Showing papers in "Canadian Entomologist in 1976"
TL;DR: Of four forecasting methods, degree day and developmental unit summations, starting from first catch, for the preoviposition and incubation period were most reliable in predicting the beginning of spring brood egg hatch.
Abstract: The relationship of pheromone trap catch to emergence and oviposition of the codling moth was defined for the two-generation climate of Michigan. Catch anticipated emergence and oviposition during spring flight when the trap displayed greatest efficiency, but lagged behind emergence and closely followed oviposition during the second generation. Trapping efficiency declined towards the end of the first generation and was generally lower during summer flight. Factors which possibly relate to this efficiency loss are discussed. First catch and the catch peaks in both generations were evaluated as reference points for the prediction of phenological events (particularly egg hatch) in both generations Of four forecasting methods, degree day and developmental unit summations, starting from first catch, for the preoviposition and incubation period were most reliable in predicting the beginning of spring brood egg hatch.
149 citations
TL;DR: A rearing method, based upon an artificial diet, has proved successful in establishing laboratory colonies of 36 species of the genus Euxoa, and methods for controlling disease, particularly by the use of antimicrobial agents are described.
Abstract: A rearing method, based upon an artificial diet, has proved successful in establishing laboratory colonies of 36 species of the genus Euxoa. The diet is described, along with methods for controlling disease, particularly by the use of antimicrobial agents.Many of the 36 species of Euxoa have not been reared before and their habits and life histories are little known. The data derived from their development under laboratory conditions and which can be related to seasonal distribution are recorded. Particular emphasis is given to the overwintering stage and to the occurrence of an aestivating stage.
139 citations
TL;DR: The construction of the nest, care of the eggs and nymphs, and the duration of parental care are described and the control of parental behavior and the role of the male in nest establishment are considered.
Abstract: New observations on parental behavior of the earwig, Forficula auricularia L., are reported and the literature on the parental behavior in the Dermaptera is summarized. The construction of the nest, care of the eggs and nymphs, and the duration of parental care are described. The control of parental behavior and the role of the male in nest establishment are also considered.
113 citations
110 citations
TL;DR: A reinvestigation of the sex pheromone of the eastern spruce bud worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem), showed that it contains 11-tetradecenal in the ratio 96% trans-: 4% cis as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A reinvestigation of the sex pheromone of the eastern spruce bud worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), showed that it contains 11-tetradecenal in the ratio 96% trans-: 4% cis-. Field trapping showed the pure trans- compound to be only slightly attractive. Maximum attraction occurred in the range 2% to 5% cis-.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the spatial and temporal arrival patterns of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte infested trees in the central Sierra Nevada mountains.
Abstract: Continuous trapping on the bark surface of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte infested trees in the central Sierra Nevada mountains was undertaken with the objective of determining the spatial and temporal arrival patterns of the natural enemies and other insect associates of the western pine beetle. Over 100 species of D. brevicomis associates were collected and patterns of arrival were described for many of these. The main bark beetle predators were trapped during D. brevicomis mass arrival and shortly thereafter. Enoclerus lecontei, Temnochila chlorodia, and Aulonium longum, all predaceous beetles on D. brevicomis adults and larvae, were among the first species to arrive, as was Medetera aldrichii (Diptera), a larval predator. The bark beetle parasites Roptrocerus xylophagorum and Dinotiscus (=Cecidostiba) burkei (Hymenoptera) were well synchronized with the beetles’ life cycle as they arrived late in the beetles’ larval stages when suitable hosts were available.Approximately twice as many associates were trapped in the first (spring) beetle generation as in the second (fall). Differences between species with regard to height distribution were common, and these often varied with seasonal beetle generation.Calculations of changes in species diversity through time, of the associate complex trapped at the bark surface, were made for both the first and second beetle generation. Linear correlation analysis indicated a highly significant increase in species diversity occurred from the time of the beetles’ mass arrival until brood emergence. This increase may correspond to an increase in diversity of the structure of the subcortical community, as more insect species arrived and progressively modified the habitat of the newly killed tree.
83 citations
TL;DR: A new species of sarcophagid, Colcondamyia auditrix, was described in this article, which locates its cicada host by sound, and the fly was shown to respond to the mating song of the male cicadas.
Abstract: A new species of sarcophagid, Colcondamyia auditrix, is described, which locates its cicada host by sound. The fly was shown to respond to the mating song of the male cicada, and the majority of parasitized cicadas were male. Parasitism of females occasionally occurs when they are attracted to males simultaneously with the parasite. Levels of parasitism varied from 18.6% in 1962 to 0.2% in 1967 to 14.1% in 1973. Male cicadas lost their sound producing capability following parasitization, rendering them inaccessible to further female flies and thus apparently preventing multiple parasitism.
