Showing papers by "University of South Carolina published in 1975"
TL;DR: A protection motivation theory is proposed that postulates the three crucial components of a fear appeal to be (a) the magnitude of noxiousness of a depicted event; (b) the probability of that event's occurrence; and (c) the efficacy of a protective response.
Abstract: A protection motivation theory is proposed that postulates the three crucial components of a fear appeal to be (a) the magnitude of noxiousness of a depicted event; (b) the probability of that event's occurrence; and (c) the efficacy of a protective response. Each of these communication variables initiates corresponding cognitive appraisal processes that mediate attitude change. The proposed conceptualization is a special case of a more comprehensive theoretical schema: expectancy-value theories. Several suggestions are offered for reinterpreting existing data, designing new types of empirical research, and making future studies more comparable. Finally, the principal advantages of protection motivation theory over the rival formulations of Janis and Leventhal are discussed.
4,719 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study designed to assess the effectiveness of procedures based upon principles of stimulus control in the treatment of insomia, four subjects were trained in the modification of the stimulus properties of their bedroom within an own-control A-B-A-B design.
161 citations
TL;DR: The EMG biofeedback and the relaxation instructions resulted in significant decreases in reported headache activity, and both procedures were significantly more effective than the control procedure, but did not differ significantly from each other in effectiveness.
159 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of aerial photographs for the period 1950-1971 and field data collected from 1970 to 1974 indicate that in the Denver area suburban development has caused significant changes in fluvial systems.
Abstract: Analysis of aerial photography for the period 1950-1971 and field data collected from 1970 to 1974 indicate that in the Denver area suburban development has caused significant changes in fluvial systems. By first introducing large quantities of sediment and later by increasing surface runoff, suburban development leads to an expansion of floodplains followed by downcutting of streams. As areas of suburban development increase, greater percentages of stream lengths are dominated by transportation, and lesser percentages are dominated by erosion and deposition. Rapid expansion of the suburban area of southeast Denver, Colorado, has pushed housing development into two small drainage basins in the Meadow Hills area, causing significant changes in the fluvial systems of the basins. Previous studies of the impact of suburban development on streams in other areas have emphasized increased discharges associated with increased amounts of impervious surface and large sediment yields that result from surficial disruption [Leopold, 1968]. Recent research has revealed that as suburbanization progresses, the stream channels become larger to handle larger, more frequent flood peaks [Hammer, 1972]. Analysis of aerial photographs taken several times from 1950 to 1971 and field measurements made in the period 1970-1974 indicate that the fluvial geomorphic systems in the two basins have responded to the process of suburban development by changes
129 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental determination of the reaction MgCO 3 + MgSiO 3 = Mg 2 SiO 4 + CO 2 between 20 and 40 kbars and in the range 1000-1500°C yields an average pressure effect on the equilibrium of 44 bars/°C.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the sleep patterns, test-measured anxiety, physiologically measured arousal, and nightmare characteristics of Ss with and without nightmares and implosive therapy therapy treatment of those with frequent nightmares.
Abstract: 3 studies investigated the sleep patterns, test-measured anxiety, physiologically measured arousal, and nightmare characteristics of Ss with and without nightmares and implosive therapy therapy treatment of Ss with frequent nightmares. In Study I a questionnaire assessing manifest anxiety, nightmare frequency, and typical sleep patterns was administered. Significant positive relationships were found between nightmare frequency and report of insomnia, manifest anxiety, and various insomniac sleep patterns. In Study II Ss were administered a questionnaire assessing manifest anxiety, nightmare frequency and characteristics, and various sleep patterns; and frontalis electromyogram (EMG) measurements were taken. A significant positive relationship was found between EMG and manifest anxiety, the occurrence of recurrent nightmares, and rate of nighttime awakenings. Study III involved implosive therapy treatment of Ss with histories of frequent nightmares. The Ss demonstrated a clinically significant reduction in nightmare rate and intensity which was maintained at a 3-month follow-up.
104 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Raman spectra of gaseous ethanol and ethanethiol have been investigated and the asymmetric potential function for this vibration has been calculated, and overtones of the methyl torsion in both molecules yield a barrier to internal rotation of 3.62 kcal/mol for the gauche conformer.
