Showing papers by "University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee published in 1977"
TL;DR: In this article, the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) is revised to incorporate a notion of degree of difficulty, which corresponds to typological markedness which can be determined independently of any particular language and independently of the facts concerning second language acquisition.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to propose that the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) should be revised to incorporate a notion of degree of difficulty. This notion corresponds to typological markedness which can be determined independently of any particular language and independently of the facts concerning second language acquisition. Moreover, it is argued that if typological markedness is incorporated into the CAH, it is possible to predict not only the areas of difficulty for a second language learner, but also the relative degree of difficulty. Finally, it is argued that given certain assumptions about language and human learning, typological markedness is a natural and highly plausible notion of difficulty.
713 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the theory of quantized gravitational wave perturbations in the three types of Robertson-Walker universes was considered and the spectrum of gravitons produced by a power-law expansion of the universe was calculated.
Abstract: We consider the theory of quantized gravitational wave perturbations in the three types of Robertson-Walker universes. In a gauge analogous to the Coulomb gauge in electrodynamics it is possible to identify and quantize the independent degrees of freedom of the graviton field. The resulting theory is equivalent to that for a pair of massless, minimally coupled scalar fields in the same background space-time. As an application of the formalism, we calculate the spectrum of gravitons produced by a power-law expansion of the universe and show that it has no divergences.
202 citations
TL;DR: Land-use analysis of anthrosols has been performed by a new, two-part method, which assists in locating past settlements and determining their areal and temporal extent, even where artifacts are missing.
Abstract: Land-use analysis of anthrosols has been performed by a new, two-part method. A rapid qualitative field test assists in locating past settlements and determining their areal and temporal extent, even where artifacts are missing. The field-test results are verified and samples are analyzed further by quantitative soil phosphate fractionation. Laboratory fractionation reveals much more than the simple phosphate test used at present. Like the chemical field test, it uses minute soil samples and may be invaluable where disturbance of the landscape is forbidden. Phosphate fractions reflect the details of man-induced changes in the soil and the timing of their appearance.
190 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define five reliability factors (R-factors) which evaluate the reliability of a given surface structure analysis by calculating numerical values based on the degree of agreement between calculated and measured low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) intensity-voltage (I-V ) curves.
127 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that, as the worker ages, a higher percent VO2max has to be utilized to maintain productivity, and it is indicated that productivity is affected indirectly by nutritional status through the influence of the latter on height, fat content and VO2 max.
100 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra show that in plasma two adduct species of the copper complex form, and suggest that the iron(II) complex exists in vivo.
Abstract: The interactions of 2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone with various biochemical systems have been studied to understand the potential behavior of this antitumor agent in vivo. This ligand removes iron from ferritin to form the iron(III) complex. The complex is rapidly reduced by hemoglobin and is only slowly reoxidized by oxygen in aqueous solution or plasma. Both the iron(III) and iron(II) chelates are stable in plasma. These results suggest that the iron(II) complex exists in vivo. However, the thermodynamic stability of the copper complex is also consistent with its formation in biological systems. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra show that in plasma two adduct species of the copper complex form. One of these may involve histidine. Reaction of the ligand or its iron, copper, or zinc complex with the assay mixture used for ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase produces in each case the iron(II) complex of the ligand. These results are used to interpret a number of observations on the physiological effects of α-N-formyl heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones as well as some features of the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase by these compounds.
92 citations
86 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that when the values in the database are known to be imprecise in some fixed range, one can often deduce the values of individual records.
Abstract: Considered here, for a particular model of databases in which only information about relatively large sets of records can be obtained, is the question of whether one can from statistical information obtain information about individuals. Under the assumption that the data in the database is taken from arbitrary integers, it is shown that essentially nothing can be inferred. It is also shown that when the values are known to be imprecise in some fixed range, one can often deduce the values of individual records.
80 citations
TL;DR: Serial tracing and silver nitrate differential staining combine to reveal many of the processes of bone remodeling at work, and facilitate quantitative treatment of the data.
