Showing papers in "Acta Amazonica in 1986"
TL;DR: This paper lists 79 species of plants used by Melipona compressipes fasciculata, the most common bee of Maranhao (a northern Brazilian State), most of these plants are also visited by Apis Mellifera.
Abstract: This paper lists 79 species of plants used by Melipona compressipes fasciculata, the most common bee of Maranhao (a northern Brazilian State). Most of these plants are also visited by Apis Mellifera. Certain plant species are suggested for planting along roadsides, streets, avenues and town parks to increase the bee-exploited flora.
35 citations
TL;DR: The reproductive biology of five of the seven species of Bellucia (Melastomataceae), a genus of shrubs and small trees, was investigated in Amazonia and the reproductive strategy is interpreted as that of a pioneer species.
Abstract: The reproductive biology of five of the seven species of Bellucia (Melastomataceae), a genus of shrubs and small trees, was investigated in Amazonia. Sucessful fruit-set by Bellucia requires floral visitation by bees. The flowers are produced continuously all year, and are visited by a wide variety of female bees, the principal pollinators being Xylocopa, Centris, Ptilotopus, Epicharis, Eulaema, Bombus, and Oxaea. The floral attractants are color and the odor produced by the pollen, stamens, and petals; the reqard is pollen. Three species of Bellucia are self-incompatible. Indiscriminate visitor behavior and lack of phenological, morphological, or genetic barriers lead to hybridization between sympatric species of Bellucia, and no more than two species occupy the same habitat at anu one locality. Bellucia produces berries with numerous small seeds, and is dispersed by birds, bats, monkeys, tapirs, turtles, and ants. Seedling establisment requires full sunlight, and occurs on a variety of soil types. The reproductive strategy is interpreted as that of a pioneer species.
24 citations
TL;DR: The fish production of the Cuiaba River is accounted on 80 percent of the total caught In the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil as mentioned in this paper, and its enterprising fish production is basically supported on the catching of migratory species.
Abstract: The fish production of the Cuiaba River is accounted on 80 percent of the total caught In the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Its enterprising fish production is basically supported on the catching of migratory species. The regional fish production depends on the seasonal fluctuations of the water level and on the periodic formation of floodplains Ichthyofauna's reductional factors are presented with the purpose of subsidizing its conservation.
22 citations
TL;DR: A review of the literature on measurements of rain water interception processes by forests finds that information on Africa, Central and South America, and Asia is given and the need to further the measurements under field conditions is stressed.
Abstract: A review of the literature on measurements of rain water interception processes by forests is made. Information on Africa, Central and South America, and Asia is given. A general analysis is made and the need to further the measurements under field conditions is stressed.
17 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of the seeds of bacuri and bacuripari shows diferences in the fat content, and tripalmitin is present in the fatty extracts of b Bacuri seeds, in appreciable quantities.
Abstract: The comparative analysis of the seeds of bacuri and bacuripari show,with respects to the fat content, diferences in the quantitative composition of theirs fatty acids (palmitic 44,2:42,3, palmitoleic 13,2:1,0, stearic 2,3:4,6, oleic 37,8:39,9 and linoleic acids 2,5:12,2; %:%, respectively), and the fact that tripalmitin is present in the fatty extracts of bacuri seeds, in appreciable quantities (10%). These fats, especially from bacuri seeds, can be recommended as alternative sources for industry.
12 citations
TL;DR: Smears of the contents of the seminal vesicle showed that the white liquid which occurs in this organ, does not contain sperms at fish lengths less than 70 cm, and first sexual maturity and end of the adolescent phase was established and full maturity and adult phase ocurred at 75 cm.
Abstract: 184 machos da Carcharchinus porosas foram capturados com rede de emalhar nas Reentrâncias Maranhenses, entre Cururupu (1o 20' S e 45o W) e Sao Luis (2o 241 30'' S e 44o W) no periodo de outubro de 1983 a janeiro de 1984 e de junho a setembro de 1984. O desenvolvimento dos machos desta especie foi estudado atraves da relacao peso-comprimento e do crescimento: dos claspers, dos testiculos, dos epididimos e do figado. Com excecao dos claspers e do figado, o crescimento dos orgaos em questao e continuo. No crescimento dos claspers evidenciou-se 3 fases que correspondem: a fase juvenil, a fase de adolescencia e a fase adulta. Demonstrou-se, tambem, que existe uma descontinuidade no crescimento do figado no momento da passagem da fase de adolescencia a fase adulta, e que esta se verifica quando se relaciona o peso deste orgao com o peso corporal. Esfregacos do conteudo da visivula seminal mostraram que o liquido branco presente neste orgao e livre de espermatozoides ate 70 cm. Com base no crescimento dos claspers e na producao de espermatozoides normais, estabeleceu-se o tamanho de primeira maturidade em 71 cm (fim da fase de adolescencia) e o tamanho de 100% de maturidade em 75 cm (inicio da fase adulta).
