Showing papers in "Biodiversitas in 2007"

Antioxidant content of parts of Mahkota dewa, Phaleria macrocarpa [Scheff] Boerl. (Thymelaceae)

Abstract: Mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa [Scheff.] Boerl.) is a poisonous plant, but almost all parts of the plants can be used as a traditional medicine. Consuming the plant directly can cause swollen, sprue, numb at tongue, fever, even unconscious. Although the plant can conquere various diseases, from diabetes mellitus, hemorrhoid, impotency to cancer, but research on the plant is still limited. A researchwas conducted to find out antioxidant activities at a parts of mahkota dewa plant by free radical scavenging method (DPPH). The highest activities of the parts of plant are young fruits and old fruits in the ethanol and methanol solvents. Then after partitioned based on the polarity (ethylacetate, n-buthanol and water) showed that n-buthanol extract of young fruits gave inhibition value IC50 = 41,07 ppm.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Mahkota dewa, P. macrocarpa, plant extracts, antioxidant, DPPH

R E V I E W : Species diversity of indigenous fruits in Indonesia and its potential

Abstract: Indonesia is rich of species diversity of indigenous fruits. The results of study reported that there are 266 species of indigenous fruits encountered in Indonesia and 62 species of them are cultivated. Four genera of indigenous fruits are recommended to developed in Indonesia, i.e. Durio, Mangifera, Garcinia and Nephelium. This study also reported that duku (Lansium domesticum), salak (Salacca zalacca), buah merah (Pandanus conoideus), and matoa (Pometia pinnata) have a good prospect also to be developed in Indonesia.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Species diversity, indigenous fruits, potential, conservation, Indonesia

Diversity of medicinal plant by Talang Mamak tribe in surrounding of Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park, Riau

Abstract: Local peoples in a certain area is very depends on plants grow on surrounding them for fulfill daily lifelyhoat such as food, clothing, construction material, medicinal, etc. People knowledge in plants utilized especially as medicinal matter was passed on from generation to generation. Documentation and conservation of traditional knowledge from the local people until to do the research of diversity of medicinal plant by Talang Mamak tribe in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park, Riau. Field data collection of medicinal plants was done by directobservation and interview with the figure or tribe-head and community is used medicinal plant in surrounding them. From the survey it result that at least 77 species of plants are used as medicines. Five species from these was categorised as endangered species such as pulai (Alstonia scholaris), gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis), kapung-kapung (Oroxylum indicum), pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia), and akar kuning (Arcangelisia flava). Kinds of diseases can be cover with ingredient of traditional medicines, the process and method, part of plant used, and species having potency for develop in the future is discussed in this paper.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Medicinal plant, Talang Mamak tribe, Bukit Tigapuluh National Park, Riau

Bird Community in Burung Island, Karimunjawa National Park, Central Java

Abstract: Burung Island is one of many islands in the Karimunjawa Islands that belong to Karimunjawa National Park conservation area. The purpose of this study is to discover the structure of bird community especially the species diversity and its habitat structure in Burung Island. The study was conducted on June 2006, November 2006, and June 2007 in Burung Island. The study was conducted by using point count method. The radius of each point is approximately 20 meters, while the time interval of observation on each count is 10 minutes. Thedistance between each point in this study is 100 m. The habitat observation was conducted by using habitat profile of tree cover vertical structure which was done descriptively by looking at the function of cover level to the present of bird or the relation between level and the present of bird in that location. The study’s result indicated that there are 15 recorded bird species from 10 family in the location, in whichfive species (five family) among them are protected by the government, which are Sterna sumatrana, Egretta sacra, Nectarinia jugularis, Caloenas nicobarica, and Falco moluccensis, and two of them were included in CITES (Convention on International trade in Endangered Species) appendices 1 and 2, which are Caloenas nicobarica and Falco moluccensis. The highest values of species diversity index (H’) and evenness index (E’) can be seen from the observation’s result of June 2007, which are 1.8837 and 0.836. The habitat of Burung Island is very suitable for Caloenas nicobarica, Egretta sacra, Sterna sumatrana, and Sterna bergii as a place for breeding. The use of vegetation level by bird in Burung Island is dominated by the use of low and base levels.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Bird, community, Burung Island, Karimunjawa National Park

