Showing papers in "Biomedical Human Kinetics in 2018"
TL;DR: Carrying the double-sided bag restores the body balance and head posture to a condition that is similar to the no load condition.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: This study compared the body balance and neck angle differences in children when carrying a traditional backpack versus a double-sided bag. Material and methods: By using the Biodex balance system and a three dimensional motion analysis system, the postural balance and neck angles were assessed in 33 school children while carrying a traditional backpack or a double-sided bag, weighing 15% of body weight. Results: The overall and anteroposterior stability indices were significantly higher when carrying a traditional backpack compared to no load and a double-sided bag (p < 0.05). The mediolateral stability index was significantly higher when carrying the traditional backpack and the double-sided bag compared to no load (p < 0.05). The craniohorizontal angle was significantly greater, and the craniovertebral angle and sagittal shoulder posture were significantly lesser when carrying the traditional backpack compared to no load and the double-sided bag conditions (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Carrying the double-sided bag restores the body balance and head posture to a condition that is similar to the no load condition.
11 citations
TL;DR: Sports results obtained by representatives of both teams were connected not only with the efficiency of their defensive actions, but also with the type and efficiency of the techniques dominant in attack.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: The aim of the study was to determine the value of indices characterizing the efficiency in attack and in defence in Judo influencing the course and the outcome of Japanese and Russian representatives’ fights. Material and methods: Research material comprised the results of observations and an analysis of bouts of Japanese (n = 15, 124 bouts) and Russian (n = 16, 103 bouts) athletes during the World Championships in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The observed athletes’ bouts were with different opponents. The collected material allowed determination of the value of the efficiency in attack indices (Sa) of groups of judo techniques and the indices in defence (So) characterising Japanese and Russian representatives’ opponents. The techniques dominant among the observed athletes were identified. Results: The Japanese were characterised by significantly higher values of the efficiency in attack indices resulting from throws, in particular, foot throws. The efficiency in defence in both teams was significantly lower when applying holds rather than throws. Representatives of Russia also had high efficiency in applying joint locks and low efficiency in defensive actions. Conclusion: Sports results obtained by representatives of both teams were connected not only with the efficiency of their defensive actions, but also with the type and efficiency of the techniques dominant in attack
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored changes in physical activity accumulated during school hours in CSPAP schools being led by the physical education teacher compared to a stand-alone physical activity leader.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: Two thirds of children are not meeting recommended levels of physical activity. A solution to physical inactivity is Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programming (CSPAP). Little is known regarding the impact of a school’s physical activity leader on CSPAP effectiveness. Therefore, this study explored changes in physical activity accumulated during school hours in CSPAP schools being led by the physical education teacher compared to a stand-alone physical activity leader.
7 citations
TL;DR: In a cross-sectional study, 20 male Brazilian football players were divided into an offensive group (OG, n = 10, age: 25.50 ± 6.15 years) and a defensive group (DG, n= 10, average age: 22.5 ± 5.48 years) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: To evaluate the levels of strength, agility and the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) between the offensive and defensive teams of football players. Material and methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 20 male Brazilian football players were divided into an offensive group (OG, n = 10, age: 25.50 ± 6.15 years) and a defensive group (DG, n = 10, age: 22.50 ± 5.48 years). We used the dynamometer for back and legs, the shuttle run test, and the Cooper test to evaluate strength, agility and VO2max, respectively. Results: The independent Student t-test showed that the OG was significantly more agile than the DG (p < 0.05). The other variables did not show any statistically significant differences. In the OG there was a strong correlation between agility and VO2max (r = - 0.834, p = 0.003, r2 = 0.70). However, in the DG there was a moderate correlation between the same variables (r = - 0.677, p = 0.031, r2 = 0.46). This shows that the greater the agility is, the higher is the VO2max. There was no correlation between the variables muscle strength and body fat percentage. Conclusions: The study showed that the OG has a better physical condition than the DG.
