Showing papers by "St Thomas' Hospital published in 1971"
376 citations
TL;DR: A patient is described who had anal warts in which papillomavirus particles were demonstrated in the electron microscope in which one of these warts showed an area of carcinoma in situ.
Abstract: SUMMARY.— A patient is described who had anal warts (condylomata acuminata) in which papillomavirus particles were demonstrated in the electron microscope. One of these warts showed an area of carcinoma in situ.
94 citations
TL;DR: Individual differences in the extent of enzyme induction have been shown to be related to the subjects9 rates of drug oxidation.
Abstract: 1. Administration of dichloralphenazone, a complex of chloral hydrate and phenazone (antipyrine) caused a fall in steady-state plasma warfarin concentration and loss of anticoagulant control in five subjects. 2. This effect of dichloralphenazone is due to stimulation of the drug-oxidizing enzymes of the liver endoplasmic reticulum by antipyrine, the non-hypnotic part of the complex. Administration of antipyrine caused a fall in steady-state plasma warfarin concentration in five subjects, a shortening of the plasma warfarin half-life, with increased urinary excretion of the metabolites of 14 C-labelled warfarin in two subjects and increased urinary excretion of 6β-hydroxycortisol which is formed in the liver endoplasmic reticulum. 3. Administration of chloral hydrate, the hypnotic part of dichloralphenazone, caused no change in anticoagulant control but a fall in steady-state plasma warfarin concentration in five subjects. This is due to the accumulation of trichloroacetic acid which displaces warfarin from plasma protein binding sites. 4. Individual differences in the extent of enzyme induction have been shown to be related to the subjects9 rates of drug oxidation. 5. In the rat administration of dichloralphenazone and antipyrine, but not chloral hydrate, caused shortening of pentobarbitone sleeping time and of the plasma [ 14 C]pentobarbitone half-life, shortening of the zoxazolamine paralysis time and increase in the maximal velocity of N -demethylation of ethylmorphine.
58 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the pattern of sputum viscosity and elasticity has been established over a wide shear rate range using aWeissenberg rheogoniometer with oscillation for lower rates and aFerranti-Shirley viscometer for higher levels.
Abstract: Sputum is a mixture of saliva with bronchial secretion which, in its turn, is a mixture of tissue fluid transudate through surface epithelium as well as acid glycoproteins from the specialised secretory cells, the goblet cells of surface epithelium, the serous and mucous cells of the submucosal glands. It has recently been shown (Lamb andReid, 1969) that the acid glycoproteins include several types of sialic acid and sulphate. Since sputum has a low dry weight yield its viscosity probably arises from the nature and interaction of its chemical constituents. Sputum is a non-Newtonian fluid. We have recently studied it over a wide shear rate range using aWeissenberg rheogoniometer with oscillation for lower rates and aFerranti-Shirley viscometer for higher levels. This combination has enabled the pattern of sputum viscosity and elasticity to be established. At very low shear rate a feature has been described for the first time for any biological fluid: it has been found in all sputum samples studied and at the same shear rate, regardless of the disease or of the absolute level of viscosity. It would seem, therefore, to arise from some essential feature of the physico-chemical arrangement of sputum. Elasticity over the same shear rates has also been calculated. The following additional features will be discussed: repeatability of results from different aliquots of the same specimen, time-dependent increase in viscosity, variation between certain diseases and the effect of dehydration.
26 citations
25 citations
TL;DR: Experiments in which skin temperature was controlled at 37' G. but skin blood flow was altered did not show that alteration of blood flow per .se has any effect on the speed of blister formation.
Abstract: —The speed with which blister formation occurred in normal subjects when suction was applied to the skin has been shown to be closely related to skin temperature. Experiments in which skin temperature was controlled at 37' G. but skin blood flow was altered did not show that alteration of blood flow per .se has any effect on the speed of blister formation. Acceleration of suction blister formation with increase of skin temperature was noted to occur in specimens of skin completely devoid of any blood supply.