12 citations
TL;DR: The species goes throught three larval stages without feeding and the main feature of its larval development is the presence of functional walking legs on hatching.
Abstract: Larval development of the freshwater palaemonid shrip Pseudopalaemon chryseus Kensley & Walker, 1982 was studied in the laboratory from the offspring oof females collected in a lake of the lower Negro River system. Females carry few (14 to 43), large (1.86 + 0.13 x 1.29 + 0.06 mm), yolk-rich eggs. The species goes throught three larval stages without feeding and the main feature of its larval development is the presence of functional walking legs on hatching. Descriptions and illustrations of the three larval and first juvenile stages are presented.
12 citations
TL;DR: Resultadospreliminares sao apresentados sobre a composicao das sementes e dos oleos das seguintes especies da Amazonia: Couroupita guianensis, Pachira aquatica, Eglerodendron pariri, Parkia gigantocarpae Parkia opositifolta.
Abstract: Resultadospreliminares sao apresentados sobre a composicao das sementes e dos oleos das seguintes especies da Amazonia: Couroupita guianensis, Pachira aquatica, Eglerodendron pariri, Parkia gigantocarpae Parkia opositifolta,o que representa parte de uma tentativa de se estabelecer, aditivamente, o potencial economico daquela regiao. Enquanto as duas primeiras, pelo teor de oleo apresentado (29,4 e 44,1%, respectivamente) podem ser considerados como oleaginosas, as duas especies de Parkiaapresentaram proteinas com altoteor de triptofano, merecendo ser estudadasmais detalhadamente. A especie Eglerodendron pariri,ao contrario, nao se revelou como fonte potencial,quantitativa ou qualitativa, quer de oleo, quer de proteina. Na especie Couroupia guianensisencontrou-se predominância de acido linoleico (>80%) enquanto que nas amostras de oleo de Parkia gigantocarpae P. opositifoliasobressai a presenca de 12-15% de acidos de peso molecular elevado (C20:0 e C22:00) e um teor de aproximadamente 40% de C18:2. 0 acido palmitico e o principal componente dos Oleos de Pachira aquaticae Eglerodendron pariri.A separacao e a identificacao de acidos responsaveis, no Oleo de P. aquatica,pela resposta positiva ao teste de Halphen, nao foram definitivas. Nos cinco oleos o β-sitosterol foi o componente maior da fracao esterolica, isoladaa partir do material insaponificavel.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an investigation was carried out from May 1981 to December 1983 in a small hydrografic basin (area ca. 1.3 km2) drained by the stream "Βarrο Branco", situated in INPA's forest Reserve "Adolfο Ducke" (Highway AM 010, km 28).
Abstract: The investigation was carried out from May 1981 to december 1983 in a small hydrografic basin (area ca. 1,3 km2) drained by the stream "Βarrο Branco", situated in INPA's forest Reserve "Adolfο Ducke" (Highway AM 010, km 28).The area is covered by tropical rainforest of the amazonian "Terra firme" typo (i. e. situated above the levels of annual inundations).Stream discharge was 32,3%, interception by the canopy 22% and the remaining 45,7% fall on transpiration by the vegetation, thus resulting in a total of 67,7% evapotranspiration.Accordingly, one may expect significant changes in the water balance as a consequence of indiscriminate and massive deforestation, specifically reduced rainfall and a much higher percentage of stream discharge, accompanied by erosion and sedimentation.
11 citations
TL;DR: Sao apresentados os resultados sobre conservacâo de sementes de Cedrorana (Cedrelinga catenaeformis Ducke) armazenadas, oe melhores resultados foram obtidos, quando as sementses estavam conservadas em sacos de polietileno e de papel.
