Showing papers by "P A College of Engineering published in 2011"

A Fuzzy Set Theoretic approach to discover user sessions from web navigational data

Abstract: Due to the continuous increase in growth and complexity of WWW, web site publishers are facing increasing difficulty in attracting and retaining users. In order to design attractive web sites, designers must understand their users' needs. Therefore analysing navigational behaviour of users is an important part of web page design. Web Usage Mining (WUM) is the application of data mining techniques to web usage data in order to discover the patterns that can be used to analyse the user's navigational behaviour. Preprocessing, knowledge extraction and results analysis are the three main steps of WUM. Due to large amount of irrelevant information present in the web logs, the original log file can not be directly used in the WUM process. During the preprocessing stage of WUM raw web log data is to transformed into a set of user profiles. Each user profile captures a set of URLs representing a user session. This sessionized data can be used as the input for a variety of data mining tasks such as clustering, association rule mining, sequence mining etc. If the data mining task at hand is clustering, the session files are filtered to remove very small sessions in order to eliminate the noise from the data. But direct removal of these small sized sessions may result in loss of a significant amount of information specially when the number of small sessions is large. We propose a “Fuzzy Set Theoretic” approach to deal with this problem. Instead of directly removing all the small sessions below a specified threshold, we assign weights to all the sessions using a “Fuzzy Membership Function” based on the number of URLs accessed by the sessions. After assigning the weights we apply a “Fuzzy c-Mean Clustering” algorithm to discover the clusters of user profiles. In this paper, we provide a detailed review of various techniques to preprocess the web log data including data fusion, data cleaning, user identification and session identification. We also describe our methodology to perform feature selection (or dimensionality reduction) and session weight assignment tasks. Finally we compare our soft computing based approach of session weight assignment with the traditional hard computing based approach of small session elimination.

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Study of New 8-bromo-1,3-diaryl-2,3-dihydro-1H-naphtho[1,2e][1,3]oxazines

Abstract: A series of new 8-bromo-1,3-diaryl-2,3-dihydro-1H-naphth[1,2e][1,3]oxazines 2a-n are synthesized. 6-Bromonaphthol undergoes ring closure reaction with substituted aryl and heteroarylaldehydes to give naphthoxazine derivatives. Some of these are hydrolyzed to obtain aminobenzylnaphthols 3c,l which are further condensed with different aryl/heteroaldehydes to yield 4a-e. The structures of newly synthesized compounds are confirmed through elemental analysis, spectral studies and single crystal X-ray study. Compounds are screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. Some of them exhibited promising activity.

A Neutrosophic approach of MRI denoising

Abstract: In this paper, a new filtering method to remove Rician noise from magnetic resonance image is presented. This filter is based on Neutrosophic set (NS) approach of median filtering. A Neutrosophic set, a part of neutrosophy theory, studies the origin, nature and scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with different ideational spectra. Here the MRI image is transformed into NS domain, which is described using three membership sets: T, I, F. The entropy of the neutrosophic set is defined and employed to evaluate the indeterminacy. The γ-median filtering operation is used on T and F to decrease the set indeterminacy and remove noise. We have conducted experiments on real MR image with Rician noise added. The performance of this filter is compared with the median filtering and the classical non local mean (NLM) de-noising approaches. This filter outperforms the median filter for different levels of noise. For low signal to noise ratio (SNR), this filter provides high peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) than the NLM approach.

N-(2,6-Dichloro­phen­yl)-2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetamide

Abstract: In the title compound, C18H13Cl2NO, the naphthalene ring system and the benzene ring form dihedral angles of 74.73 (13) and 62.53 (16)°, respectively, with the acetamide grouping [maximum deviation = 0.005 (3) A]. The naphthalene ring system forms a dihedral angle of 75.14 (13)° with the benzene ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming C(4) chains propagating in [010]. The O atom also accepts two C—H⋯O inter­actions.

An Experimental Study of Different Features for Face Recognition

Abstract: As a first study, the use the Gabor filter bank is made to generate features for face recognition. The features so obtained on the application of SVM classifier yields accuracy rate of 96.2%. With a view to improve the performance, two more feature types, viz., wavelet features and wavelet-fuzzy features resulting from the application of 2D wavelet transform on the Composite detail images and the Approximate images at 3 levels of decomposition, are devised. The ROCs of three feature types show that wavelet-fuzzy features have a better performance. The performance of Gabor features is slightly inferior to that of wavelet-fuzzy features. The algorithm was tested on ORL (Olivetti Research Laboratory) database that has slight orientations in face images.

5-(4,4''-Difluoro-5'-hy-droxy-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl-4'-yl)-3-(morpholin-4-ylmeth-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione.