Cuscus (Phalangeridae) hunting by Napan communities at Ratewi Island, Nabire, Papua

Abstract: Cuscus hunting by Napan communities at the Arui village of Ratewi Island was conducted from July to September 2007 by interviewing hunter respondent and direct observation to the field. Twenty households were selected as respondent with the criterion hunting and utilizing cuscus. The study indicated active hunting is performing mostly for consumption purpose, using several combinations of hunting tools from traditional to modern ones, found around mix forest or combination between primary and secondary forest. Cutting the cuscus nesting tree resulted negative impact on the cover and food sources for the future conservation purpose. Two species of cuscus occurred in the study site, they were common cuscus (Phalanger orientalis) and spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus), and based their qualitative traits both species can be distinguished morphologically.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: cuscus hunting, Napan, Ratewi Island, Papua.

Study of the utilization of non-timber forest vegetation by local society at PT. Wira Karya Sakti Sungai Tapa conservation area - Jambi

Abstract: Forest exploitation especially for the material wood/timber has giving influence to condition environment and the society who lives around the forest. Therefore in this time, the research for non timber forest products is being an interest fot the researchers from many sciences. There is not than 100 plants species useful of non timber producer had known from the research which conducted in PT. Wira Karya Sakti conservation forest area in Sungai Tapa-Jambi. Two of them (Alstonia scholaris R.Br. and Scorodocarpus borneensis (Baillon) Jack) are included in a list of endangered species plants in Indonesia.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Non Timber Forest Products, Jambi

The Note on Morphology of Rafflesia hasseltii Surigar from Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park, Riau

Abstract: The detail observation had been done on the morphological characters of Rafflesia hasseltii from Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park (BTNP). Currently, this endangered and rare flower found in two populations in this park, Aek Telap and Mandi Urau, Tanah Datar. The preliminary study on morphological characters of flowers from this site shows blotches and dot pattern variability. The detail observation of morphology of R. hasseltii from BTNP, presented the similarity to its type except the blotches pattern in perigone lobe. However, the further monitoring research is still needed to observe more flowers in this site. Due to its rarity, study on all Rafflesia species must be carefully done especially in using the characters of blotch for taxonomy evidence, as this characters show the variability among the flowers within population.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Rafflesia hasseltii, tjendawan muka rimau, morphology

Antibacterial activity assay from Porphyridium cruentum microalgae

Abstract: The objective of this research was to know the antibacterial activity from the Porphyridium cruentum. P. cruentum is the Rhodophyceae algae. The extraction of microalgae biomass used dichloromethane solution and resulted three types extracts. Antibacterial activity of the extracts using the clear zone method to Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Identification of antibacterial substance of the extracts were using Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrophotometer (GCMS). The results showed that C type extract have antibacterial activity to all of indicator bacteria, neither do A type extract. Whereas the B type extract inhibited to B. subtilis and S. aureus growth. Analysis of the antibacterial compound by GC-MS was fatty acid. The major component of antibacterial from the P. cruentum was metil hexadecanoate acid (palmitic acid), the percent area was 41,15 % of B type extract and 60,36 % of C type extract.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words : Porphyridium cruentum, dichlorometane extract, antibacterial activity, GCMS

Germination of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels.