Abstract: Sao apresentados os resultados sobre conservacâo de sementes de Cedrorana (Cedrelinga catenaeformis Ducke) armazenadas com 12,1% de umidade inicial e 80% de germinacâo sob condicoes ambientais de laboratorio (T min. 24,7 ± 2,2°C - T max. 27,9 ± 1,6°C e umi. dade relativa 73,5 ± 3,9%) e em geladeira (T min. 6,4 ± 0,3°C - T max. 8,1 ± 1,8°C e 50% de umidade relativa) em dois tipos dz embalagens Independente das condicoes experimen tais, desde 0s 30 dias de armazenamento observou-se uma consideravel reducâo da ροrcen tagem de germinacâo das sementes conservadas em sacos de polietileno e sacos de papel. a0s 90 dias de armazrnamento a temperatura de 6,4 - 8,1°C oe melhores resultados foram obtidos, quando as sementes estavam conservadas em sacos de polietileno e de papel. Sacos de papel em condicoes ambientais foram prejudiciais a. conservacao das sementes desta especie.
10 citations
TL;DR: Five stages of sermatid maturation were described and sequential cytological events οf Cichla ocellaris spermatogenesis were studied with electron microscopy from the est sperMatocyte to the nature spermatozoa.
Abstract: Sao descritos os eventos citologicos sequenciais da espermatogenese de Cichla ocellaris (tucunare) desde o espermatocito primario ate o espermatozoide maduro. Verificou-se que a espermiogenese compreende cinco diferentes estagios de maturacao das espermatides, caracterizadas por transformacoes da cromatina nuclear e das estruturas citoplasmaticas. O esperatozoide da especie e do tipo primitivo, apresentando uma cabeca sem acrossomo e uma cauda.
TL;DR: Avaliacao da precisao da amostragem sistematica em relacao a amostagem aleatoria, ambas utilizadas em inventarios florestais, com base no erro padrao estimado e tendo como parâmetro de comparacao, a area basal as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Avaliacao da precisao da amostragem sistematica em relacao a amostragem aleatoria, ambas utilizadas em inventarios florestais, com base no erro padrao estimado e tendo como parâmetro de comparacao, a area basal. Os dois tipos de amostragem foram aplicados em uma populacao florestal, 100% inventariada (DAP maior ou igual a 25 cm), constituida de 4 blocos experimentais de 24 hectares cada e distribuidos aleatoriamente sobre uma bacia hidrografica de aproximadamente 600 hectares. Essa area experimental faz parte do projeto de Manejo Ecologico (Bacia 3). O menor erro padrao estimado foi obtido atraves da amostragem sistematica, mesmo considerando que na amostragem aleatoria foram feitos 5 sorteios diferentes para a tomada das unidades amostrais do inventario simulado.
TL;DR: The imbibition of Marupa (Simaruba amara Aubl.) seeds, their chemical composition and germination capacity at 20°, 25°, 30° e 35°C, is investigated to aid futures studies on seed germination physiology of this species.
Abstract: This work investigates the imbibition of Marupa (Simaruba amara Aubl.) seeds, their chemical composition and germination capacity at 20°, 25°, 30° e 35°C. The imbibition, expressed as percentage of the original weight of the seeds, was approximately 150,0% after 24 hours and 179,3% after 144 hours. The greatest percentage of germination and emergence velocity index (66% and 1.02 respectively) were obtained at. 30°C. Total carbohydrate content was 78.1% -in the coat and 46.7% in the whole seed, white the lipid content of the cotyledons was 45,7% and in the whole seed 23.8%. These results should aid futures studies on seed germination physiology of this species.
TL;DR: The hemoglobin patterns of hemolysates from 22 fish species belonging to Manchantaria island (Solimoes river, Manaus, AM) had been characterized by starch gel and agarstarch gel electrophresis, and high interespecific hemoglobin heterogeneity was observed.
Abstract: The hemoglobin patterns of hemolysates from 22 fish species belonging to Manchantaria island (Solimoes river , Manaus, AM) had been characterized by starch gel and agarstarch gel electrophresis. High interespecific hemoglobin heterogeneity was observed, similarly to those described for sub-tropical and temperate fish species. The resolution power of the electrophoretic supports was considered. The adaptability question of the multiple hemoglobin systems was regarded.
TL;DR: No presente trabalho as sementes de Faveira-arara-tucupi foram submetidas a varios tratamentos e estudadas quanto ao poder germinativo, os autores apontam como a causa provavel dos problemas de germinacao das sementses a impermeabilidade do tegumento a agua.