24 citations
TL;DR: In general, hiistering was faster in old age than in young adults and slightly faster in young females than inyoung males and in young males.
Abstract: —Some of the factors which determine the speed of epidermodermal separation induced by suction have been studied. A relationship was confirmed between suction pressure and speed of blistering. When hiisters were produced under identical conditions of skin temperature, suction pressure and site in 4 groups of normal subjects it was found that some variation in speed of blistering occured hetween adjacent blisters raised on the same occasion and that speed of blistering varied markedly hetween individuals of the same age and sex. In general, hiistering was faster in old age than in young adults and slightly faster in young females than in young males. Statistical evidence of an occasion difference was found to he present when subjects were hlistered on 2 separate occasions under similar conditions. In addition significant differences in blistering times were occasionally found between the 2 arms when both were blistered under identical conditions on the same occasion.
23 citations
TL;DR: In a survey of 6000 human muscle samples, four myoglobin variants were discovered by electrophoresis and the second one is of particular interest because it may be the same as Myoglobin Annapolis, described by Boyer, Fainer & Naughton in 1963.
Abstract: Summary.
In a survey of 6000 human muscle samples, four myoglobin variants were discovered by electrophoresis. One has been previously described and this paper gives an account of the second one, which is of particular interest because it may be the same as Myoglobin Annapolis, described by Boyer, Fainer & Naughton in 1963, which at that time could not be completely characterized.
21 citations
TL;DR: In two published cases of juxtaglomerular-cell tumour and one of Wilms' tumour plasma-renin activity, which had been high before nephrectomy, fell to normal when the affected kidney was removed as discussed by the authors.
21 citations
TL;DR: A simplified technique to show the deep venous system from the ankles to the inferior vena cava in cases of suspectedDeep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism is described and it is suggested that the method is simple, reliable and safe.
20 citations
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: The foetal plasma levels of amino acids are usually about twice that found in the maternal blood stream but may be as much as five times the maternal concentration in the guinea Pig, (4, 8).
Abstract: Measurement of the rate of accumulation of nitrogen in the foetus during gestation is difficult and has not been made in many species. The difficulties have been clearly described by Dr. Elsie Widdowson (I) who provided the first figures for the human infant, which contains about 15 g protein at 20 weeks gestation and 500 g. at term. These values give an indication of the net transfer of amino nitrogen from the mother to the foetus across the placental membrane throughout gestation (2, 3). Our knowledge of some of the mechanisms of this transport is already twenty years old. Christensen first suggested, and his colleagues subsequently proved, that the qualitative aspects of amino acid transfer across the placental membrane were very similar to the transfer of amino acids across the other cells in the body (4, 5). Active transport was demonstrated by the selective transfer of the natural L-isomer of histidine (6, 7); competitive inhibition between members of the same transport group and saturation of the transport mechanisms were also observed. Finally, transport occurs against a concentration gradient; the foetal plasma levels of amino acids are usually about twice that found in the maternal blood stream but may be as much as five times the maternal concentration in the guinea Pig, (4, 8).
TL;DR: Experimental results are presented which establish the validity and reproducibility of the method and show that the results are quantitatively comaprable to those obtained by manual and semi‐automated techniques.
Abstract: Summary. Modifications of the Technicon S.M.A.4 and S.M.A.4A equipment which substitute automated platelet counting for red cell counting are described. Experimental results are presented which establish the validity and reproducibility of the method and show that the results are quantitatively comaprable to those obtained by manual and semi-automated techniques. Experience of the method in routine use for approximately 3 yr, during which time about 150000 platelet counts have been done, indicates that the modification produces no increase in maintenance or running problems.
TL;DR: A survey of the literature leaves some doubt whether localised carcinoma of the prostate is better treated by hormones or by radiotherapy, but as yet too few patients have been treated to show any statistical difference in the results.
TL;DR: Whether post-operative cardiac cases had significantly greater falls in oxygen tension during suction than a group of patients without cardiovascular or respiratory abnormalities and to ascertain whether there was any correlation between the fall and the degree of pre-operative pulmonary hypertension.