Abstract: The Raman spectra of gaseous ethanol and ethanethiol have been investigated. Thiol torsional fundamentals for the gauche conformer of EtSH and EtSD have been observed and the asymmetric potential function for this vibration has been calculated. Methyl torsional transitions and overtones have also been observed for both of these molecules. Barriers to internal rotation for the methyl top are calculated to be 3.77 and 3.84 kcal/mol for the EtSH and EtSD compounds, respectively. Hydroxyl torsional fundamentals were observed at 207 and 170 per cm in the EtOH and EtOD spectra, respectively. Overtones of the methyl torsion in both molecules yield a barrier to internal rotation of 3.62 kcal/mol for the gauche conformer.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a general study of the mercury-199 Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance has been completed, in which 25 millimolar solutions of isotopically normal mercury in HgCl2 exhibited a resonance with a root mean-square signal-to-noise ratio of 9.1 in 10.2 hours.
88 citations
TL;DR: The runoff from marshlands during low tide exposure is enriched in dissolved silica, phosphate, and bicarbonate and probably also ammonia as discussed by the authors, and these substances diffuse from the interstitial water rcscrvoir of the sediment into a thin layer of seawater left on the surface of the marsh by the receding tide.
Abstract: The runoff from marshlands during low tide exposure is enriched in dissolved silica, phosphate, and bicarbonate and probably also ammonia. These substances diffuse from the interstitial water rcscrvoir of the sediment into a thin layer of seawater left on the surface of the marsh by the receding tide; during the period of exposure this thin layer of enriched water drains from the marsh surface. The input of these substances to coastal waters by runoff from the marshlands of South Carolina is probably about equal to that supplied by freshwater runoff from the state. Thus marsh runoff may have an important effect on the concentration of nutrient clcmcnts in coastal waters.
84 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of frontalis EMG biofeedback and relaxation instructions in reducing frontalis electromygraphic (E M G) levels, and the relationship between decrements in EMG level and sex, baseline EMG and manifest anxiety are discussed.
Abstract: To assess the comparative effectiveness of frontalis electromygraphic (E M G) biofeedback and relaxation instructions in reducing frontalis EMG levels, 101 male and female university students were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1) frontalis EMG biofeedback (variable frequency auditory feedback). 2) passive relaxation instruct inns (instructions to attend to and relax mustiest. 3) active relaxation instructions tensing and relaxing exercises), 4) false feedback, and 5l no treatment control. In a one-session design, subjects receiving biofeedback and passive relaxation instructions demonstrated the greatest decrement in frontalis EMG level. The relationships between decrements in frontalis EMG level and sex, baseline EMG and manifest anxiety are discussed.
80 citations
TL;DR: In an attempt to explain the biochemical mechanism by which ethanol produced a transient rise in 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in brain, uptake of tryptophan by brain, serotonin turnover inbrain, and transport of 5‐HIAA from brain were investigated.
Abstract: —The injection of ethanol in mice produced a transient rise in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in brain However, no concomitant changes in serotonin (5-HT) levels were noted In an attempt to explain the biochemical mechanism by which ethanol produced this effect, uptake of tryptophan by brain, serotonin turnover in brain, and transport of 5-HIAA from brain were investigated No changes in tryptophan levels or uptake into brain of ethanol-treated mice were noted Ethanol 3 g/kg was found to decrease serotonin turnover Ethanol was also demonstrated to inhibit the removal of 5-HIAA from the central nervous system, and was found to be an inhibitor of 5-HIAA uptake by isolated choroid plexus The inhibition of biogenic acid transport was noted even at sub-hypnotic levels of ethanol
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the fact that glyoxal exists in the trans conformer and the pseudo stable cis conformer to calculate a potential function which fits the infrared data of the trans confor...
Abstract: We have shown, using the fact that glyoxal exists in the trans conformer and the pseudo stable cis conformer, a potential function can be calculated which fits the infrared data of the trans confor...
TL;DR: In this paper, a general procedure to compute net velocity profiles is proposed for estuaries with a large ratio, e, of tidal range to mean water depth, which is desirable in view of the continued interest and numerous and varied research efforts in shallow estuarine waters where flow information is essential.