Abstract: Resorption spaces and their continuations as developing osteons were traced in serial cross sections from decalcified long bones of dogs, baboons and a man, and from a human rib. Processes of formation of osteons and transverse (Volkmann's) canals can be inferred from three-dimensional studies. Deposits of new osseous tissue begin to line the walls of the spaces soon after termination of resorption. The first deposits are osteoid, usually stained very darkly by the silver nitrate procedure utilized, but a lighter osteoid zone adjacent to the canals occurs frequently. Osteoid linings continue to be produced as lamellar bone forms around them; the large canals of immature osteons usually narrow very gradually. Frequently they terminate both proximally and distally as resorption spaces, indicating that osteons often advance in opposite directions as they develop. Osteoclasts of resorption spaces tunnel preferentially into highly mineralized bone, and usually do not use previously existing canals as templates for their advance. Osteons evidently originate by localized resorption of one side of the wall of an existing vascular channel in bone, with subsequent orientation of the resorption front along the axis of the shaft. Advancing resorption spaces also apparently stimulate the formation of numerous additional transverse canal connections to neighboring longitudinal canals. Serial tracing and silver nitrate differential staining combine to reveal many of the processes of bone remodeling at work, and facilitate quantitative treatment of the data. Further uses in studies of bone tissue and associated cells are recommended.
71 citations
TL;DR: Two studies were conducted to examine the proposed research questions and developed an eight-factor scale, the Relational Dimensions Instrument (RDI), capable of reliably measuring somatic parameters of interest.
Abstract: Two studies were conducted to examine the proposed research questions. The first study developed an eight-factor scale, the Relational Dimensions Instrument (RDI), capable of reliably measuring som...
69 citations
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: The species problem was of some importance ages ago in the philosophical dispute between nominalists and essentialists or a century ago in biology when Darwin introduced his theory of organic evolution, but it certainly is of no contemporary interest.
Abstract: Reference to the species problem today might sound quaint and vaguely anachronistic. Perhaps the species problem was of some importance ages ago in the philosophical dispute between nominalists and essentialists or a century ago in biology when Darwin introduced his theory of organic evolution, but it certainly is of no contemporary interest. But’ species’, like the terms ‘gene’, ‘electron’, ‘non-local simultaneity’, and ‘element’, is a theoretical term embedded in a significant scientific theory. At one time the nature of the physical elements was an important issue in physics. The transition from the elements being defined in terms of gross traits, to specific density, to molecular weight, to atomic number was important in the development of atomic theory. The transition in biology from genes being defined in terms of unit characters, to production of enzymes, to coding for specific polypep-tides, to structurally defined segments of nucleic acid was equally important in the growth of modern genetics. A comparable transition is taking place with respect to the species concept and is equally important.
TL;DR: Seasonal changes in weight of stomach contents and energy content of smelt in Lake Michigan were examined andCalorific equivalents and dry weights of the gut compartment decreased during the October-February interval whereas gonads increased in energy content.
Abstract: Seasonal changes in weight of stomach contents and energy content of smelt (Osmerus mordax) in Lake Michigan were examined. Dry weight of stomach contents averaged over a 24-h period reached a maximum of 0.8% dry body weight during June and decreased to 0.2% during February. Smelt collected during their spawning run were not feeding. Bodies of smelt were divided into carcass, gut, and gonad compartments. Calorific equivalent of the carcass was highest during August when it equalled 5.69 kcal/g dry weight. Calorific equivalent of the gut compartment was highest during October when it equalled approximately 8.7 kcal/g dry weight for both sexes. Smelt utilized energy stores for overwintering and gonad maturation. Calorific equivalents and dry weights of the gut compartment decreased during the October-February interval whereas gonads increased in energy content. Calorific equivalents for whole smelt ranged from 5.51 kcal/g dry weight during May to 6.11 in October, averaging 5.79 kcal/g dry weight th...
TL;DR: Graviton creation in a Robertson-Walker universe is calculated using a renormalized energy-momentum tensor as discussed by the authors, where the background matter has an equation of state p =γϱ, and the graviton energy created near the Planck time t p can alter the expansion to a ∼ t 1/2 in ≲10 2 t p.
