Istituto Universitario Di Studi Superiori Di Pavia

About: Istituto Universitario Di Studi Superiori Di Pavia is a education organization based out in Pavia, Italy. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Pulsar & Neutron star. The organization has 162 authors who have published 566 publications receiving 22605 citations.

Recent Developments in General Methodologies for the Synthesis of α-Ketoamides

Abstract: The α-ketoamide motif is widely found in many natural products and drug candidates with relevant biological activities. Furthermore, α-ketoamides are attractive candidates to synthetic chemists due to the ability of the motif to access a wide range of functional group transformations, including multiple bond-forming processes. For these reasons, a vast array of synthetic procedures for the preparation of α-ketoamides have been developed over the past decades, and the search for expeditious and efficient protocols continues unabated. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the diverse methodologies that have emerged since the 1990s up to the present. The different synthetic routes have been grouped according to the way the α-ketoamide moiety has been created. Thus, syntheses of α-ketoamides proceeding via C(2)-oxidation of amide starting compounds are detailed, as are amidation approaches installing the α-ketoamide residue through C(1)-N bond formation. Also discussed are the methodologies centered on C(1)-C(2) σ-bond construction and C(2)-R/Ar bond-forming processes. Finally, the literature regarding the synthesis of α-ketoamide compounds by palladium-catalyzed double-carbonylative amination reactions is discussed.

Characterization of compound occurrence of heat waves and drought in Europe and North America

Abstract: Extreme events such as heat waves and droughts can have major impacts on agriculture, human health, and the energy sector, especially during the co-occurrence of such events. Although there is evidence that heat waves and drought have increased in intensity and frequency in the last decades, the analysis, characterization, and impact assessment of the compound occurrence of drought and heat waves are not well documented yet in a common framework. There are still some open questions related to how changes in midlatitude circulation may transcend in the thermodynamical characteristics of these compound events in the future. Furthermore, the role of some local feedbacks and the relationship with other extremes are still a debating subject.The purpose of this research is to shed some light and add evidence about the key drivers related to these extreme events. The main atmospheric characteristics of compound heat waves and drought events in Europe and North America are identified through the analysis of the ERA5 dataset during the historical period (1959-2022). Additionally, we evaluate the ability of CMIP6 models with respect ERA5 to reproduce the statistics of these compound events. Specifically, we aim at understanding what are the climatological characteristics of these events in the historical climate and what are the dynamical mechanisms leading to compound occurrence of heat waves and droughts.

Flood indirect impacts assessment: A systematic review of models and empirical literature

Abstract: Floods are among the most frequent and costliest natural hazards worldwide and the associated human and economic losses are expected to increase due to climate change, urbanization and population growth. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a comprehensive understanding of the economic impacts of these disasters on our interconnected society. This should include the indirect impacts (e.g. business interruption, service disruption, cascading effects), which have been very often overlooked, especially in engineering works.For this reason, this study reviews the recent scientific literature in the fields of economy and engineering on the socio-economic impacts of floods to derive the current state-of-the-art of the indirect impacts estimation. Given the complexity of the problem, it is necessary to integrate economic theory studies, which in general tend to focus on flow losses, and civil engineering studies, which, on the other hand, have centred their attention mainly on stock losses.The different frameworks, methodologies and empirical studies are analysed through a systematic qualitative and quantitative review. The published articles are derived from well-known scientific database by setting indicators and keywords.The results highlight the different sectors (e.g. economic sectors, firms, transportation system) and the different metrics (e.g. monetary values, time, space), adopted to quantify the indirect impacts, as well as the different purposes (e.g. risk assessment, risk management) of each study.This work derives the current knowledge on the estimation of indirect impacts of flooding to provide clarity on the different perspectives of indirect impacts. Moreover, the findings can help to underline key gaps in the existing scientific literature and to indicate future research work.

2D Gel Electrophoresis to Detect DNA Replication and Recombination Intermediates in Budding Yeast.

Abstract: The two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis (2D gel) is a powerful method used to detect and analyze rare DNA replication and recombination intermediates within a genomic DNA preparation. The 2D gel method has been extensively applied to the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to its small and well-characterized genome to analyze replication fork dynamics at single DNA loci under both physiological and pathological conditions. Here we describe procedures to extract genomic DNA from in vivo UV-psoralen cross-linked yeast cells, to separate branched DNA replication and recombination intermediates by neutral-neutral 2D gel method and to visualize 2D gel structures by Southern Blot.

Weather regime characterisation of the atmospheric environment leading to the development of tropical cyclones in the Northern Tropical Atlantic

Abstract: At the end of the monsoonal season in West Africa, tropical cyclones (TCs) start to develop in the Northern Tropical Atlantic off shore Senegal, south of Cape Verde. TCs generally develop from low pressure disturbances travelling westward from West Africa embedded in the African easterly waves (AEWs), characterised by organised convection and high specific humidity. Some of these TCs eventually evolve into tropical storms and hurricanes. However, whereas there is overall agreement concerning the main necessary conditions, involving sea surface temperature (SST) and vertical wind shear, for a TC to evolve into a tropical storm or a hurricane, the elements concurring to the formation of TCs from easterly depressions are still unclear. Indeed, the environment where the transition occurs is characterised by complex interactions involving atmospheric dynamics and aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions not fully understood yet.The purpose of this study is to contribute to enlighten the mechanisms leading an easterly African depression to evolve (or not) into a TC in the Northern Tropical Atlantic, by characterising the atmospheric environment off shore Senegal and south of Cape Verde, where TCs start to develop. To this aim, a weather regime (WR) classification of the atmospheric variability is first performed on a climatological time scale in a region including West Africa and Northern Tropical Atlantic. The WR classification is then used to characterise the relevant atmospheric variables involved in the TC development. In particular, the role of major outbreaks of mineral aerosols from the adjacent Sahara Desert is investigated. Data from ERA5 and CAMS reanalysis products are analysed for the period 1991-2020.