Abstract: In the title compound, C25H21F2N3O3S, the morpholine ring adopts a chair conformation. The 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione group makes dihedral angles of 78.69 (8), 53.56 (7) and 55.30 (9)° with the benzene rings. In the crystal, O—H⋯O, C—H⋯S and C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds linked the mol­ecules into layers lying parallel to the ab plane. Weak C—H⋯π inter­actions also occur.

1,3-Bis(4-fluoro­phen­yl)-N,N′-(propane-1,3-diyl­idene)dihydroxyl­amine

Abstract: The title compound, C15H12F2N2O2, crystallizes with two mol­ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. Both aromatic rings of both mol­ecules are disordered over two orientations [occupancy ratios of 0.768 (3):0.232 (3) and 0.770 (3):0.230 (3) for mol­ecule A and 0.789 (3):0.211 (3) and 0.789 (3):0.211 (3) for mol­ecule B]. The dihedral angles between the planes of the major and minor components of the disordered aromatic rings are 72.0 (4) and 71.2 (4)° for mol­ecule A, and 70.2 (4) and 71.5 (2)° for mol­ecule B. In the crystal, both mol­ecules form inversion dimers with R22(6) ring motifs via pairs of inter­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The dimers are linked, forming zigzag C(7) chains along the c axis. Weak C—H⋯π inter­actions help to consolidate the packing.

Face recognition based on fractional discrete cosine transform

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a robust and an accurate face recognition model which uses the feature extraction capabilities of fractional discrete cosine transform (FDCT). We apply FDCT on the face image database, and use transform coefficients as features. The proposed model is tested on publicly available standard AT&T face database to demonstrate the recognition accuracy. Extensive experimental comparison is provided with the DCT based face recognition algorithm to establish the superiority of the proposed model in terms of recognition accuracy.

Shot Boundary Detection Algorithm Based on Color Texture Moments

Abstract: In this paper, a shot boundary detection method based on color texture moments is proposed. Here we apply the Local Feature Transform (LFT) on each frame of a video data for feature extraction purpose. Then the first and second moments are computed for each channel of the color space and the feature vector is formed. The dissimilarity measure higher than a predefined threshold indicates the presence of a shot cut. Experiments have been conducted on the standard TRECVID video database to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

7-Chloro-3-phenyl­benzo[4,5]thia­zolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazole

Abstract: In the title compound, C14H8ClN3S, the dihedral angle between the approximately planar triple-fused ring system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.065 A) and the pendant phenyl ring is 62.25 (5)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into infinite chains along the c-axis direction by C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. Aromatic π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.7499 (8) and 3.5644 (8) A] and weak C—H⋯π inter­actions are also observed.

6-Fluoro-2-(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothia­zole

Abstract: The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C16H11FN2OS, comprises two independent mol­ecules in which the benzothia­zole rings are essentially planar, with maximum deviations of 0.038 (2) and 0.045 (3) A. The central benzothia­zole ring makes dihedral angles of 4.87 (13) and 0.64 (12)° and 4.04 (12) and 3.67 (12)° with the two terminal phenyl rings in the two independent mol­ecules. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected via weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming supra­molecular chains along the c axis.

Methyl 4,4''-difluoro-5'-meth-oxy-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl-4'-carboxyl-ate.

Abstract: In the title compound, C21H16F2O3, the pendant fluoro­benzene rings form dihedral angles of 22.22 (12) and 50.74 (11)° with the central benzene ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains along the a axis. The crystal structure also features C—H⋯π inter­actions.

(2E)-1-(2-Hy-droxy-5-methyl-phen-yl)-3-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one.

Abstract: In the title compound, C17H16O3, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 459 (7)° and an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring In the crystal, adjacent mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, leading to the formation of [001] supra­molecular chains Weak C—H⋯π inter­actions consolidate the packing

(2E)-3-[3-(Benz-yloxy)phen-yl]-1-(2-hy-droxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one.

Abstract: In the title compound, C22H18O3, an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond stabilizes the mol­ecular structure, forming an S(6) ring motif. The central benzene ring forms a dihedral angle of 64.74 (5)° with the phenyl ring and a dihedral angle of 5.58 (5)° with the terminal benzene ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into columns along the a axis via inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. C—H⋯π inter­actions involving the centroid of the hy­droxy-substituted benzene ring further stabilize the crystal structure.

(E)-1-(4,4''-Difluoro-5'-meth-oxy-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl-4'-yl)-3-(6-meth-oxy-naphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one.