7 citations
TL;DR: Examination of biomechanical characteristics of taekwondo athletes comparing kicks and punches with laboratory tests of muscle strength and power concluded that maximal joint torques and height of the SPJ could be used as a proxy of kicking force.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: The aim of the study was to examine biomechanical characteristics of taekwondo athletes comparing kicks and punches with laboratory tests of muscle strength and power. Material and methods: Six male taekwondo athletes participated in this study. Measurements of maximal punching with the rear hand (hook and straight punches) and kicking (Apdolio and Dwit Chagi) force were performed on a boxing dynamometer. Also, the following laboratory tests were performed: jump height and power output in counter movement jump (CMJ) and spike jump (SPJ), muscle strength for 10 muscle groups and force-velocity (F-v) relationship. Results: Mean maximal straight and hook punching forces were 1659.2 ± 254.2 N and 1843.8 ± 453.3 N, respectively. Maximal Apdolio rear leg, Apdolio lead leg and Dwit Chagi rear leg kicking forces were 3541.3 ± 1130.3 N, 3205.3 ± 965.1 N and 3568.0 ± 1306.0 N, respectively. The heights of jumps were 0.501 ± 0.040 m (CMJ) and 0.554 ± 0.034 m (SPJ). A strong correlation between the maximal force of a punch and maximal joint torques was observed. Conclusions: The values of kicking forces developed in a simulated fight were lower than the forces developed in the test of individual kicks. Strong relationships were observed between leg power developed in the SPJ and force of individual Apdolio kicks performed with the lead (r = 0.87, p < 0.05) and rear leg (r = 0.74). Based on these findings, it was concluded that maximal joint torques and height of the SPJ could be used as a proxy of kicking force.
7 citations
TL;DR: It can be noted that high-intensity exercise is suitable for weight loss and not increasing hunger, and the lack of calorie intake along with weight loss showed that negative energy balance caused no appetite compensatory responses.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic high-intensity exercise training on hunger, satiation, related hormones and weight loss among women who are obese or overweight. Material and methods: The sample group was composed of 25 subjects, divided into two groups: a high-intensity exercise group (n = 15) intensity of 80-90% of maximum heart rate and a non-training control group (n = 10). The blood sample test was performed in two stages of rest, fasted state and before breakfast and an appetite questionnaire was completed. The training procedure was a high-intensity exercise, three sessions a week for twelve weeks and two hours after breakfast. Independent and dependent t-tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that high-intensity exercise caused a significant loss of weight (p = 0.01) and fat percentage (p = 0.001) and plasma insulin levels (p = 0.03), but it had no effect on hunger and satiation, calorie intake or plasma leptin. Also, it significantly increased the plasma acylated ghrelin (p = 0.04) and maximum oxygen consumption (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it can be noted that high-intensity exercise is suitable for weight loss and not increasing hunger. The lack of calorie intake along with weight loss showed that negative energy balance caused no appetite compensatory responses. Also, high-intensity exercise stimulates physiological responses to increase appetite, but it did not affect the feeling of appetite. In other words, changes in mental and physiological appetite because of high-intensity exercise do not match.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the effects of a student centered curricular intervention on students' self-efficacy and soccer skills performance and found that students positively perceived the opportunities to participate in student-centered lessons and the use reciprocal teaching styles to work together in skill development.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a student centered curricular intervention on students’ self-efficacy and soccer skills performance. Materials and methods: One group of 25 mixed-gender students (ages 11-13) participated in this study of student centered soccer lessons twice per week (30 minutes) on a soccer field for three weeks at a Southwestern USA Middle School. The intervention was designed to engage students in the skill lessons by adopting a student-centered approach, and reciprocal/peer teaching of the soccer skills. Students’ self-efficacy was assessed using the modified Traits Sport-Confidence Inventory. Soccer skill performance was assessed using previously validated skill tests. Further, students’ perception of reciprocal teaching were gathered using exit slips. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests to explore pre/post differences. Results: The students’ skill performance slightly improved. Students’ self-efficacy related to soccer skills was significantly higher at post-test. Students’ positively perceived the opportunities to participate in student-centered lessons and the use reciprocal teaching styles to work together in skill development. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that seventh-grade students could learn soccer skills, develop desirable perceptions and efficacy and improve their physical activity/sport participation levels as they engaged in student-centered teaching and learning.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the magnitude of correlation between ratings of perceived exertion and time spent above anaerobic threshold and two HR derived training loads during a seven-day competition period within the 2016 Olympic Cycle.