Abstract: Previous investigations 122 have shown that a fall in arterial oxygen tension and saturation occurs during endotracheal suction. Boutros 3 demonstrated that the fall in oxygen tension was greater with suction than with a similar period of apnoea. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether post-operative cardiac cases had significantly greater falls in oxygen tension during suction than a group of patients without cardiovascular or respiratory abnormalities and to ascertain whether there was any correlation between the fall and the degree of pre-operative pulmonary hypertension.
TL;DR: The labor-saving features that form the basis of the method are, first, the testing of many sera simultaneously on one standard microscope slide and second; the use of a sampler that handles sera in blocks of 12 at a time.
Abstract: The system here described is not an automated one. However, since it permits the testing of 120 sera a day by one operator and requires only very small quantities of reagent, it may provide a useful comparison with automated systems. The labor-saving features that form the basis of the method are, first, the testing of many sera simultaneously on one standard microscope slide and second; the use of a sampler that handles sera in blocks of 12 at a time. The testing of many sera on a single slide is made possible by using small test areas, 2-5 mm. in diameter, isolated one from another by a water-repellent coating. For this purpose, an aerosol preparation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is used. FIGURE 1 shows such a coated slide arranged to take ten test sera and two control sera. It is carrying cryostat sections of rat liver for antinuclear factor testing, on test areas 5 mm in diameter. However, when working with bacterial smears as substrate, it is convenient to use test areas 2 mm in diameter, arranged 12, or sometimes 22, to a slide. FIGURE 2 shows sampling equipment designed to load a 12-spot-coated slide with diluted serum. It consists of a stand that guides a sampling head and a set of drilled Perspex@* trays in which dilutions are made. Although the photograph shows only one diluting tray, in use a separate diluting tray is required for each block of 12 sera. The layout of the diluting tray assembly is shown in FIGURE 3. Twelve wells, each of 8-mm diameter and 200 microliters’ capacity, conform in arrangement to the layout of the 12-spot antigen slide. The 12 sera to be sampled, in appropriate tubes, are held in a drilled Perspex block that fits to the rear of the tray. The coated slide itself is held in place at the front of the tray. The sampling head (shown in FIGUFCE 4) carries 12 pipets each constructed to pick up 10 pl of serum by capillarity. The arrangement of the pipets in the base of the sampler matches the layout of the antigen areas on the 12-spot slide. An airtight cover fitted over the base plate allows suction to be applied to all 12 pipets simultaneously. Details of pipet construction are shown in FIGURE 5. Each pipet consists of a length of uniform capillary tubing fused to a truncated Pasteur pipet. For most purposes we use pipets sampling 10 pl. However, it is possible to make pipets sampling as little as 5 pl or as much as 20 pl, simply by altering the dimensions of the capillary portion. When the method to carry out a large batch of tests is used, sera are assembled in advance. This may be done by the clerical staff. Each group of 12 sera-ten tests plus two controls-is placed in one of the Perspex blocks already described.
TL;DR: Four hundred and thirty patients with a clinical diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism have been subjected to phlebography and the various radiological appearances of the thrombus are described.
TL;DR: It was concluded that adrenergic receptor sites are involved in the modulation of the secretion of insulin in response to an infusion of arginine.
Abstract: . The effect of adrenergic stimulation and blockade on metabolic responses to arginine have been studied. Phentolamine enhanced, and adrenalin diminished, the rise in serum immunoreactive insulin that followed intravenous arginine; these effects were not secondary to changes in blood levels of arginine, glucose or free fatty acids following the amino acid infusion. Phentolamine did not affect the clearance of infused insulin from the blood stream. It was concluded that adrenergic receptor sites are involved in the modulation of the secretion of insulin in response to an infusion of arginine.
TL;DR: The present situation in human renal transplantation is described and the difficulties are emphasized and the value of canine experiments in solving the problems is explained.
Abstract: The present situation in human renal transplantation is described and the difficulties are emphasized. The value of canine experiments in solving the problems is explained.
