Showing papers in "Animal Behaviour in 1974"

TL;DR: Comparison between several populations revealed an interesting mechanisms for the natural regulation of animal numbers and differences between Bornean and Sumatran orang-utans are discussed in relation to the zoogeography of these two islands.

TL;DR: Using captive black-capped chickadees foraging in a large aviary for small pieces of mealworm hidden in artificial pine cones, the results are more consistent with the predictions of the optimal foraging than with the hypothesis of hunting by expectation.

TL;DR: In groups of ten, indidual starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, spent significantly less time in surveillance than did individuals in smaller groups and responded more quickly than single birds to a flying model hawk.

TL;DR: The hypothesis was tested that zebra danios react to an approaching predator when the rate of change of the angle subtended by the predator at the prey's eye exceeds some threshold level and the reactive field was shown to be circular, demonstrating that the mechanism is not solely a binocular one.

TL;DR: In this article, the use of competitive orders as measures of social dominance is examined, the conclusion being that such use is based on the assumption of the unidimensionality of the social dominance.

TL;DR: In this paper, studies were made on six breeding groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulata) to determine whether different measures of dominance agreed with each other, and the measures tested in this study were found to agree.

TL;DR: Chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania have been given bananas since 1962, and reduced access to food appeared most responsible for the increase in aggression.

TL;DR: It is suggested that the sex difference in two-way active avoidance reflects sex differences in fearfulness, not in activity, as measured by open-field defecation.

TL;DR: The speed with which the nipple is taken was found to be a simple and reliable measure of the hunger of the pup: it is increased by deprivation and decreased by a milk load.

TL;DR: Results support an olfactory guidance system in burrow location and argue against visual or auditory guidance in the homing behaviour of Leach's petrel.

TL;DR: Individual recognition between parents and chicks appeared later in this species than in ground-nesting gulls, and the breeding chronology of Franklin's gull is compressed when compared to that of other gulls.

TL;DR: Temporal aspects of nocturnal activity of bannertail kangaroo rats were measured in the field and the effects of a laboratory ‘moon’ were opposite to those of the real moon uponbannertails in theField.

TL;DR: Observations were made before and after handling, and long-term changes in licking behaviour were found.

TL;DR: In accordance with the whiptail's unaggressive nature, threat and submissive displays were less well developed than superiority and courtship displays and conflict activities, and whiptails are the most diurnal macropod.

TL;DR: Feeding in zebra finches occurs in clearly defined bouts, but strong individual differences have been found in the finer details of its pattern, with meal length correlated strongly with the length of the succeeding gap.

TL;DR: The presence or absence of other gorilla groups and/or individuals appeared to be the strongest determinant of the range patterns of the study group, though food distribution may have played some role in movements between vegetation zones or parts of therange.

TL;DR: This paper showed that the relationship between consummatory and instrumental behaviors is not determined by a single intervening "drive" variable, and that instrumental responding is maintained by the reinforcing effects of consummatorial activities, and will only gradually disappear when that reinforcement is withdrawn.

TL;DR: The danios apparently associated the visual characteristics of the predator with its subsequent high rate of angular growth and began to respond to these visual characteristics prior to dα/dt exceeding the threshold, and flight distance increased asymptotically.

TL;DR: It is suggested that the importance of olfaction in maternal care is concerned with identification of the lamb at close quarters and in forming the ewe-lamb relationship.

TL;DR: Morphological and physiological changes in the floral colour patterns of both species following pollination appear to inhibit visitation by bees, and the significance of U.V. floral patterns was also considered.

TL;DR: Changes in searching behaviour after acceptance concurred with previous findings in that there was a reduction in the tendency to move away from the site of eating plus an immediate increase in the intensity of searching, leading to ‘area restricted searching’.

TL;DR: An experimental procedure involving time-lapse cinematography was used to investigate the responses of the freshwater pulmonate, Biomphalaria glabrata (Say), to their mucus trails, showing that individuals of this species are capable of following their own trails and also those laid by other individuals of the same species.

TL;DR: Breed identity was found to exist: within flocks made up from groups of sheep of different breeds, the sheep had a strong bias for associating with others of their own breed both whilst grazing and whilst camping, and this remains even after 2 years of grazing together.

TL;DR: Food-competitive hierarchies and their stability in snapping turtles, Chelydra serpentina, were studied and neck-stretching, snapping, and clawing were the major behavioural patterns involved in food-appetitive and aggressive encounters.

TL;DR: It is proposed that every species has a preferred intensity, termed the optimum ambient illumination (OAI), and every species shows all three kinds of spectral responses; and when ambient is at the OAI, the animal strives to maintain that intensity while being indifferent to colours.

TL;DR: The results of this and other studies on primates indicate that male-male mounting certainly has a multiplicity of causal factors and instead of labelling it as homosexual or dominance, certain suggested criteria can be used that may help in classifying and eventually in understanding this common and multifaceted gesture.

TL;DR: In this paper, the role of sight in the dominance hierarchy of groups of eight pigs was studied by the induction of temporary blindness using opaque contact lenses or hoods which covered the face.

TL;DR: Each population density exhibits a density-dependent pattern of social interaction defined quantitatively by frequencies of courtship aggressive interactions at the population level, which results in a frequency profile of Courtship interaction characteristic of each observed density.

TL;DR: The behavior of four colonies of hoary marmots (Marmota caligata) was studied in Glacier National Park, Montana, during the summer of 1970.

TL;DR: The aversive efficacy of the urine of male rats, hamsters, C57Bl mice, 129Re mice and T.T. albino mice was assayed and it was found that the aversive factor was not inividual specific and that grouping of the donors resulted in a complete loss of the urinary aversive factors.