TL;DR: In this article, the angular intensity distribution of light emitted by molecules adsorbed on a metal surface is calculated and the cases of infrared emission from vibrational transitions and visible emission from electronic transitions are both considered.
TL;DR: In this paper, gravity and seismic profiles were obtained from ice island ARLIS-II as it drifted across the central Arctic Basin and out into the Greenland Sea, where the drift track begins over the Makarov Basin (Makarov Basin) and crosses the Lomonosov Ridge, Pole Abyssal Plain (Fram Basin), Morris Jessup Rise and ends on the edge of the Lena Trough.
TL;DR: A critical review of the literature in the field of electron stimulated desorption is presented in this paper, where the effect of electron bombarding energy in the energy range above several hundred eV is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a regression analysis of data from a sample of Northwestern Wisconsin residents showed that a limited number of domain satisfactions accounts for a significant proportion of the variance in life satisfaction.
Abstract: Regression analysis of data from a sample of Northwestern Wisconsin residents shows that a limited number of domain satisfactions accounts for a significant proportion of the variance in life satisfaction. Most life satisfaction is derived from domains which are personal, broader in scope, and central to the individual, and which gain ascendency in the social and psychological life space of the individual as a result of differences in sex, age and income. Satisfaction with health, family and even community override work satisfaction as the main source of men's life satisfaction, while satisfaction with family life easily overwhelms other domain satisfactions as predictors of the life satisfaction of women. Also, the effect of family satisfaction is much stronger for women than men, and during the socially and biologically most productive years of life than in maturity. The contribution of satisfaction with sparetime activities, family, work, etc. to the life satisfaction of the elderly is consistent with a theory of re-engagement in fewer but more meaningful roles. Income differences do not sharply discriminate among the predictors, except at the extremes. Overall, the study demonstrates the efficacy of domain satisfaction measures as predictors of life satisfaction.
TL;DR: The cellulase inducer Sophorose was rapidly catabolized to CO2 and H2O by Trichoderma: only small amounts were used to induce the synthesis of cellulase and several small sophorose addition induced much more cellulase than an equivalent single dose.
Abstract: The cellulase inducer sophorose was rapidly catabolized to CO2 and H2O by Trichoderma: only small amounts were used to induce the synthesis of cellulase. 3H-sophorose uptake began after a lag of 1 h and its half-life in the medium was less than 5 h. Cellulase activity in the medium did not increase till 6 h after the addition of sophorose and reached a half maximum value at 14 h. The presence of free sophorose in the medium was required for continuous cellulase production. Several small sophorose addition induced much more cellulase than an equivalent single dose. These results are attributed to two pathways of sophorose utilization, a catabolic pathway that has a high capacity but low affinity for sophorose and an inductive pathway having a lower capacity but higher affinity for sophorose.
TL;DR: In this article, a new microscopic method for the evaluation of reflected elastic intensities of low-energy electron diffraction from crystal surfaces is developed, which divides layers of a crystal into subgroups.
Abstract: A new microscopic method for the evaluation of reflected elastic intensities of low-energy electron diffraction from crystal surfaces is developed. This method divides layers of a crystal into subgroups. Layers having small interlayer separations with their neighbors form a subgroup and are solved in the $L$-space representation using iterations, matrix inversions, or a combination of both. Results of each subgroup are transformed to the $K$-space representation. Multiple scattering between subgroups and other crystal layers separated by larger interlayer spacings are solved in $K$ space. The scheme is particularly useful in analyzing surface structures where coplanar or near coplanar layers are mixed together with other layers having larger separation distances. Some examples of these are the chemisorption of hydrogen and small gas atoms on open crystal faces, the surface structures of reconstructed and unreconstructed semiconductors and layer compounds, and the reconstructed faces of some transition metals, etc.
TL;DR: In this article, a sampling network consisting of 23 land stations and 2 in-lake buoys located off urban and rural areas was used to determine atmospheric total phosphorus (TP) loadings to Lake Michigan.
TL;DR: These data seem to suggest that the structure of self- esteem is similar for 487 college-age males and 707 females, the self-esteem scores of males and females do not differ, and the unidimensionality of the Rosenburg scale, found earlier, is consistent across samples.