Abstract: In the title compound, C33H24F2O3, the central benzene ring makes dihedral angles of 44.71 (10), 47.80 (10) and 63.68 (9)° with the two fluoro-substituted benzene rings and the naphthalene ring system, respectively. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected via inter­molecular C—H⋯F and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, the crystal structure is stabilized by weak C—H⋯π and π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6816 (13) A].

(2E)-3-(3-Benzyl­oxyphen­yl)-1-(2-hydroxy-5-methyl­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

Abstract: In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C23H20O3, an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. The central benzene ring makes dihedral angles of 80.17 (8) and 16.99 (7)°, respectively, with the benz­yloxy and hy­droxy­methyl phenyl rings. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form dimers. The dimers are connected by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions to form columns down the b axis.

On the use of Moravec operator for text detection in document images and video frames

Abstract: In this paper, we have proposed an accurate and an efficient text detection model for document images and video frames. The proposed model is based on the Moravec operator to localize text in a document image and horizontal and vertical mask convolution is performed to identify the actual text blocks. In order to exhibit the performance of the proposed model, we have conducted experimentation on the standard ICDAR-2003 dataset and also on the video frames collected from internet. The text blocks of video frames possess properties such as varying fonts, colour, size, languages etc. The superiority of the proposed text detection model is demonstrated through experimental comparison and objective comparison with the recently proposed text detection algorithms.

(E)-3-(3,4-Dimeth­oxy­phen­yl)-1-(2-hy­droxy­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

Abstract: In the title compound, C17H16O4, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the hy­droxy­phenyl and dimeth­oxy­phenyl rings is 5.9 (6)°. The mean plane of the prop-2-en-1-one group makes dihedral angles of 3.6 (0) and 2.6 (7)° with the hy­droxy­phenyl and dimeth­oxy­phenyl rings, respectively. An intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond occurs. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O contacts and π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6571 (8) A].

(2E)-1-(2,5-Dimeth­oxy­phen­yl)-3-(3-nitro­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

Abstract: In the title compound, C17H15NO5, an intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring motif. The benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 6.45 (7)° with each other. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R22(8) loops. Adjacent dimers are further connected by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into an infinite chain along the [011] direction.

(2E)-3-(2-Anthracen-2-yl)-1-(2-hy-droxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one.

Abstract: The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C23H16O2, contains two independent mol­ecules in which the dihedral angles between the anthracene ring system and the benzene ring are 73.0 (3) and 73.3 (3)°. In both independent mol­ecules, the hy­droxy group is involved in an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond. The crystal packing is stabilized by π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.6518 (9), 3.7070 (9) and 3.7632 (9) A] and weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Iris Recognition Using Segmental Euclidean Distances

Abstract: A novel segmentation method is developed for segmenting an Iris image into 6 circular segments after it has been cropped from an eye. Each segment is treated as a separate image to find Eigeniris and to recognize the Iris by the segmental Euclidean distance between the features of training and test samples computed from their segments. In addition to the Eigen features, the DCT and fuzzy features are extracted from the segments of iris images. Instead of segmental Euclidean distance as a classifier, the Support Vector Machine is also employed for the classification. The evaluation of performance on the CASIA V.2 database using Eigen, DCT and fuzzy features has resulted in the recognition rates of 93%, 98% and 95% respectively.

3D Face recognition using significant point based SULD descriptor

Abstract: In this work, we present a new 3D face recognition method based on Speeded-Up Local Descriptor (SULD) of significant points extracted from the range images of faces. The proposed model consists of a method for extracting distinctive invariant features from range images of faces that can be used to perform reliable matching between different poses of range images of faces. For a given 3D face scan, range images are computed and the potential interest points are identified by searching at all scales. Based on the stability of the interest point, significant points are extracted. For each significant point we compute the SULD descriptor which consists of vector made of values from the convolved Haar wavelet responses located on concentric circles centred on the significant point, and where the amount of Gaussian smoothing is proportional to the radii of the circles. Experimental results show that the newly proposed method provides higher recognition rate compared to other existing contemporary models developed for 3D face recognition.

Methyl (2Z)-2-(2-fluoro-4-meth-oxy-benzyl-idene)-5-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-7-methyl-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5H-[1,3]thia-zolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxyl-ate.

Abstract: The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C24H21FN2O5S, consists of two crystallographically independent mol­ecules. In each mol­ecule, the central dihydro­pyrimidine ring is significantly puckered and adopts a conformation which is best described as an inter­mediate between a boat and a screw boat. The least-squares planes of the dihydro­pyrimidine rings are almost coplanar with the fluoro-substituted benzene rings, making dihedral angles of 9.04 (7) and 6.68 (7)°, and almost perpendicular to the meth­oxy-substituted benzene rings with dihedral angles of 89.23 (7) and 88.30 (7)°. In the mol­ecular structure, S(6) ring motifs are formed by C—H⋯O and C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is further stabilized by a C—H⋯π inter­action.