Abstract: Abstract Study aim: Recent evidence has revealed a reduction in the strength of correlation between ratings of perceived exertion and a heart rate (HR) derived training load in elite field hockey players during competition. These competitive periods involve sustained levels of cardiovascular performance coupled with considerable time performing above the anaerobic threshold. As such, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the magnitude of correlation between ratings of perceived exertion and time spent above threshold and two HR derived training loads. Material and methods: Seventeen (n = 17) international caliber female field hockey players competing as a national team were monitored over four matches during a seven-day competition period within the 2016 Olympic Cycle. Cardiovascular indices of exercise intensity were derived from HR dynamics and were quantified through estimating time spent above anaerobic threshold (LT2), the Edwards training load model (TLED) and the Polar Training Load (TLPOL). Sessional ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) were recorded after each match. Results: 64 samples were recorded for analysis. HR derived (TLED& TL POL) and sRPE training loads remained comparable between matches. A large correlation (p = 0.01) was observed between sRPE and each heart rate derived training load (TLED& TLPOL). An unremarkable relationship (p = 0.06) was revealed between time spent above LT2 and sRPE. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate HR derived training loads (TLPOL& TLED) exhibit a stronger correlation with sRPE than time spent above LT2 in elite field hockey players during competition.
3 citations
TL;DR: TRMP may be applied in novel balance training for stroke patients after a significant difference between pre- and post-intervention balance capacity and fall efficacy was found.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: The purpose of this study was to confirm the effectiveness of tele-rehabilitation mental practice (TRMP) on balancing performance for patients with hemiplegia. Material and methods: This study included five stroke patients, and all participants were trained to help to recover balancing performance. TRMP was applied for a total of 15 training sessions for 3 weeks, and pre- and post-intervention evaluations were carried out during this study. The Berg Balance Scale was used to confirm the balance ability, the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale to confirm the falls efficacy, and the Wii program to confirm the right and left weight distribution ratio. Results: As a result of this study, we could not confirm a significant difference between pre- and post-intervention balance capacity and fall efficacy. However, weight distribution showed a significant difference after the intervention. Conclusion: TRMP may be applied in novel balance training for stroke patients.
2 citations
TL;DR: Balance training with instability training devices could help children born with BRF attain a higher level of integration through the stimulation of tactile and balancing senses.
Abstract: Abstract Study aim: To investigate the effects of 6-month sensorimotor training on postural control of 5-6-year-old preschool children born with ‘biological risk factors’ (BRF). Material and methods: Sixty-four Hungarian preschoolers participated in this study, and were assigned to an experimental group (n = 17), control group 1 (n = 23) and control group 2 (n = 24). The experimental group (born with BRF) attended a 6-month balance intervention based on Ayres’ therapy, while control group 1 (born with BRF) and control group 2 (born with no BRF) followed the regular preschool schedule. Birth weight, gestational age at birth, Apgar score and other abnormalities during pregnancy and birth were considered to be BRF. A moveable platform (stabilometer) was used to examine the distance of center of pressure movements of all participants prior to the start and after the end of the intervention. The testing procedure was performed with four enjoyable tests in the same sequence (‘Mouse in the hole’, ‘Center’, ‘Christmas tree’, ‘Square painting’). Results: The balance intervention program resulted in significant improvements in postural control of the experimental group. In three of six variables the balance index scores of the intervention group approached the scores of their peers born without BRF, and they even had better performance in three of six variables. Conclusions: Balance training with instability training devices could help children born with BRF attain a higher level of integration through the stimulation of tactile and balancing senses.
2 citations
TL;DR: It is hypothesised that substantial overloads occurring during this stage cause a decrease in body mass, fat and power output levels in the cyclists and indicates the significance of motor characteristics in road racing cyclists.