Resume. On decrit la situation actuelle en matiere de greffes renales chez l'homme et on souligne les difficultes rencontrees. On explique l'apport que les experiences sur les chiens pourrait faire a la solution des problemes.
Zusammenfassung. Die gegenwartige Situation hinsichtlich der Nierentransplantation beim Menschen wird beschrieben und die Schwieregkeiten werden betont. Der Wert der Tierversuche mit Hunden fur die Losung der Probleme wird erlautert.
TL;DR: Correlations between individual variations of blood glucose and other parameters show that the labili ty of OGTT depends on post-glucose OGTT levels and not significantly on age, obesity, history of diabetes in the family and laboratory error.
Abstract: s, Part 1 Reproducibility of Borderline OGTT Data on 163 Subjects. J .P . Aboulker, A.J. Valleron, L. Papoz, M. Rathery. Ins t i tut National de La Sant~ et de la Rgcherche M@dicale, Unit6 de Reeherches Statistiques U 21, Villejuif. France. Quanti tat ive data relative to the variat ion of individual blood glucose levels during repeated OGTT are few and concern normal subjects. -163 men, 20--55 years old, with suspect 0-2 h OGTT or normal tests bu t positive glycosuria have been re-tested 2--25 weeks later by 0-5 Hrs OGTT. Both tests used a 75 g glucose load and identical procedures. Obvious diabetics and normal subjects were excluded at first OGTT. Analysis of variance for replicate OGTT, allowing for systematic and betweenindividual variation give, for fasting and 2 h blood glucose levels, residual standard deviations which measure mainly physiological imprecision of blood glucose levels and laboratory error. According to data in the literature, the ratio of residual variance to total variance is found to be constant during the 0--2 h OGTT; the greater these residual variances are, the poorer the reproducibility of OGTT is. Thus the changes observed in the allocation of the subjects into the different categories of diagnostic criteria between the first and second tests are important . Correlations between individual variations of blood glucose and other parameters show that the labili ty of OGTT depends on post-glucose OGTT levels and not significantly on age, obesity, history of diabetes in the family. -Diagnostic implications of these results are discussed, particularly in relation to the problem of early detection of diabetes. The Effect of Oral Contraceptives and Glucocorticoids on Insulin Response to intensive Islet-Cell Stimulation. P.~V. Adams, M.J. Munday, N.~V. Oakley, V. ~Vynn. Alexander Simpson Laboratory, St. l~[ary's Hospital IVied. School, London W. 2. Intravenous tolbutaraide 0.5 g and glueagon 1 mg given together 2 h after a 100 g oral glucose load stimulate massive insulin release in normal subjects (Ryan, Bibbe & Schwartz 1967). This test has been carried out on 11 young women both before and after prednisone 40 mg given in divided oral doses over the preceding 24 h; (N) & (N~-P). Both tests were repeated after at least three months on a combined oral contraceptive; (O/C) & (O/C ~-P). Compared with (N), mean glucose tolerance was slightly impaired for (O/C) and ( N + P ) tests and grossly abnormal for the (O/C§ P) test. Immunoreact ive insulin levels during the first 2 h followed the same pat te rn as plasma glucose, poorest glucose ltolerance being associated with the highest insulin vMu~s. Peak insulin response to glucagon and tolbutamide occurred at about 5 rain after injection, and was usually biphasie, with a second peak at 11 -16 min; peak insulin values QzU/ml =[= 1 SEM) were: N = 4 4 5 • 0 / C = 4 1 2 : ~ 8 1 , N ~ P = 5 8 4 ~ : 6 2 , 468 Organization Section. Abstracts Diabetologia O/C + P : 765 -494. There were marked differences between individual subjects, poor insulin responses following O/C ~P being associated with impaired glucose tolerance for the (N + P) test. Implications of these findings, with particular reference to the detection of patients unsuited to oral contraceptive use will be discussed. -Ref. : Ryan, W.G., Bibbe, A.F. & Schwartz, T.B. Lancet 1967 I,