Abstract: No presente trabalho as sementes de Faveira-arara-tucupi (Parkia decussata Ducke) foram submetidas a varios tratamentos e estudadas quanto ao poder germinativo, por meio da utilizacao de acido sulfurico concentrado por (2,5: 5; 10; 20 e 40 minutos), escari-ficacao manual agua quente a 8O C durante (10; 20 e 40 minutos) e agua a temperatura ambiente durante (12 e 24 horas). Os tratamentos com acido sulfurico por 20 e 40 minutos eescarificacao manual foram os mais eficientes para aumentar a germinacao. Com base nestes resultados, os autores apontam como a causa provavel dos problemas de germinacao das sementes a impermeabilidade do tegumento a agua.
TL;DR: This study measures dry matter production for Jessenia bataua, a useful palm common in many areas of the Amazon Valley, and finds that approximately 34% of total aboveground drymatter production in this palm was, alllocated to reproductive effort, eg.
Abstract: There are few assessments of lifetime dry matter production for tropical trees. However, several studies, have been carried out for palms. This study measures dry matter production for Jessenia bataua,a useful palm common in many areas of the Amazon Valley. Palms In the Ducke Forest Reserve Of INPA were studied. Approximately 34% of total aboveground dry matter production in this palm was, alllocated to reproductive effort, eg., the production of in florescences and fruits. The meaning of this percentage, to discussed, relative to percentages identified in other Neotropical palms.
TL;DR: High foliar, contents of Ca and B, as well as low Mn content, suggest specific nutritional char acteristics of this species.
Abstract: Edaphic-nutritional factors influencing aerial and root growth of stands of Carapa guianensis on soils of different textureswere investigated. These stands were 3 years old and 3x3 m in area. Physical and chemical analyses of soil properties (porosity, textuxe, moisture retention, pH, exchangeable cations, organic carbon and total N-content) were made, Foliar nutrient contents werealso analyzed. Height, increment of C. gaianensis was higher in clayey soil than in the others soils analyzed. Correlation coefficients between aerial and toot growth and some soil characteristics (exchangeable bases, organic matter and Al content)were significant. Root dry weightwas considerably higher in the clayey soil. The relation between aerial and radicular growth was greater in sandy soil, showing disproportion of the root systems in relation to the aerial biomass. High foliar, contents of Ca and B, as well aslow Mn content, suggest specific nutritional char acteristics of this species.
TL;DR: The two especies of Lophopidae found in the lowland Amazon Basin, Hesticus rufimanus, (walker) and H. sanguinifrons Muir, are redescribed and their geographical distributions given.
Abstract: The two especies of Lophopidae found in the lowland Amazon Basin, Hesticus rufimanus, (walker) and H. sanguinifrons Muir, are redescribed and their geographical distributions given. Keys are provided to genera of New World lophopidae, and to species of Hesticus .
TL;DR: A pictorial field guide to the 30 species of sandfly most commonly encountered in Para State is presented, based on the easily recognised external characters of the length of the 5th palpal segment, thoracic infuscation, abdominal colour and head and body size, which gives an indication of the species, which may be confirmed with data from more detailed taxanomix studies.
Abstract: A pictorial field guide to the 30 species of sandfly most commonly encountered in Para State is presented, based on the easily recognised external characters of the length of the 5th palpal segment, thoracic infuscation, abdominal colour and head and body size. In most cases this allows identification to the species. In others, especially with females, it gives an indication of the species, which may then be confirmed with data from more detailed taxanomix studies. This type of field guide helps in teaching, rapid sorting of flies prior to dissection and in acquainting visitors with the variety of species present in a given area.A rapid technique for the taxonomic sorting of unmounted, freshly killed female sandflies is required, prior to the dissection of large numbers of a particular species. Such a method is useful in areas where numerous species occur in studies on natural flagellate infections, age determination and for ecological studies. With the above points in mind a pictorial field guide has been designed that enables the identification of unmounted, unmacerated specimens of the 30 more commonly encountered species of phleboto-mine sandflies (***) in Para State, North Brazil. It is based on the easily recognised external characters of the length of the 5th palpal segment, thoracic infuscation, ad-dominal colour and proboscis and body size.Taxonomy of male phlebotomine sandflies is based on the structure of the genitalia and, as most of this is external, a wholly external character key is readily made. Female taxonomy, however, is based on the internal character of the cibarium, pharynx and sperma thecae. In order to produce an external character key we therefore return to an unso