Abstract: Syzygium cumini belongs to Myrtaceae family. It is known as duwet, juwet, jamblang, etc in Indonesia. Although this species is well known by Indonesian, the information about character of growth this species still limited. Germinations process of this species is one of important information that must be known. This research aims to know about germinations of seed and growth of seedling this species. Seed germinations start at 18 day after sowing. The percentage of seed viability was 53.33%.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: germination, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Orchid Inventory and the Host in Meru Betiri National Park – East Java

Abstract: Meru Betiri National Park is located in southern part of East Java Province. Inventory of orchid species was conducted to study orchid diversity in Meru Betiri National Park, especially in Bandealit coastal area. Observation of orchid within host trees was also done to study the preference host trees for orchid growth. It was recorded that there were 25 orchid species belonging to 20 genera. Twenty species of which are epiphyte and 5 species are terrestrial. The most common epiphyte orchids were Pomatocalpa latifolia, Pomatocalpa spicata, Rhynchostylis retusa, Micropera pallida and Grosourdya appendiculata. While terrestrial orchid was only found in a small number, with common terrestrial orchids were Corymborkis veratrifolia and Goodyera rubicunda. The most preference host trees for epiphyte orchid were Tectona grandis (Teak), Clausena indica, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Mangifera indica (Mango), but there is no specific relationshipbetween host trees and epiphyte orchid© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: orchid, host trees, Meru Betiri National Park

Study on the morphology and agroecology of creat (Andrographis panculata ness.) in various habitat

Abstract: Raw material supply which still depends on nature has caused genetic erotion of medicinal plants. The objectives of the research were to study creat (Andrographis paniculata Ness.) morphology; and agroecology in many habitat for cultivated be medical substance. The research were conducted at three different locations, ie. at lowland ( 700 m asl.). The result showed that creat growth on 180 m – 861 m above sea level with environmental conditions : temperature 20.320C – 26.930C, relative humidity 78% - 87%, perticipation 2053.2 mm/ year – 3555.6 mm/ year. The creat can growth on soil mineral that contains N medium, P low, K medium, Mg low, Ca verylow until low ,C organic low until medium, and pH less acid until acid. The heihgt plant of creat in middleland is the highest of in lowland and upland, that also leaf of creat. The flower, fruit, and root of creat as good as in the habitat various. The highest andrographolid contain in middleland (2.27%), whereas in lowland (1.37%) and upland (0.89%).© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: agroecology, creat morphology

Mangrove vegetation diversity after tsunami in east coastal area of Nangroe Aceh Darussalam

Abstract: It has been conducted the research on mangrove vegetation diversity after tsunami in East Coastal area of Aceh. The method used square method. Amount of mangrove species at tree growth stage was consisted of 9 species. Rhizophora mucronata has the highest important value index (118.62%). The density of mangrove at tree growth stage was 118 tree./hectare, the diversity index was H =1.67. Amount of mangrove species at sapling growth which was found consisted of 10 species. R. mucronata has the highest important value index (138.28%). The density at sapling growth stage was 633 sapling/hectare, the diversity index was H =1.78. The growth of mangrove at seedling stage was consisted of 10 species. It shows that R. mucronata has the highest important value index (50.92%). The densitymangrove at seedling growth stage was 4925 seedling/hectare, the diversity index was H =2.13.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: mangrove, diversity, coastal

Isolation and identification mould micoflora inhabiting plant leaf litter from Mount Lawu, Surakarta, Central Java

Abstract: A study on isolation and identification mould inhabiting plant leaf litter had been conducted. The objective of the study was to isolate and identify mould inhabiting plant leaf litter from Mount Lawu, Surakarta, Central Java. The mould isolation was based on washing and filtering with membrane isolation method. The result showed that 39 moulds generas with 55 species varians, one group identified in class level, and three groups of unidentified mould isolates had been isolated. Taxas distributions showed that there were endophyte and phytopatogen mould isolates had been isolated such as Fusarium, Pestalotiopsis, Phoma, and Coelomycetes. However, typical soil taxa and common saprobic fungi such as Aspergillus, Cunninghamella, Mucor, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus, and Trichoderma remain dominated the resulted isolates..© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: mould, leaf litter, Mount Lawu, washing and filter membrane isolation method

β-Glucan production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in medium with different nitrogen sources in air-lift fermentor