TL;DR: The ability of high molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons to be transported long distances through the atmosphere has been well established within the past decade as mentioned in this paper, and it has been reported that toxaphene is also carried through at least 1,200km out to sea.
Abstract: OVER the past ten years toxaphene has been used in the USA in larger quantities than any other insecticide, with an estimated consumption of 58 million pounds per year (ref. 1). In spite of this widespread use, the composition of toxaphene remains largely undetermined, and recent work indicates that the technical product contains nearly 200 polychlorinated camphenes2. Because of the difficulties in analysing such a complex mixture, little is known about the dissipation of toxaphene in the environment. Residues in soils may persist for years, with volatilisation suggested as a major loss mechanism3. Toxaphene has been identified, however, in US air samples in only three locations4, all in southern agricultural areas, at levels of 16–2,520 ng m−3. The ability of high molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons to be transported long distances through the atmosphere has been well established within the past decade. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)5,6, and the chlorinated pesticides DDT6–9, dieldrin7,9, and chlordane6 have been identified in the air over the western North Atlantic. We now report that toxaphene is also carried through the atmosphere at least 1,200km out to sea.
TL;DR: The infrared spectra of gaseous and solid CH3CH2PH2 and CH3 CH2PD2 have been recorded from 200 to 3500 cm−1.
Abstract: The infrared spectra of gaseous and solid CH3CH2PH2 and CH3CH2PD2 have been recorded from 200 to 3500 cm−1. The Raman spectra of gaseous, liquid, and solid CH3CH2PH2 and CH3CH2PD2 have been recorded from 100 to 3500 cm−1. The gauche and trans isomers have been observed in the fluid phases and only the trans exists in the solid state. A vibrational assignment of the 24 normal modes has been made. Fundamental and hot band transitions have been observed for both the methyl and phosphino torsions. The methyl barrier in the trans d0 molecule was determined to be 3.74±0.05 kcal/mole and 3.14±0.05 for the gauche d0 molecule. The potential function for internal rotation around the C–P bond in CH3CH2PD2 was determined and the following potential constants found: V2=207±6 cm−1, V3=785±5 cm−1, and V6=−25±3 cm−1. The energy difference between the potential energy minima of the gauche and trans conformations is 150 cm−1, the trans being the more stable form. The calculated gauche–gauche barrier is 635 cm−1 (1.82 kcal/...
TL;DR: In this paper, a partial systematic test of Morton A. Kaplan's "theory" of alliance behavior in balance-of-power international systems is presented, based on the analysis of new data on fifty-five alliances among the five major European powers during the period 1814-1914.
Abstract: This paper is a partial systematic test of Morton A. Kaplan's “theory” of alliance behavior in balance of power international systems first proposed in his well-known System and Process in International Politics (1957). Three hypotheses are inferred from Kaplan's writings predicting that in a stable balance of power system, (a) alliances will occur randomly with respect to time; (b) the time intervals between alliances will also be randomly distributed; and (c) a decline in systemic alliance formation rates precedes system changing events, such as general war. We check these hypotheses by applying probability theory, specifically a Poisson model, to the analysis of new data on fifty-five alliances among the five major European powers during the period 1814–1914. Because our research questions are so general, our findings should not be regarded as definitive; however, the data very strongly support our hypotheses. We conclude that Kaplan's verbal model of a balance of power international system has had its credibility enhanced as a result of this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, the Raman spectra of gaseous CH3CH2NH2 and CH3 CH2ND2 have been recorded at wavenumbers from 100 to 600 and the methyl barriers in the gauche conformers of these two isotopic species are attributed to a difference in the coupling between the methyl and amino torsions in these two molecules.
Abstract: The Raman spectra of gaseous CH3CH2NH2 and CH3CH2ND2 have been recorded at wavenumbers from 100 to 600. Both ground and excited states of the methyl and amino torsional modes for the gauche conformer have been observed. The overtone of the methyl torsion has also been observed for the gauche conformer. The methyl barriers in the gauche conformers of the CH3CH2NH2 and CH3CH2ND2 molecules were found to be 3.71 + or - 0.05 and 3.59 + or - 0.05 kcal/mole, respectively. The apparent difference in the barrier heights for these two isotopic species is attributed to a difference in the coupling between the methyl and amino torsions in these two molecules. The potential function for internal rotation around the C-N bond in CH3CH2ND2 was determined. The energy difference between the potential energy minima of the gauche and trans conformations is 0.592 kcal/mole with the trans being the more stable.