phisticated "phlebotometry" (see Martins et al., 1978 p. 3 for review), using relative lengths of the proboscis, palpal segments and body, along with the degree of infuscation. Ihis idea is not new; indeed many sandfly specialists presently use external characters to separate certain species (H. Fraiha, R. P. Lane, P. D. Ready, D. G. Young and R. D. Ward personal communications 1983 & 1984).A key used to separate five anthropophillic sandflies by Biagi (1966), in Mexico, was based mainly on palpal segment length and infuscation. Floch and Abonnenc (1952) stressed the use of relative lengths of palpal segments in their keys to the sandflies of French Guiana, and four members of the shannoni group have been similarly separated according to the degree of infuscation by Morales et al. (1982). The use of thoracic infuscation as a reliable character seems to be gaining favour, having been used by young & Fairchild (1974) and Ready & Fraiha (1981). Indeed Chariotis 1974) showed the usefulness of thoracic infuscation to sepenate 7 anthropophillic species, during studies onvesicular stomatitis in Panama. Identification using external characters is essential for work on viral isolations from sandflies, where bulk samples of whole sandflies are used.Perhaps the major advantage of a simple visual guide is for teaching purposes. Technical staff in this lnstitute are able to identify most of the species they encounter without having to use the standard, more unwieldly (and in many cases unavailable) internal character keys, and the guides presented below have allowed rapid species sorting prior to the dissection of sandflies in our leismaniasis study areas (Ryan et at. ,1985).
TL;DR: Neste trabalho descrevemos uma nova especie de formiga do genero MonacisRoger,da Amazonia Brasileira, a qual denominamos deMonacis inpain, sp.
Abstract: Neste trabalho descrevemos uma nova especie de formiga do genero MonacisRoger,da Amazonia Brasileira, a qual denominamos de Monacis inpain. sp. Estamos incluindo, tambem, uma chave para identificacao especifica, deste genero, publicada por Kempf (1959) com modificacoes que inserem esta especie.
TL;DR: Fossils of wood, bone and teeth found along the Upper Purus River in Amazonia were studied using conventional microscopy and scanning electron microscopy Mass spectometry was also used to investigate minor and trace element signatures of bone samples as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Fossils of wood, bone and teeth found along the Upper Purus River οf Amazonia were studied using conventional microscopy and scanning electron microscopy Mass spectometry was also used to investigate minor and trace element signatures of bone samplesThe microsopy studies showed that there was little alteration of original textures In the fossil wood samples, identified In thin section as tropical hardwood trees, the replacement of the original material with siderite suggests that fossilization occured in shallow sediments in which interstitial waters were saturated with respect to iron carbenate In samples of both fossilized bone and wood, precipitation of secondary iron phases was commonly observed in cracks and voids Other secondary phases Included silica, iron oxides, manganese carbonate The intimate assοciation οf these secondary phases with the original biological structures could be evidence for a microbiological role in the formation of these phases The similarity in rare earth element (REE) signatures for 2 fossil bone samples from different modern locations indicates their having shared similar diagenetic historiesThe virtually complete preservation of original textures suggests that microscοpic studies could be useful in classifying fossil and even in identifying original materials Rare carth signatures in fossilized bone may reflect ground water compositions at the time of fossilization
TL;DR: Os autores apresentam dados sobre a ocorrenncia de triatomineas silvestres encon-tiados em varios ecotopos (palmeiras, tocas de roedores e epifitas aereas), assim como, capturas atraves de atracao luminosa, no reservatorio da Usina Hidreletrica Tucu rui.
Abstract: Os autores apresentam dados sobre a ocorrenncia de triatomineas silvestres encon-tiados em varios ecotopos (palmeiras, tocas de roedores e epifitas aereas), assim como, capturas atraves de atracao luminosa, no reservatorio da Usina Hidreletrica Tucu rui, num trecho compreendido entre Santo Antonio e Ipixuna, rio Tocantins; enfocando as pectos do ciclo de vida de Rhodnius robustus realizado no laboratorio do INPA, Manaus.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Growth of Carapa guianensis on soils with different texture in the Manaus region is described in this paper, where Carapa grows well on different types of soil. But the results are limited.
Abstract: Soil and nutritional characteristics of forest stands in the Manaus region.II.Growth of Carapa guianensis on soils with different texture
TL;DR: Foi Investigada a Influencia de fatores edafico-nutricionais no crescimento radicular e aereo de Eucalyptus deglupta, plantado em solos de diferentes texturas, indicam that esta especie teve um cresCimento em altura 5 vezes maior no solo mais argiloso.