Abstract: I²-Glucan is one of the most abundant polysaccharides in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. The aim of this research is to explore an alternative nitrogen sources for I²-glucan production. S. cerevisiae were grown in fermentation medium with different nitrogen sources. Peptone 2%, glutamic acid 0,5%, urea 0,2%, and diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAHP) 0,02% were used for nitrogen source in the medium. A two liter air-lift fermentor was used in the fermentation process for 84 hours (T = 300C, pH 7, and 1.5 vvm for the aeration). During the fermentation, optical density, extraction of I²-glucan, glucose and protein in hydrolisate cultured were determined. I²-glucan production level is similar with the growth rate of yeast and followed by decreasing glucose and protein content in hydrolysis cultured. The highest and lowest I²-glucan content were obtained from peptone (933.33 mg/L) and glutamic acid (633.33 mg/L) as a nitrogen source in cells cultured after fermentation completed respectively. Yeast cells cultured with urea and DAHP as a nitrogen source give the same content of I²-glucan about 733.33 mg/L. I²-glucan concentration produced in medium with urea was a higher than that produced usingglutamic acid and DAHP as a nitrogen source. The result indicated that urea can be used as an alternative nitrogen source for theproduction of I²-glucan. Urea is easily available and cheaper than peptone, glutamic acid and DAHP.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: I²-glucan, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, air-lift fermentor

The use of hematology method and blood endoparasite observation for determining catfish (Clarias gariepinus) health in fishery Mangkubumen, Boyolali

Abstract: This research aims to find out the health condition of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) based on hematology and to find out the blood endoparasite type of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) bred in Mangkubumen Boyolali. The sample collection of catfish in this research was conducted in Mangkubumen, Boyolali. The catfish becoming the sample had following criteria: 3 month old, 100-150 gr weight, and 20-25 cm long. The sample of catfish was taked from 5 pools, it was taken 10 fishes from each pool. The hematological parameter measurement including erythrocyte number , leukocyte number, hemoglobin content, hematocrit value, and the preparation of blood smear preparation was conducted in UNS central laboratory. The hematological parameter data of catfish sample obtained was compared with the hematological parameter of the healthy catfish. The smear preparation was used for observing the endoparasite existence on sample blood of catfish. The result of research shows the hematocrit value of 19.3 – 23.3 %, the erythrocyte number of 1.4 – 2.5 x 106 cells/mm3, the hemoglobin content of 6.46 – 7.93 Hb/100ml below that of the healthy catfish. The leukocyte number 650 – 750 x 103 cells/mm3 above that of the healthy catfish. Entire catfish indicate the sickness due to the parasite infection. Endoparasit found in the blood of catfish are: Trypanosoma sp, Sanguinicola sp, Haemogregarina sp.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Catfish, hematology, blood endoparasite.

Preferency of soil macrofauna to crops residue at different light intensity

Abstract: Every species of soil macrofauna prefer specific food and environment to be establish in it's habitat. Their diversity depend on variation of food and environmental condition. The aim of this research was to study the effect of different crop residue and light intensity on population of several soil macrofauna specieses. Mycrocosmos experiment was arranged in split-plot design with two treatments factor, i.e.: (1) crop residue (albizia, papaya, elephant grass, maize, sweet potato and without crop residue input), and (2) light intensities (0, 5, 15 and 25) Watt/day. The soil macrofauna were earthworms, millipedes, scarabids larvae and cocroachs.Results of the study showed that: (1) crop residues apllication increased soil macrofauna population, especially maize residue ( by 113%, respectively, compare to control tretment), (2) on higher light intensity, population of earthworms, scarabids larvae and cocroach decreased, but population of millipedes increased, (3) the highest macrofauna population was on maize residue and 5 Watt/day light intensity treatment.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Soil macrofauna, preferency, crop residue, light intensity

Fruit of plant diversity at home-garden of Jabon Mekar village, subdistrict of Parung, Bogor regency