(2E)-3-(4-Chloro-phen-yl)-1-(4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one.

Abstract: In the title compound, C15H11ClO2, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the chloro­benzene and hy­droxy­benzene rings is 6.5 (6)°. The mean plane of the prop-2-en-1-one group makes an angle of 18.0 (1)° with the hy­droxy­phenyl ring and 11.5 (1)° with the chloro­phenyl ring. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, weak C—H⋯O, C—H⋯π and π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.7771 (7) and 3.6917 (7) A].

Analog control scheme for Cascaded Multilevel Inverters based on multiple carrier PWM technique

Abstract: The paper presents an analog control technique applied to the Cascaded Multilevel Inverter in order to ensure an efficient voltage utilization and better harmonic spectrum. The method presented shows a Multiple Carrier Phase Opposition Disposition PWM topology to control the cascaded multilevel inverter that is implemented with multiple DC sources, which can also be obtained using a single DC source and transformers to get 2n+1 levels. The hardware implementation has been carried out using operational amplifiers on a scaled down prototype to prove the effectiveness of the proposed topology. This topology of firing can be implemented on the inverters used for the renewable energy sources where it can considerably reduce the switching losses, thereby improving the conversion efficiency and also brings down the Total harmonic distortions.

2,3-Dibromo-3-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-1-(2-hy­droxy­phen­yl)propan-1-one

Abstract: In the title mol­ecule, C15H11Br2ClO2, an S(6) ring motif is formed via an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond. The dihedral angle formed between the chloro- and hy­droxy-substituted benzene rings is 34.10 (15)°. In the crystal, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into chains along the c axis.

FLD-SIFT: Class Based Scale Invariant Feature Transform for Accurate Classification of Faces

Abstract: In this paper, a new model called FLD-SIFT is devised for compact representation and accurate recognition of faces. Unlike scale invariant feature transform model that uses smoothed weighted histogram and massive dimension of feature vectors, in the proposed model, an image patch centered around the keypoint has been considered and linear discriminant analysis (FLD) is employed for compact representation of image patches. Contrasting to PCA-SIFT model that employs principal component analysis (PCA) on a normalized gradient patch, we employ FLD on an image patch exists around the keypoints. The proposed model has better computing performance in terms of recognition time than the basic SIFT model. To establish the superiority of the proposed model, we have experimentally compared the performance of our new algorithm with (2D)2-PCA, (2D)2-FLD and basic SIFT model on the AT&T face database.

Diagnosis of the Abnormality Extracted MRI Slice Images of a GUI Based Intelligent Diagnostic Imaging System

Abstract: Diagnosis is the Key feature of an Intelligent Diagnostic Imaging System (IDIS). This paper describes the major diagnosis depending on the shape, texture, and area of the abnormality. Abnormality extraction is the vital step in a series of processes aimed at overall image understanding. Region based segmentation is used for abnormality extraction. This paper also describes author defined algorithms for threshold detection for abnormality extraction, which gives excellent result compared to the threshold detection using Otsu's method. Different algorithms are used for T1 and T2 MRI Images. This paper does the comparison of different segmentation techniques. MATLAB tools are used to do the segmentation.

2-[5-(4-Meth­oxy­phen­yl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-6-methyl-1,3-benzothia­zole

Abstract: In the title compound, C24H21N3OS, the pyrazole ring makes dihedral angles of 5.40 (7) and 6.72 (8)° with the benzo[d]thiazole ring system and the benzene ring, respectively, and a dihedral angle of 85.72 (8)° with the meth­oxy-substituted benzene ring. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯π inter­actions.

Optimum Length for Pin Fins Used in Electronic Cooling

Abstract: The present work deals with the heat transfer analysis of pin fins of various geometries namely ─ circular, triangular and rectangular and thus arrive at the optimum design. To this end, the fin with convective boundary tip is considered and the equation governing the one-dimensional heat conduction in the fin is solved analytically to obtain the temperature distribution and heat transfer rate. A computer code has been developed to generate results for wide range of parameters─ heat transfer coefficient h, thermal conductivity k, and length of the fin l. Results are plotted in the form of temperature variation, heat transfer variation and optimum length variation. From the detailed discussion of the results it can be concluded optimum length decreases with increasing heat transfer coefficient and it increases with increasing thermal conductivity. It can be also concluded that the optimum length is minimum for a triangular fin compared to rectangular and circular fins.