TL;DR: Field data collected over a two-year period in the North Inlet area, South Carolina (USA) indicate that the dominant meiobenthic copepods at each station sampled are in a reproductive state all year whereas less abundant species have distinct seasonal reproductive periods.
Abstract: Much of the literature on meiofauna reproductive periodicity suggests continuous reproduction throughout the year. Field data collected over a two-year period in the North Inlet area, South Carolina (USA) indicate that the dominant meiobenthic copepods at each station sampled are in a reproductive state all year whereas less abundant species have distinct seasonal reproductive periods. Reproduction throughout the year is not restricted to, nor does it encompass all of, the interstitial copepods with a low number of eggs. In those species where seasonality is evident, there is a temporal separation of the most closely allied copepods, and when one species is present the other is absent. Alternation of reproductive cycles in these species reduces competition and allows for maximum resource utilization.
TL;DR: The results of the path analysis indicated both that teams which forecasted accurately were top performers in terms of profitability and that a consistent and logical relationship existed among the performance variables.
Abstract: Past practices in measuring performance in complex management games are reviewed. Focus is directed to the controversy of objective measurement of profitability versus decision and analysis input evaluation. As a middle ground between these extremes, a multi-dimensional approach to the evaluation problem was developed for teams competing in a simulation game. Multi-dimensional performance criteria provide a means to increase learning effectiveness by reducing feedback ambiguity and providing a vehicle for the student to understand the cause-effect relationships inherent in the game and the business environment. This paper describes the development and usage of thirteen performance criteria, and also utilizes the technique of path analysis to investigate the relationships among the performance variables. The results of the path analysis indicated both that teams which forecasted accurately were top performers in terms of profitability and that a consistent and logical relationship existed among the performance variables. These findings, though an indirect measure, contribute to confidence in the internal construct validity of the game.
TL;DR: In this article, a critical discussion of the CH stretching assignments in CH3CH2X molecules is presented, based on depolarization values, band contours, group-frequency correlations, and normal coordinate calculations.
TL;DR: In this article, the Young's modulus of elasticity greater than 18×10 11 dynes/cm 2 and a density less than 2 g/cc bonded to a material having a density lying within the range of 0.15g/cc and 1 g/c, the said fibers of the composite are oriented in such manner so as to provide a final material having at least 4:1.
Abstract: Improved construction material especially suitable for use in the manufacture of soundboards and panels used in stringed instruments which equal or surpass the sound radiation qualities and physical properties of wood. The construction material of the invention includes fibers having a Young's modulus of elasticity greater than 18×10 11 dynes/cm 2 and a density less than 2 g/cc bonded to a material having a density lying within the range of 0.15 g/cc and 1 g/cc, the said fibers of the composite are oriented in such manner so as to provide a final material having a bending stiffness ratio of at least 4:1.
TL;DR: It is hypothesize that the discriminable cue of LSD is related to direct stimulation of central serotonergic receptors and at these low doses LSD has few measurable biochemical or behavioral effects.
Abstract: Rats were initially trained to discriminate LSD from saline in two-lever operant chambers by reinforcing responses only on one lever following intraperitoneal injections of 80 Μg/ kg of LSD and only on the other lever following saline injections. Choice responding during extinction periods (no water reinforcement for either response) indicated a high level of discriminability (95% correct) following either LSD or saline. A dose-response curve for LSD, obtained by tests for lever choice after injections of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 Μg/kg, indicated that 10 Μg/kg produced only 30% responding on the LSD lever. This percentage was increased (to 83%) by reinforcing responding on the LSD lever following injections of 10 Μg/kg. Subsequent tests indicated that doses of 5.0 and 2.5 Μg/kg produced a majority of responses on the LSD lever. Since at these low doses LSD has few measurable biochemical or behavioral effects, we hypothesize that the discriminable cue of LSD is related to direct stimulation of central serotonergic receptors.