Abstract: These data seem to suggest that the structure of self-esteem is similar for 487 college-age males and 707 females, the self-esteem scores of males and females do not differ, and the unidimensionality of the Rosenburg scale, found earlier, is consistent across samples.
TL;DR: In this article, the stacking sequence and interplane and interlayer separation of two compounds were determined by the dynamical low-energy-electron diffraction approach, and it was shown that lateral reconstructions corresponding to alteration in the bulk stacking sequence at the surface are physically reasonable, but such reconstructions do not in fact occur for these two compounds.
Abstract: The stacking sequence and interplane and interlayer separation of $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ and $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ are determined by the dynamical low-energy-electron diffraction approach. Although lateral reconstructions corresponding to alteration in the bulk stacking sequence at the surface are physically reasonable, we find that such reconstructions do not in fact occur for these two compounds.
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: The creation of particles by gravitational fields is a natural consequence of quantum field theory in curved space-time as discussed by the authors, and it occurs in particle-antiparticle pairs in the models considered, and does not violate the local conservation laws.
Abstract: The creation of particles by gravitational fields is a natural consequence of quantum field theory in curved space-time. It occurs in particle-antiparticle pairs in the models considered, and does not violate the local conservation laws. This process has important consequences in cosmological and black hole metrics.
Book•
01 Jun 1977TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of each component angle was generally independent of other angles and independent of any overall perspective appearance of the figure, and the shortening effect produced by an acute angle was limited to the contiguous quarter, whue the lengthening effect of an obtuse angle extended undiminished from the contiguous quarters to the next quarter.
Abstract: Perspective theories for the Muller-Lyer illusions have considered them to reflect constancies normally permitting the viewer to compensate for distance in estimating the true size of three-dimensional objects. Our experiments suggest a rather different perspective theory involving object recognition.A novel experimental procedure was used. Each of the separate groups of thirty subjects viewed only one of nineteen experimental drawings based on the Muller-Lyer figures. They judged the overall length of the shaft and divided it into subjectively equal quarters. The major findings were that the effect of each component angle was generally independent of other angles and independent of any overall perspective appearance of the figure. The shortening effect produced by an acute angle was limited to the contiguous quarter, whue the lengthening effect of an obtuse angle extended undiminished from the contiguous quarter to the next quarter.Perspective photographs are shown, demonstrating that these angle-induced...
TL;DR: A provisional taxonomy of interpersonal behavior, ordered as a circumplex, was empirically derived from both the phenomenological and public communication ratings of subjects as mentioned in this paper, which showed that ratings were most prominently influenced by a Control dimension, made up of the perceptions of socially undesirable behaviors.
Abstract: A provisional taxonomy of interpersonal behavior, ordered as a circumplex, was empirically derived from both the phenomenological and public communication ratings of subjects. At both levels, ratings were most prominently influenced by a Control dimension, made up of the perceptions of socially undesirable behaviors. The circular arrangements of the variables showed that a gap existed in the active and passive affective quadrants. It was suggested that revision of the IBI incorporate the affective dimensions associated with the findings of interpersonal competence research and that communication researchers give appropriate emphasis to the affective domain of interpersonal behavior.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined all known special cases of the mXn flow shop problem and provided solution procedures to three new special cases along with the optimality proofs, based on the critical path concept.
Abstract: The paper examines all known special cases of the mXn flow-shop problem. It provides solution procedures to three new special cases along with the optimality proofs. The theory of the new special cases is based on the critical path concept.
TL;DR: One hundred and forty elementary school teachers completed a questionnaire on school referrals which asked them to rate the likelihood of referral of a child in five behavioral anecdotes as mentioned in this paper, indicating that teachers would be more likely to refer boys than girls with identical problems.
TL;DR: In this paper, Muth's results were extended to an urban residential model of completely centralized employment, first expounded by Richard Muth: housing price falls at a decreasing numerical rate with distance from the CBD; the CBD-employed household's housing consumption and location are positively related to preferences for housing, but negatively related to housing price and transportation costs.