Abstract: Abstract Study aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the power output and major morphological characteristics during the competition phase. We hypothesised that substantial overloads occurring during this stage cause a decrease in body mass, fat and power output levels in the cyclists. Material and methods: Nine members from an affiliated Professional Cycling Group ActiveJet Team were observed during the period between January and September. Their mean age was calculated as 25.1 ± 1.6 years. Each month the main somatic features were determined and the BMI and Rohrer index were measured. The level of adipose tissue was checked using the Tanita BC-418 Ma and the Schoeberer Rad Messtechnik SRM training system was employed to record the maximum level of power output. The following tests were used to collect data: Shapiro-Wilk and ANOVA (assessment of the distribution of variables), Duncan (assessment of the changes of variables), and Pearson correlation coefficient (assessment of power dependence and morphological features). A significance coefficient of α = 0.05 was assumed. Results: The research of the studied group revealed a steady decrease in the body mass and fat percentage but no significant differences in power output levels. Its peak was reached in the middle of the starting phase (1195.3 ± 222.3 W) and the lowest level was noted during the last month of our observation (1114.1 ± 152.1 W; D = 81.2 W, p = 0.088). Correlations were found between body mass, fat composition and power output levels: moderate for mass (r = 0.383-0.778) and fat (r = 0.352-0.629) content to power output and small negative for height to power output. In most cases, however, they were either weak or low (r = -0.017-0.339). Conclusions: Significant changes in the morphological characteristics (body weight 70.2 ± 6.4-69.2 ± 5.9 kg, p < 0.001; BMI 21.4 ± 1.9-21.1 ± 1.7, p < 0.001; Rohrer index 1.18 ± 0.11-1.16 ± 0.10, p < 0.001; fat 9.2 ± 3.2-8.2 ± 2.3, p < 0.001) and no differences in power output combined (1151.0 ± 272.4-1114.1 ± 152.1 W, p = 0.434) with medium correlations of these determinants (body height - 2.53-0.354; body weight 0.383-0.778; fat 0.352-0.629) indicate the significance of motor characteristics in road racing cyclists. Thus levels in its competency and performance outcomes are determined to a greater extent by factors other than the somatic characteristics.
TL;DR: Regular practice of physical activity generates a protective factor against the development of LS in patients infected by the hepatitis C virus and it is associated with the maintenance of variables related to hepatic and biochemical damage in patientsinfected with HCV.
Abstract: Study aim: Was to verify whether the regular practice of physical activity promotes some protective factor against the development of LS in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Materials and method: Clinical data were obtained through medical records available at the Pernambuco Liver Institute. Physical activity levels were obtained through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form to classify the patients according to the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). Results: The sample consisted of patients of both genders, over 18 years of age, who had positive anti-HCV, HCV-RNA and confirmatory tests for presence or absence of liver steatosis. 126 patients were included in the study. Patients with liver steatosis (G1) were more frequently male (57%) compared to patients without liver steatosis (G2) (p = 0.02). Physical activity analysis showed significant differences for GGT (p = 0.04), HDL (p = 0.04), AF (p = 0.02), viral genotype 3 (p = 0.04) and waist-to-hip ratio (p = 0.01) in anthropometric data. Correlation analysis showed a significant difference for GGT (r = –0.23; p = 0.01) and total bilirubin (BT) (r = –0.22; p = 0.01). Conclusions: Regular practice of physical activity generates a protective factor against the development of LS in patients infected by the hepatitis C virus and it is associated with the maintenance of variables related to hepatic and biochemical damage in patients infected with HCV.
TL;DR: In this article, the morphological characteristics of male and female cadet judokas considering the sex-related differences and athletic achievements were examined, and the results suggest that maintenance of low body fat rather than higher muscle mass is essential for the competitive success of judo players.
Abstract: Abstract Study aim: Understanding the morphological determinants of performance is important for talent identification and optimization of training programs. The aim of this study was to examine the morphological characteristics of male and female cadet judokas considering the sex-related differences and athletic achievements. Material and methods: Seventy-four (30 female and 44 male) cadet judokas from the Bulgarian National Team underwent an anthropometric assessment of height, weight, lengths, circumferences, and 8 skinfolds. Body fat percentage (%BF) was calculated using Slaughter et al. skinfold equations. Absolute and relative muscle mass, and arm and thigh muscle circumferences were also evaluated. Results: Except for the lower limb circumferences and thigh muscle circumference, a significant difference in most body dimensions was observed between the sexes. Male cadets had lower body fatness, but greater muscle mass as compared to female cadets. Medal winners from both sexes had lower %BF as compared to non-medalists. Male judokas with higher athletic achievements were significantly taller and had a larger arm span than their counterparts who are non-medalists (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Identified apparent sex-specific differences in almost all anthropometric variables and body composition parameters in adolescent judo cadets followed the pattern typical for adult athletes. Both male and female medal-winner cadets had lower %BF compared to the less successful athletes, but did not differ from them in the absolute and relative muscle mass and limb muscle circumferences. Our results suggest that maintenance of low body fat rather than higher muscle mass is essential for the competitive success of judo players.