Abstract: Jabon Mekar village is well-known as the central of fruit supplayer at subdistrict of Parung. Many kinds of fruit were planted and developed in this area. Durian ‘lai-mas’ or durian jabon’s cultivar is the superior product of fruit. However it was estimated as a buffer zone of Jakarta and subject of the urban development. Due to the increasing number of the urbant development in Jakarta, it is concerned that this will have an effect to the function of home-garden.The aim of the research is to study the potential riches and fruit plant diversity at homegarden of community in the village of Jabon Mekar. The methods used for vegetation analysis were the quadratic method. The result of the research found 57 species of fruit plants from 41 genus, 23 families and 30 local cultivars. From all fruit of plants, there are 7 species as the main compositer of the community at home-garden i.e. Musa sp., Durio zibethinus, Nephelium lappaceum, Cocos nucifera, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Sandoricum koetjape, Carica papaya. It was found also that the diversity of plant species at home-garden was at the high level. While all fruit of plant species found a tendency SDR value under 50%, means that none of the plant species dominant toward other fruit of plants species.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Jabon Mekar, home-garden, fruit plant, riches, diversity

The use of sulphate-reducing bacteria in bioremediation of ex-coal mining soil

Abstract: The most serious impact after exploiting coal by opened peat mining is acid mine drainage phenomenon. This is an oxidation of sulphide minerals by releasing sulphate that generate the environment acidity. This study was aimed to observe the ability of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) isolated of sludge paper mills in decreasing the ex-coal mining sulphate content. Before inoculating onto the soil, SRB was incubated in the sterilized organic matter for 4 days. Organic matter inhabited SRB mix with ex-coal mining soil (1:3 v/v). As a control was a series ex-coal mining mixed with non inoculated organic matter (1:3 v/v). The experiment is carried out in randomized complete design in 3 replications, each consist of 5 buckets. All buckets were maintained in saturated water content. Every 5 days for 20 days the sulphate content, pH and Eh were assessed to observe the bioremediation progress. The result shown that SRB was able to reduce 84.25% excoal mining sulphate content in 20 days. In consequence, the soil pH was increased from 4.15 to 6.66 during the process. It is recommended that SRB is prospective to be further developed as a sulphate bioremediation agents on ex-coal mining soil.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: bioremediation, ex-coal mining, sulphate reducing bacteria

Phenology of flower and fruit development in Uncaria gambir Species

Abstract: A phenological study with the aim to elucidate flower and fruit development stages in species of Uncaria gambir was conducted in field trial of agricultural faculty of Andalas University-West Sumatra. Observation during flower and fruit organ development was done in eleven inflorescences. Quantitative and descriptive data were collected during one season of flowering time. Phenology of flower and fruit development could be classified in five stages, namely F0 (flower initiation), F1 (small bud scale), F2 (large bud scale), F3 (anthesis, flower opening) and F4 (fruit development). All these events had average completing time in 112 days, and could be detailed as follows: flower initiation stage (F0) took place in 20 days, small scale bud stage (F1) occurred in 27 days, and large scale bud and anthesis stage (F0 and F3) each took place in 5 days, meanwhile fruit development stage (F4=S0) would complete in 53 days. This result should be useful information especially for creating breeding programme in Uncaria gambir species.Key words: Uncaria gambir, phenology, flower development, fruit development.

Response of Coprophagus Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on changes of vegetation structure in various habitat types at Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi

Abstract: This study analysed the response of dung beetles − a group of beetles which play a major role in decomposition of dung and animal carcasses − to changes of vegetation structure due to forest conversion to different human-made habitat types at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park. Therefore, dung beetles were sampled at natural forest, cacao agroforestry systems and open area. A total of 28 species of coprophagus beetle species were recorded from the sampled sites. Species richness and abundance of dung beetles, particularly of large species, decreased from forest towards agroforestry systems and open areas. However, more than 80 % of the species recorded in natural forest were found in cacao agroforestry systems Of the measured habitat parameters, particularly the number of tree species, air temperature, and canopy cover had a significant power for explaining changes in dung beetle ensembles along the gradient of land-use intensity.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Coprophagus beetles, forest conversion, vegetation structure, cacao agroforestry

The effect of seasonality on fish species composition and abundance in Rungan river floodplain, Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan

Abstract: Tropical floodplain rivers are home to the largest fraction of freshwater fish diversity and as such should be a focal point of fish conservation efforts. The aim of this study was to inventory of the fish fauna and analyzing the effect of seasonality on fish species composition and abundance in the Rungan river floodplain at Palangkaraya Municipality. The results of this study provide background data for conserving fish resources. Fishes were sampled at monthly intervals between May 2005 and April 2006 with gillnets of standardized dimensions with several mesh sizes. These were carried out at three stations with different habitat type, includes forested swamp, opened swamp, and river. A total of 4278 fishes were collected consisting of 50 species and 19 families. Seasonality effects on fish species composition and abundance in forested swamp and river. Fish species composition and abundance in opened swamp tend not to drive by seasonality. © 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta

Varanus Species at The Arfak Strict Nature Reserve

Abstract: The varanid fauna on West Papua particularly have not been well documented, and are poorly known. Survey was conducted in the Arfak Strict Nature Reserve (ASNR) from March to May 2001. During the survey, specimen collected from the field consisted of Varanus indicus (Daudin 1802), Varanus prasinus (Schlegel 1839) and Varanus salvadorii (Peters and Doria 1878). Among three species encountered skin was not utilized, and only Varanus prasinus (Schlegel 1839) meat was not consumed yet.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words:. Varanus, Arfak Strict Nature Reserve

Formulation of microbes inoculum: AMF, PSB and Rhizobium isolated of ex-coal mining site for Acacia crassicarpa Cunn. Ex-benth seedlings

Abstract: The shoddier succeed land revegetation particularly caused by least adaptability of the seedlings planted on this site. To encourage their growth and survival rate it can be achieved by means do inoculation with the compatible functional microbes such as rhizobium, Psolubilizing bacteria (PSB) and/or arbuscular-mycorrhiza fungy (AMF). This reserach is aimed to formulate the most compatible inoculant to support the growth of A. crassicarpa seedlings. Compatibility study is carried out in RCB design with 3 replications, each contain 5 seedlings. Height and biomass are accessed to measure the growth responses of the seedlings. The result showed that the best reponse is given by consortia that consist of the three kinds of these microbes. This increase the shoot biomass (137%) compare to the control. The consortia also improved N 164%, P 335% and K 167% in the plant tissues. While pure AMF improved absorption of N plants 80%, P 383% and K 51% compare to the control. It is suggested that to prepare the A. crassicarpa seedlings is better inoculated by consortium ofmicrobes or AMF as a sole inoculant.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: AMF, PSB, Rhizobium, revegetation

The effectiveness of antibacteria substances from neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) to impede the growth of Salmonella thyposa and Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract: Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a multifunction plant. Its leaves and seeds can be used as a traditional medicine. One of the benefits of neem seeds is that they can serve as antibacteria. It happens because neem seeds contain certain substances which can impede the growth of Salmonella thyposa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The aims of this research were to find out the efectiveness of soaking neem seed powder in hampering the growth of Salmonella thyposa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and to find out the active chemistry compound in soaking neem seed powder based on the result of Tin Layer Cromatografi (TLC). It was an experimental research. Paper disc method was used to find out the impeding ability of soaking neem seed powder toward both kinds of bacteria. The effective concentration is shown by the existence of the biggest barrier area in that concentration. Based on the result of this research, it was known that the barrier’s diameter (didn’t include the paper disc’s diameter ) at Salmonella thyposa is as follow : soaking neem seed powder with 0% concentration (control) = 0 mm, 10.5% = 2.33 mm, 11.5% = 3.0 mm, 12.5% = 18.67 mm, 13.5% = 5.33 mm, 14.5% = 5.0 mm, and15.5% = 4.0 mm. While the barrier’s diameter at Staphylococcus aureus is as follow : soaking neem seed powder with 0% concentration (control) = 0 mm, 10.5% = 2.0 mm, 11.5% = 2.83 mm, 12.5% = 19.67 mm, 13.5% = 4.0 mm, 14.5% = 3.0 mm, 15.5% = 5 mm. Based on qualitative test result with TLC, it was found that the active chemistry compound in soaking neem seed powder are saponin and flavonoid. Based on this result, it can be concluded that soaking neem seed powder can impede the growth of Salmonella thyposa and Staphylococcus aureus.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Barrier, Salmonella thyposa and Staphylococcus aureus, Paper disc, TLC