TL;DR: The properties of individual enzymes in glyoxysomes from different fatty seedlings are qualitatively similar as regard to sub-organelle localization and behavior in the presence of KCl and Triton X-100.
Abstract: The separation of various organelles from cotton cotyledon (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cucumber cotyledon (Cucumis sativus L.), peanut cotyledon (Archis hypogaea L.), pine megagametophyte (Pinus ponderosa Laws), and watermelon cotyledon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.) by sucrose density gradient centrifugation was found to be similar to that described for castor bean endosperm (Ricinus communis L.). Equilibrium densities were 1.12 to 1.13 g cm3 for endoplasmic reticulum, 1.17 to 1.19 g/cm3 for mitochondria, and 1.25 g/cm3 for glyoxysomes. Isolated glyoxysomes from different fatty seedlings have striking similar specific activities of individual enzymes. The only exception is alkaline lipase activity which, when assayed with an artificial substrate, varies some 10-fold in glyoxysomes from different fatty seedlings. The properties of individual enzymes in glyoxysomes from different fatty seedlings are qualitatively similar as regard to sub-organelle localization and behavior in the presence of KCl and Triton X-100. In pine megagametophyte, the glyoxysomes and not the mitochondria are the intracellular site for the breakdown of stored lipid.
TL;DR: In this paper, the fluctuations of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria, particulate organic carbon (POC), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were investigated at two marsh creeks.
Abstract: The fluctuations of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria, particulate organic carbon (POC), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the water system of a salt marsh were investigated at two marsh creeks. Both reached maximum densities of bacteria just before low tide. In a typical study, however, the mean concentration at station 1 over a tidal cycle was an order of magnitude greater than at station 2. POC increased twofold to fourfold during ebbtide in both systems. ATP concentrations at station 2, during ebbtide, increased about fourfold, and the fraction of the total carbon regarded as “living” ranged from 2–24%.
TL;DR: This work identifies general conditions under which limited migration can have a stabilizing influence on locally unstable predator-prey dynamics and reduces the stability question to an eigenvalue problem for a pair of 2×2 matrices, and interpret this reduction biologically.
Abstract: We consider the location of a predator and a prey species in each of N habitats, with migration between habitats allowed, as a vector problem in 2 N variables. First we identify general conditions under which limited migration can have a stabilizing influence on locally unstable predator-prey dynamics. In the case of identical habitats with migration, we reduce the stability question to an eigenvalue problem for a pair of 2×2 matrices, and interpret this reduction biologically.
TL;DR: It is concluded that in the storage tissues of fatty seedlings, the soluble glycerol kinase and the mitochondrial cytochrome-linked alpha-glycerolphosphate oxidoreductase are the two enzymes responsible for the initial conversion of Glycerol to hexose.
Abstract: Various enzymes of glycerol metabolism in the extracts of 5-day-old eastor bean (Ricinus communis L. var. Hale) endosperm and 4-day-old peanut (Archis hypogaea L.) cotyledon were studied. NAD-glycerol dehydrogenase and NAD-α-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase were not detected. Glycerol kinase was detected in the soluble fractions and an α-glycerolphosphate oxidoreductase was found in the particulate fractions. The particulate fractions were separated into various organelle fractions by sucrose gradient centrifugation and the α-glycerolphosphate oxidoreductase was shown to be present in the mitochondria. The properties of the castor bean mitochondrial α-glycerolphosphate oxidoreductase resembled those of a similar enzyme present in the mitochondria of many animal tissues. A survey showed that the α-glycerolphosphate oxidoreductase was present in great amount only in the storage tissues of fatty seedlings but not in other nonfatty plant tissues. It is concluded that in the storage tissues of fatty seedlings, the soluble glycerol kinase and the mitochondrial cytochrome-linked α-glycerolphosphate oxidoreductase are the two enzymes responsible for the initial conversion of glycerol to hexose.
TL;DR: Both soluble and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase isozymes are synthesized in the scutella during germination and early growth of young maize seedlings.
TL;DR: This paper defines the n-cube Q"n as the poset obtained by taking the cartesian product of n chains each consisting of two points, and completely determines the subcollection M @? Q consisting of all posets X for which dim"2 (X) = |X|.