TL;DR: It seems reasonable to introduce strengthening exercises after the resolution of pain in order to rebuild the muscles of the spine, as Ingrowth of the adipose tissue into the muscle tissue occurs only at the level of disc extrusion.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: Low back pain is accompanied by deconditioning of trunk muscles due to pain limiting patients’ physical activity, but so far it has not been explained whether the changes in the structure of muscles are the cause of disc disease or its result. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of segmental paraspinal muscle hypotrophy in patients with chronic low back pain and sciatica. Material and methods: The study involved magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 40 patients: 20 women and 20 men aged from 30 to 47, mean 39.51 ± 3.73 years, with single level disc extrusion at L4-L5. The entire cross-sectional area of the paraspinal muscles, the adipose tissue area in the paraspinal muscles and the extensor muscle tissue area at the level of L4-L5 were measured and compared with the healthy L3-L4 level. T2-weighted axial slices were used to facilitate distinguishing between the muscle and the fat tissue. Results: Fat tissue ingrowth and paravertebral muscle tissue hypotrophy at the disc extrusion level were highly statistically significant (p < 0.001) compared to the healthy level. Conclusions: 1. Ingrowth of the adipose tissue into the muscle tissue occurs only at the level of disc extrusion. 2. It seems reasonable to introduce strengthening exercises after the resolution of pain in order to rebuild the muscles of the spine.
TL;DR: It was concluded that the use of the STEP can substantially improve the gait velocity and grip strength of stroke survivors.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: This study investigated the alterations in gait velocity and grip strength of stroke survivors following a structured therapeutic exercise programme (STEP). Material and methods: This was a pre-test, post-test experimental study of the effectiveness of a 12-week STEP on gait velocity and grip strength of stroke survivors. A total of 30 hemiparetic stroke survivors participated in the study. The instrument for this study was an adaptation of a training protocol for the training and assessment of gait velocity and grip strength. The participants underwent a 12-week STEP of a frequency of 3 times per week and the training programme focused on exercises aimed at improving the gait velocity and grip strength of the participants. The gait velocity and grip strength were measured before and after the training. Data generated were analysed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation to summarize the profile of the participants. The analysis of variance for repeated measures (ANOVA) was used to test the hypotheses. Statistical significance was accepted for a p value of <0.05. Results: The outcome of this study showed that the STEP had significant (p < 0.05) effects on the gait velocity and grip strength of stroke survivors. Meanwhile, there was no significant (p > 0.05) effect of haemorrhagic and ischaemic groups of stroke survivors on gait velocity and grip strength. Conclusion: It was therefore concluded that the use of the STEP can substantially improve the gait velocity and grip strength of stroke survivors.
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between physical fitness and academic performance is explored with reference to five components of physical fitness, asking which ones have the most beneficial effect on maintaining and improving learning outcomes.
Abstract: Abstract The interest in the relationship between physical fitness and academic performance is still considerable. However, more advanced research is required to better understand this relationship. Therefore, the purpose of the current review is to describe the state of knowledge of the relationship between physical fitness and academic performance. Furthermore, this relationship is explored with reference to five components of physical fitness, asking which ones have the most beneficial effect on maintaining and improving learning outcomes. In this review, we emphasize studies that advance the understanding of this issue, which is still incomplete. These studies offer hope of deeper understanding of the type of selected physical fitness components and their impact on academic performance. Further research into the association between components of physical fitness such as flexibility, strength and endurance of muscles and academic performance in children, while controlling for important covariates, is needed.