Fern inventorization in Laiwangi-Wanggameti National Park, East Sumba, Waingapu, NTT

Abstract: The inventory and the collection of the ferns in Laiwangi Wanggameti National Park will be plamted as collection plants in Bali Botanical Garden. In this research used the explorative method. The result of the research has collected 70 numbers of the ferns and 229 speciment. They consist of 21 family, 30 genus.and 70 species. From 70 species. There are 3 species such as Licopodium sernuum, Lygodium javanicum (Tumb.) Sw. and Ophioglossum pendulum L. are predicted as new collection for the Bali Botanic Garden. The dominant genus in Laiwangi- Wanggameti National Park was Cyclosorus, Asplenium, Athyrium, and Pteris. Which are growing to coverthe basic of the forest in damp places at the river bank.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: inventory, collections, ferns, Laiwangi-Wanggameti National Park.

Phosphatase Activity and Solubilization of Calcium phosphate by Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria

Abstract: A study was undertaken to investigate the ability of phosphate solubilizing bacteria to solubilize insoluble phosphate. Seventeenth phosphate solubilizing bacteria were isolated from soil in Wamena, Papua. These organism was identified as Bacillus sp, Bacillus pantothenticus, Bacillus megaterium, flavobacterium sp, Flavobacterium breve, Klebsiella aerogenes , Chromobacterium lividum and Pseudomonas sp. Four isolates (B. pantothenticus, K. Aerogenes, B megaterium and C. lividum) are choosen for further study. B pantothenticus Solubilizer greatest amounth of tricalsium phosphate indicated by increasing of orthophosphate about 12.39 mg/l in liquidmedium. Four isolates also produces phosphatase and the higest phosphatase activity is from B. pantothenticus about 1.947 ug pnitrophenol/ g/h.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words : phosphate solubilizing bacteria

Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and root of mycorrhizal teak seedlings with three levels of NPK fertilization

Abstract: To examine the phosphatase alkaline activity of VA mycorrhizal fungi in the rizhosphere and in root, teak seedlings inoculated spores of VA mycorrhizal fungi were grown in sterilized soils. Teak seedlings were fertilized with NPK fertilizer consisting three levels, i.e. 0; 0.0625; 0.125 g per seedling. Phosphatase alkaline in rizhosphere was measured in terms of pNP on soil dry weight basis, meanwhile alkaline phosphatase activity in roots were quantified in using method developed by Tisserant. The results showed that alkaline phosphatase activity increased on inoculated seedlings compare to with uninoculated. NPK fertilization of 0.0625 g per seedling and inoculation on teak seedlings showed alkaline phosphatase activity in range 90-201 EU, and in roots indicated in range 14-72%. Gigaspora sp inoculation on teak seedlings was showing the highest of alkaline phosphatase activity. Increasing phosphatase alkaline activity relevant to hyphae growth, and increasing of root infection decreased alkaline phosphatase activity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation increased seedling dry weight.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: teak, alkaline phosphatase activity, Gigaspora sp, Glomus sp

Mangrove plant diversity in Sepanjang Island, East Java

Abstract: Inventarisasi flora mangrove di Pulau Sepanjnag telah dilakukan. Tercatat 36 jenis tumbuhan mangrove tersebar di 8 lokasi (Pajang Barat, Segentong, Dermaga Sepanjang, Turunan Ceremeh, Calung dan Tarungguk.). Sekitar 23 jenis diantaranya telah ditetapkan oleh IUCN (Anonim 1997) sebagai tumbuhan langka dengan status kelangkaan terkikis (LR) sampai kritis (CR). Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops tagal,C. decandra, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, Xylocarpus moluccensis, X. granatum dan Lumnitzera racemosa, merupakan jenis-jenis yang dijumpai hampir di seluruh lokasi. Sedangkan beberapa jenis hanya ditemukan di lokasi tertentu seperti Calophyllum inophyllum dijumpai di Pajan Barat, Caesalpinia bundoc, Scaevola taccada dan Wedelia biflora di Tanjung Perak, dan Bruguiera sexangula hanya ditemukan di Tanjung Kiaok.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Mangrove, Sepanjang islands.

