Rd*,Rx friction velocity u*k/v; boundary-layer thickness Ue^/Ve'j displacement thickness ueb*/ve', and x distance Ua^x/v^', respectively T = temperature UjUj — velocity: x component, normalized u/ue, friction u*,ue (rw/pw)112, and x component at edge of boundary

A Numerical Solution for the Minimum Induced Drag, and the Corresponding Loading, of Nonplanar Wings. 1 - User's Manual for Computer Program 55VD. 2 - Descriptive Manual for Computer Program 55VD

Abstract: User manual for computer program 55VD for computation of minimum induced drag and load distribution of nonplanar wings

Supercritical flow effects on some unsteady aerodynamic coefficientsused for flutter analysis.

Abstract: The unsteady aerodynamic derivative changes due to shock and flow separation have been examined in detail. Unconservative results can be obtained for flutter if the supercritical pressure distribution effects are not accounted for. Theoretical, wind-tunnel, and flight-test results of the derivatives and the resulting flutter speeds are compared. The considerations to obtain a more realistic representation of the aerodynamics used in harmonic and transient analysis are discussed and illustrated. Examples of two- and three-dimensional effects of supercritical unsteady aerodynamics are shown. If care is taken to represent the unsteady derivatives with the proper phase angle and magnitude along the wing correcting for the depth of penetration into the supercritical regime, the predicted results will compare relatively well with the flight test results. Much of the work in this paper discusses the method by which real and imaginary terms, representing compressibility, the vertical force coefficient due to angle of attack, and aileron hinge moment, were modified to represent the experimental data available at supercritical speeds.

Geology of California's Giant--Wilmington Oil Field: ABSTRACT

Abstract: The Wilmington oil field is in the Los Angeles basin of southern California, one of the most prolific oil-producing basins of the world and considered to be an example of optimum conditions in the habitat of oil. The Wilmington structure, discovered in 1936, is a broad, asymmetrical anticline broken by a series of transverse normal faults which divide the producing beds into many separate pools. The seven major producing zones range in age from middle Miocene (Topanga) to early Pliocene (Repetto). Deposition of approximately 1,800 to 2,000 ft of nearly horizontal beds on top of the unconformity between the lower Pliocene Repetto beds and the upper Pliocene middle Pico Formation conceals the Wilmington anticline from the surface. The effectiveness of the faults as barriers to oil and gas accumulation in the field is shown by significant variations in edgewater conditions, subsurface pressure, gas-oil ratio, and oil gravity from one fault block to another. In general, the development program in the field has been based primarily on segregation of the pools by fault blocks and zones. The problem of land subsidence in the Wilmington oil field has been attributed by many investigators to the reduction of pressures in the reservoirs due to the production of oil and gas. Total subsidence to date in the center of the bowl of subsidence is 29 ft. A massive water-injection program has reduced the subsidence in the area and increased oil recovery. The rate of subsidence at the center of the bowl has been reduced from an annual rate of 2.4 ft in 1951 to 0.1 ft in 1967. The area of subsidence has been reduced from 20 sq mi to less than 4 sq mi. The Wilmington oil field has produced more than 1.1 billion bbl of oil, primarily from the old developed area. With waterflooding, it is estimated that another 700 million bbl of oil will be recovered from the old area of the field and an estimated 1.2 billion bbl of oil will be produced from the new area on the east (known as the Long Beach Unit or East Wilmington) within the next 35-40 yr under a pressure-maintenance program. Recent developments in the eastern area of the field revealed some lateral lithologic changes in the formations. To date, six of the seven known productive zones in the old area are also productive in the new area, but somewhat limited in extent. End_of_Article - Last_Page 540------------