TL;DR: 100 mg ginseng consumption daily for 4 weeks does not have an impact on the response of GH, cortisol, or lactate to high-intensity resistance exercise in young female non-athletes.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: Growth hormone, cortisol, and lactate play an effective role in regulating and stimulating the muscle building process. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of Panax ginseng supplementation on growth hormone, cortisol, and lactate response to intense resistance exercise in young female non-athletes. Materials and methods: Ten non-athlete girls participated in this double-blind counter-balanced crossover study. They were assigned to two groups: the ginseng group and the placebo group. In two 4-week periods, they received the supplement and the placebo. In the first four weeks, 5 participants received ginseng (100 mg daily) and 5 others received placebo (maltodextrin). At the end of the 4 weeks, blood samples (5 ml) were taken to measure blood levels of the factors. Afterwards, the resistance exercise protocol was implemented, and immediately after that blood samples were taken. In the second four-week period, the five participants who had taken ginseng received placebo, and the five subjects who had received placebo took ginseng. The same tests were administered again. Results: The results showed that except for cortisol in the ginseng group, there were significant pre - to post-exercise changes for all 3 indicators in both groups. No significant difference was observed in pre - to post-exercise changes in the levels of GH (p = 0.71), cortisol (p = 0.34), or lactate (p = 0.90) between groups. Conclusions: 100 mg ginseng consumption daily for 4 weeks does not have an impact on the response of GH, cortisol, or lactate to high-intensity resistance exercise in young female non-athletes.
TL;DR: It can be concluded that subtalar hyper-pronation would increase the force applied to the knee extensor mechanism at toe-off, through increasing the knee sagittal angle, net external flexion moment and extensor mechanisms moment arm, therefore it may increase the possibility of musculoskeletal injuries.
Abstract: Abstract Study aim: There is a lack of evidence to show the presence or absence of a relationship between foot morphology and changes of the force applied to the knee extensor mechanism. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the type of foot is a determining factor in the force applied to the extensor mechanism during walking. Materials and methods: Twenty female subjects (18-30 years), 10 with neutrally aligned feet and 10 with functional flat foot, participated in this study. Data were collected by employing a three dimensional motion capture system and a force platform, while the subjects were walking at their preferred speed. Knee extensor mechanism force was measured at sub-phases of gait (heel strike and toe-off). Results: A significant interaction was found between groups and sub-phases of gait for all the variables tested. The subjects with flat foot exhibited a significantly higher extensor mechanism force at toe-off compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that subtalar hyper-pronation would increase the force applied to the knee extensor mechanism at toe-off, through increasing the knee sagittal angle, net external flexion moment and extensor mechanism moment arm. Therefore it may increase the possibility of musculoskeletal injuries
TL;DR: Ranges of movement in the shoulder complex and pelvic complex have an influence on magnitude of physiological curvatures of the spine and the functioning of body posture.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of contractures of selected muscle groups with respect to the magnitude of the physiological curvatures of the spine in young men with above-average levels of physical activity. Material and methods: The study included 96 students at the University of Physical Education in Warsaw aged between 20 and 22 years (21.2 ± 1.05). Ninety-five percent of the students participated in sports training activities. The study was conducted between January and February 2016. The selected traits of the body posture were evaluated with an inclinometer, which was used to measure the inclination angles of sections of the spine relative to the vertical. The ranges of motion in the shoulder complex and the pelvic complex were measured with a goniometer. Values of 175º (for the shoulder complex) and 174° (for the hip joint) were assumed to indicate a decreased range of motion. Results: The analysis of the individual results concerning mobility disorders in the shoulder complex and the pelvic complex revealed significant abnormalities in the researched group of students. About 90% of the study participants showed contractures of selected muscle groups within the shoulder girdle, primarily in the right upper limb. Similar results were obtained for the incidence of contractures in the flexors of the hip joint. Flexion contractures in the hip joint were observed in around 84% of the participants, primarily in the left lower limb. The correlations between the inclination angles of the sections of the spine relative to the vertical and the ranges of motion in the shoulder complex and the pelvic complex, established using Pearson correlation coefficients, were ambiguous. The angles γ, β1 and α were inversely proportional to the range of raising motions of the upper limbs through flexion, where the correlation coefficients of all angles were statistically significant. Similar tendencies were observed for the correlations between the angles β2, β1 and α and the range of the extension movements at the hip joint, although the correlation coefficients were statistically significant only in the case of the angle β1. Conclusions: Ranges of movement in the shoulder complex and pelvic complex have an influence on magnitude of physiological curvatures of the spine and the functioning of body posture.