Genetic uniformity of sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) regenerated from tissue culture

Abstract: Sungkai or jati sebrang (Peronema canescens Jack) is one of the industrial timber estate species native to Indonesia, which is commonly chosen for reforestation and as raw materials for the furniture and handicraft industry. In order to provide this planting material in large and sustainable quantities, a technique for in vitro propagation of sungkai through adventitious shoot proliferation is needed and has been successfully developed at the Research Centre for Biotechnology, LIPI. Since tissue culture method is prone to genetic variations, it is important to assess the genetic uniformity of sungkai planting materials derived from this in vitro method at an early stage. In this research, early detection of genetic uniformity was done by morphological observation of the regenerant plants and RAPD analysis using 4 primers namely OPB 5, OPB 9, OPH 11 and OPH 19. Morphological test showed differences in leaf shape, stem diameter and plant height among plantlets originating from Kalbar, Kaltim, Jambi and Cibinong. However, RAPD analysis with PCR showed that all planting materials were genetically uniform among those originating from the same or different places.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack), perbanyakan in vitro, morfologi, RAPD

Beta Glucan Production from Two Strains of Agrobacterium sp in Medium Containing of Molases and Uracil Combine

Abstract: Production of I²-glucan by Agrobacterium sp is influenced by the composition of nutrition in the fermentation media. Molases has been used successfully by others in the fermentation media of S. cerevisiae to increase the yield of -glucan, and similarly, uracil has been used in the fermentation media of Agrobacterium sp to increase the yield of -glucan. Investigations to increase the yield of -glucan by two strains of Agrobacterium sp, i.e. A1.5 (reference) and B4.4 (local strain), have been carried out by addition of various combination of molases and uracil into fermentation media, i.e. 5%(v/v) molase-0,05%(b/v) uracil; 5% molase-0,025% uracil; 10% molase-0,05% uracil; and 10%molase-0,025% uracil. The I²-1,3-glucan and I²-1,2-glucan fractions were separated by extraction method. Beta-glucan concentration was determined as the glucose monomer using the phenol-sulphate spectrophotometric method at 490 nm. The protein content was determined by a modified Lowry-spectrophotometric method at 750 nm. The results showed that all combination of molases and uracil in the fermentation media of Agrobacterium sp A1.5 and B4.4 strains have increased both the dry-weight yield of I²-glucan (crude) and the I²- glucan content, with the highest was in a medium containing 10% molases-0,025% uracil combination. In the above medium, the A1.5 strain produced the highest I²-glucan (7,5%) with the lowest protein content ( 8,4%) in the I²-1,3-glucan fraction, while the I²-glucan content in the I²-1,2-glucan fraction were all lower than in the control media, while the protein content were all higher than in the control media. Inthe above media, the B4.4 strain produced the highest I²-glucan, 7,2% in the I²-1,3-glucan fraction, and 13,1% in I²-1,2-glucan fraction, while the lowest protein content ( 8,4%) was in the I²-1,3-glucan fraction. In conclusion, fermentation media of Agrobacterium sp A1.5 strain or B4.4 strain containing molase and uracil combination have increased both the dry-weight yield of total I²-glucan (crude) and the I²-glucancontent, while reduced the protein content. There is no clear FTIR spectrum difference between supposedly I²-1,2-glucan fraction and I²- 1,3-glucan fraction.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Beta glucan, Agrobacterium sp., Molases, Uracil