Abstract: Edaphic-nutritional factors influencing aerial and root growth in stands of Eucalyptus deglupta on soils of different texture were investigated. These stands were 3 years old and 3 x 3 m In area. Physical and chemical analyses of soil properties, (porosity, texture, moisture retention, pH, exchangeable bases, organic carbon and total. N content)were. made. Foliar analysis was also conducted. E. drglupta is sensitive to Edaphic conditions, showing total height increment, on more, clayey soil 5 times greater than on sandy soils. Root dry weight was greater in the 0-20 cm horizon of the sandy soil while others soils showed no difference between the horizons studied. Correlation coefficients between aerial and root growth and some soil characteristics (exchangeable bases, organic matter and Alexch aresignificant. Good correlation between height, growth and root was observed in the clayey soil. Foliar contents of Ν, P, Κ and B were low when compared with others species.
TL;DR: O uso da cobertura morta constituida por capim seco nao apresentou vantagens relacionadas com o incremento da producao de frutos, andando ao aspecto qualitativo, nao foi detectado efeito benefico da cobernamento sobre a qualidade dos frutsos produzidos.
Abstract: Realizou-se um ensaio visando avaliar os efeitos de tres tipos de cobertura morta: po de serra, casca de arroz e capim seco, sobre a produtividade do pimentao (Capsicum annum L.). O experimento foi realizado em solo de baixa fertilidade, classificado como Podzolico Vermelho Amarelo e no periodo designado regionalmente como "de verao", ou seja, no periodo do ano caracterizado pela menor precipitacao pluviometrica. Com a finalidade de avaliar os efeitos qualitativos dos tratamentos, alem dos efeitos quantita tivos, classificou-se a producao em duas categorias de frutos: comerciavel e de refugo. Quando comparou-se com a testemunha-tratamento sem cobertura morta-evidenciaram-se efei tos beneficos das coberturas mortas, constituidas por po de serra e casca de arroz, quando as producoes foram expressas em termos de peso total de frutos e peso de frutos comerciaveis. O uso da cobertura morta constituida por capim seco nao apresentou vantagens relacionadas com o incremento da producao de frutos. Quanto ao aspecto qualitativo, nao foi detectado efeito benefico da cobertura morta sobre a qualidade dos frutos produzidos. Tomando-se como base a producao da testemunha, estimou-se os incrementos de vido ao uso de po de serra em 47% e 40% e de 48% e 48% devido a utilizacao da casca de arroz, quando mediu-se a producao total em peso e numero, respectivamente. Para producao de frutos comerciaveis, os incrementos foram, respectivamente, 55% e 48% para po de serra e 41% e 30% para casca de arroz.
TL;DR: Biochemical assays of starch, lipids, proteins and sugars showed that starch is the dominant energy storage product, both in the tegument and in the cotyledons of Copaifera multijuga Hayne.
Abstract: Estudou-se o efeito do armazenamento de sementes de copaiba (Copaifera multijuga Hayne.) em ambiente e em geladeira, tratadas com benlate a 0,1 e 0,2% sobre a percentagem de germinacao. Verificou-se uma reducao na percentagem de germinacao apos 30 dia de armazenamento em ambiente e em geladeira, sendo que na segunda condicao a reducao foi menor, sendo de 25,8 e 20,8% para as sementes tratadas com benlate a 0,1 e 0,2% respectivamente. As analises bioquimicas realizadas em sementes recem-colhidas mostraram um maior teor de amido tanto no tegumento quanto nos cotiledones de sementes de copaiba, levando-se assim a classifica-la quanto ao tipo de reserva predominante como amilacea.
TL;DR: Some methods are put forward, as yet untried because the authors have had no access to data with which to test them, which take account of the probabilistic nature of the movement of water particles within a tropical forest.