TL;DR: It is concluded that patients who have a higher level of physical activity present lower values of biochemical markers, positively affecting their hepatic condition.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: The study is quantitative, with a cross-sectional comparison design, and aimed to verify the association between physical activity (PA) levels and biochemical markers linked to liver function of patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Material and methods: The following biochemical variables were analyzed: alanine aminotransferases (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGt), and alkaline phosphatase (FA), these being good markers for hepatic damage, besides glycemia, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short version, was used to evaluate the levels of physical activity, being classified as active and physically inactive. Results: The sample consisted of 84 individuals aged 56.2 ± 11.6 years; there was a predominance of males, patients with different socioeducational patterns and those followed up for more than 6 months in the hepatology service with positive serology for HCV and HCV (RNA+), attending the Institute of Liver and Transplants of Pernambuco (IFP). The results obtained in this study indicate smaller values of the median with maximum and minimum scores of the analyzed parameters in patients considered to be physically active (ALT: p = 0.43, FA: p = 0.86 and γGt: p = 0.15, glycemia: p = 0.22, LDL: p = 0.58, HDL: P = 0.004, triglycerides: p = 0.47), in comparison with the physically inactive patients. It is concluded that patients who have a higher level of physical activity present lower values of biochemical markers, positively affecting their hepatic condition. Conclusions: There was only a significant difference in the HDL variable, but the patients with a lower level of physical activity showed greater values in general, less in the triglyceride variability. In order to test these and other important variables and improve the quality of life and health by a more direct method.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the activity of shoulder muscles can be reliably assessed during the overhead volleyball throw with the described procedure both in the amplitude domain (normalized average root mean square) and the time domain (time broadness of the activities).
Abstract: Abstract Study aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of the electromyographic activity of selected shoulder girdle muscles during the overhead volleyball throw. Material and methods: The test-retest reliability of EMG activity of selected shoulder muscles during an overhead volleyball throw was investigated in 15 non-symptomatic university-level female volleyball players for within-day sessions (with a one-hour interval) and between-day sessions (with a one-week interval). Time broadness (a measure of coordination) and root mean square of electromyography signals were obtained. Results: A high within-day (0.85-0.99) and moderate to high between-day (0.68-0.93) intraclass correlation coefficient for normalized RMS activity and a high within-day and between-day intraclass correlation coefficient (0.94 and 0.80; respectively) for time broadness were observed. Absolute agreement of measurements had small values (0.15-1.96). Trends toward higher intraclass correlation coefficient values and lower standard error of measurements, minimum detectable change, mean differences and limits of agreements values were observed for within-day reliability in all test results compared with between-day reliability. Conclusions: The results suggest that the activity of shoulder muscles can be reliably assessed during the overhead volleyball throw with the described procedure both in the amplitude domain (normalized average root mean square) and the time domain (time broadness of the activities).
TL;DR: Assessment of postural stability performed on an unstable stabilometry platform confirms that all of the regressive changes appearing with age influence balance, and shows that vision is a very important factor for balance maintenance in the elderly.
Abstract: Abstract Study aim: Assessment of postural stability performed on an unstable stabilometry platform. Comparison of the results obtained by two groups consisting of elderly (OW) (60+ years old) and younger women (YW).Material and methods: Seventy-three female volunteers were divided into two groups: 40 young women (20.2 ± 1.75), and 32 elderly women (68.3 ± 7.43). Participants performed five stability tests on Biodex Balance System SD: three 20-second tries, the Postural Stability Test (PST) and the Fall Risk Test (FRT). Three stability indexes - overall (OSI), anterior-posterior (APSI), and medial-lateral (MLSI) - both with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC) were analyzed. The impact of vision on balance was calculated as EC-EO. Also effect size was calculated and evaluated.Results: All of the parameters differed significantly between groups in favour of YW. The largest difference in significance as well as effect size was noted for FRT, p < 0.001 and 1.86 respectively. Tries measure the impact of vision on balance (EC-EO). The results concerning tries with EC-EO showed the strongest discrimination between groups - OSI p = 0.0088 (relative difference 0.23 ± 0.26) and APSI p = 0.0268 (relative difference 0.17 ± 0.2). YW had a significantly better outcome.Conclusions: YW had better results in all of the parameters taken into consideration, with most of them being significant. This confirms that all of the regressive changes appearing with age influence balance. Lack of visual input (EC) in OW caused significantly worse results in most of the measured parameters, showing that vision is a very important factor for balance maintenance in the elderly.
TL;DR: The study results suggest that a single short-duration exhaustive exercise session causes a higher fat oxidation rate during recovery than at rest, whereas training status did not affect this situation.
Abstract: Abstract It is well known that substrate oxidation rates are increased by exercise. The present study had two main objectives: firstly, to examine the effect of a single exhaustive exercise session on post-exercise substrate oxidation and energy expenditure; and secondly, to determine the differences between athletes and non-athletes. Material and methods: Eighteen healthy male athletes (mean ± SD age; 19.38 ± 2.26 years, VO2max; 60.57 ± 3.90 ml · kg-1 · min-1, n = 8) and non-athletes (age; 20.30 ± 1.26 years, VO2max; 44.97 ± 5.43 ml · kg-1 ·min-1, n = 10) volunteered to participate in the study. After an overnight fast, subjects performed a single sprint exercise session on a cycle ergometer with individual loads (0.075 kg per body weight) until volitional exhaustion. Energy expenditure (EE) and the substrate oxidation rate were measured at rest and during the post-exercise recovery period using indirect calorimetry. Results: Exhaustive exercise significantly increased post-exercise fat oxidation, energy expenditure and contribution of fat to EE (p < 0.05). Also, it significantly decreased post-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation and the contribution of CHO to EE (p < 0.05). However, the changes in the substrate oxidation rate and EE after the exercise test were not different between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The study results suggest that a single short-duration exhaustive exercise session causes a higher fat oxidation rate during recovery than at rest, whereas training status did not affect this situation
TL;DR: Lack of physical activity was associated with larger waist and hip circumference, higher BMI and unfavorable adipose tissue distribution (androidal), which increases the risk of metabolic diseases in women.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the total fat and fat distribution in young active and physically inactive women. Material and methods: The study group consisted of a total of 300 students from Warsaw aged 20 to 25 years. The weekly physical activity level expressed in metabolic equivalent task was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The distribution of adipose tissue was assessed on the basis of anthropometric measurements by somatometry. The waist and hip circumference, body mass and height were measured. Body mass index and waist to hip ratio were calculated. General fat was evaluated by bioelectric impedance. Results: Physically active students had significantly lower (p < 0.001) body mass, waist and hip circumference, lower body fat content and lower BMI and WHR compared to inactive students. Weight loss and the gynoidal type of adipose tissue distribution were more frequent among physically active subjects. In inactive women the androidal-abdominal type of distribution dominated. A healthy somatic profile characterized by BMI in the normal range, gynoid type of adipose tissue distribution and normal or slightly lower body fat was significantly more frequent in physically active subjects (36% vs. 15%). Conclusions: Lack of physical activity was associated with larger waist and hip circumference, higher BMI and unfavorable adipose tissue distribution (androidal), which increases the risk of metabolic diseases in women. The study indicates the need for education and implementation of disease prevention programs regarding abdominal fat distribution and overweight among young women.
TL;DR: The findings showed that sex and body composition are important factors influencing physical fitness in adolescents and should be considered when designing physical activity interventions.
Abstract: Summary Study aim: The objective of this study was to determine differences in body composition status and levels of selected motor components and assess the relationship between selected motor components and body composition in adolescent girls and boys. Material and methods: The study participants were 42 girls and 49 boys from a secondary school in the city of Poznan in Poland who were participating in the “Active not only online” project. The percentage of body components was evaluated using a bio-impedance method. The modified Eurofit battery of tests was used to assess selected motor components. Results: The prevalence of overweight was higher (12.3%) in boys than girls (2.4%), and girls were more frequently underweight (16.7%) than boys (6.1%). The results of the study show higher selected motor component levels in girls than in boys when compared to standardized population norms. BMI correlated positively with 20-m shuttle run (r = 0.45, p < 0.05) in girls and with sit and reach (r = 0.30, p < 0.05) in boys, with ‘hand grip’ strength both in girls (r = 0.35, p < 0.05) and boys (r = 0.29, p < 0.05), and was related to percentage of body fat in girls (r = 0.33, p < 0.05) and boys (r = 0.42, p > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings showed that sex and body composition are important factors influencing physical fitness in adolescents. We suggest that these factors be considered when designing physical activity interventions.