Abstract: Banal as ft may seem, the starting point of this paper is the hydrological cycle with its component processes of (i) interception of rainfall, followed by evaporation of what has been intercepted by the plant canopy; (u) infiltration of the \"net\" rainfall (consisting of stemflow and throughfall) within the soil profile.whence it is eventually returned either to the atmosphere or to rivers as runoff; (iii) evapotranspirat ion of water either directly from forest leaf litter, or from the stomata of leaves following uptake by plant roots; (iv) runoff, regarded as the difference between net rainfall, evapotranspirat ion and change in soil moisture storage.By virtue of interception losses or evapotranspirat ion, water is returned to the atmosphere whence it came;if,within the extent of the tropical forest, it is reprecipitated once or more times, then recycling of water will have occurred. Studies of recycling mechanisms are particularly difficult since they require consideration of the movement of water not only in its liquid phase, but in its vapour phase also: the provenance, as well as the magnitude, of components of the hydrological cycle must be considered. The purpose of this paper is to put forward some methods, as yet untried because the authors have had no access to data with which to test them,which take account of the probabilistic nature of the movement of water particles within a tropical forest.As the methods are here presented, many changes will no doubt be necessary before they can be considered as useful for the study of recycling processes,and our purpose in presenting them is to seek views regarding where the assumptions made in our essentially statistical approach to the problem are untenable, and regarding what alternative assumptions would be more appropriate.
TL;DR: Malaria infection was more prevalent in men than women in both rural and urban areas, and the 6 - 14 year age group had the highest prevalence with th 15 - 29 age group being the most affected in the urban area.
Abstract: Realizou-se um estudo epidemiologico sobre malaria na populacao humana residente no municipio de Ariquemes, Estado de Rondonia. Um formulario composto de questoes dirigidas no setndo de obter dos colonizadores o grau de conhecimento sobre os fatores condicionados a malaria, principalmente sobre o aspecto migracional e conhecimentos sobre a transmissao e terapeutica da enfermidade. O questionario foi aplicado em 936 chefes de familias perfazendo um total de 4.633 individuos, representando 8% da populacao fixa do municipio de Ariquemes. De cada individuo foi coletada uma amostra de sangue e examinada para plasmodios. O estudo foi dividido e aplicado nas duas areas, rural e urbana, do municipio, para fins de comparacao. Dos 2.310 individuos estudados na area urbana, 68 eram portadores de infeccao malarica, 69% com P. falciparum e 31% com P. vivax. Nos 2.323 residentes na area rural, detectou-se 151 casos de infeccao, sendo 53% para P. falciparum e 47% para P. vivax. O sexo masculino foi o mais acometido e a faixa etarua de maior prevalencia no setor urbano foi de 15 a 29 anos e no rural foi de 6 a 14 anos. Todos esses pacientes foram tratados radicalmente utilizando-se o esquema terapeutico da SUCAM orientado pela Organizacao Mundial da Saude. Observou-se a ocorrencia de exportacao de casos de malaria da area rural para urbana nas migracoes internas. Mais de 50% da populacao desconhece o papel do mosquito na transmissao da malaria e a grande maioria dos colonizadores sao analfabetos ou alfabetizados ate o 1o grau. A quase totalidade da populacao e oriunda dos estados do sul, principalmente do Estado do Parana. Os esquemas assistenciais de saude a essa populacao e bastante precario, talvez devido ao grande afluxo migracional na regiao.
TL;DR: Four budding and two grafting methods were compared fro efficiency in the vegetative propagation of "cupuacu" an important fruit native to the Amazon Basin and side grafting and green strip budding are considered to be the best methods.
Abstract: Four budding and two grafting methods were compared fro efficiency in the vegetative propagation of "cupuacu" an important fruit native to the Amazon Basin. The methods tested were: Forket, green strip budding, shield budding, inverted "T" budding, spliced side grafting and top grafting. Each method was used with partial defoliation of the scion, vihich was performed by cutting off the apical 2/3 of each leaf on the same day or seven days previously. Partial defoliation seven days previously reduced the rate of suc-cessfull budding and grafting. Side grafting and green strip budding are considered to be the best methods for cupuacu.
TL;DR: A simple water-pump powered by a submerged Savoniuis rotor that was tested was still functioning, however certain modific-ations were designed to reduce wear on the components.
Abstract: A simple water-pump powered by a submerged Savoniuis rotor. was tested. Afiter one year, of continuous operation the pump was still functioning. However certain modific-ations were designed to reduce wear on the components. New drawings and a new list of materials are presented. A graph of pumping rate against current speed showed that for currents of 0,5 to 1,1 m.s-1 the. pumping rate (y liters/day) depends linearly on the currcnt speed (x meters/sec) for a given pumping height (a meters) according to the equation y = 7692 x - 1250 - 500a/3 . The pump is considered practical, cheap and to have a useful lifetime. However further developments of the technology are limited by the fact that the. rotor becomes much more expensive when it is no longer made. from α sawn-up oil drum.