81 citations
66 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that in natural populations of the mountain pine beetle average adult size increases, and the male:female ratio decreases, following stress-induced mortality in the larval and(or) adult stages.
Abstract: Larvae of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., were reared to adults in naturally infested bolts of lodgepole pine, Pinus conforta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm., at 21 ± 3 °C. The mean pronotal width of the emerging beetles of both sexes decreased, and the male:female ratio increased, during the emergence period. On the average, larger individuals of both sexes survived longer when adult beetles were stored at 1 ± 2 °C. Also, the male:female ratio of the surviving beetles decreased with increased storage duration. These and related results in the literature suggest that in natural populations of the mountain pine beetle average adult size increases, and the male:female ratio decreases, following stress-induced mortality in the larval and(or) adult stages.
54 citations
TL;DR: The particular importance of the nematocerous Diptera, and especially the Chironomidae, as hosts of larval water mites is demonstrated, primarily on the basis of new data.
Abstract: Data on the parasitic associations of larval water mites with imaginal aquatic insects are reviewed. Documented associations now are known for larvae of 47 genera of water mites in 23 families representing all seven superfamilies. The particular importance of the nematocerous Diptera, and especially the Chironomidae, as hosts of larval water mites is demonstrated, primarily on the basis of new data. New insights into the evolution of parasitic behaviour patterns in larval water mites are discussed.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the process of resource utilization by Dendroctonus frontalis attacking loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L. The relationship between gallery length or eggs per parent adult and parent adult density is described by the exponential decay curve y = AeBx, indicating that gallery length and egg population density are controlled by a density dependent compensatory feedback process operating instantaneously.
Abstract: The process of resource utilization by Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman attacking loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., was investigated. The quantitative relationship of attacking parent adult D. frontalis as a function of the normalized infested bole height is described by the model y = Ax(1−x)eBx. Greatest attack density occurs at the mid-bole of the tree and tapers toward the top and bottom. Gallery length (and hence eggs)/100 cm2 was independent of attack density. The relationship between gallery length (or eggs) per parent adult and parent adult density is described by the exponential decay curve y = AeBx, indicating that gallery length and egg population density are controlled by a density dependent compensatory feedback process operating instantaneously. Further support for the mechanism was obtained by analyzing the gallery length per parent adult at different locations on the infested bole. The relationship is described by the model y = [AeBx]/[x(1−x)] and indicates that gallery construction and egg population per attacking beetle increase in the upper and basal portion of the bole. The result is a uniform amount of food and space per individual of the developing population.
TL;DR: In this paper, methylcyclohexenone (MCH) was added to sticky traps baited with spruce logs infested with 20 female spruce beetles or to traps treated with seudenol and α-pinene.
Abstract: In tests conducted on the Kenai National Moose Range, Alaska, seudenol and α-pinene attracted more spruce beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)) than did frontalin and α-pinene, the best previously reported synthetic attractant. Addition of methylcyclohexenone (MCH) to sticky traps baited with spruce logs (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.) infested with 20 female spruce beetles or to traps treated with seudenol and α-pinene reduced the number of spruce beetles caught by 87% and 99%, respectively. MCH appears to have similar repressive effect on the attraction of spruce beetle populations that differ in their geographic locations and hosts. A total of 179 other scolytids, representing 8 genera and 10 species, were caught by traps; greatest numbers were attracted to treatments containing trans-verbenol and uninfested spruce log sections. Scierus pubescens (Swaine) was recorded from Alaska for the first time. No members of Thanasimus species were caught although they have been consistently present in abundance in similar tests elsewhere.
TL;DR: In this article, the bertha armyworm Mamestra configurata Wlk, feeding on four natural host plants and one artificial diet, was found to have higher survival, growth, and egg production than those reared on other foods.
Abstract: Differential survival, growth, and egg production were obtained for the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk., feeding on four natural host plants and one artificial diet. Highest survival, growth, and egg production were obtained among insects reared on the artificial diet. Foliage of potato was the only food which appeared to lack the nutritive qualities essential for adequate survival, growth, and reproduction. Larvae reared on this plant consumed significantly less food, had a poorer survival, accumulated less reserves in the form of tissue growth, developed into smaller pupae, and produced adults that were less fecund than those reared on other foods. Despite these differences, the approximate digestibility (AD), the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body tissue (ECI), and the efficiency of conversion of digested food to body substance (ECD) obtained for insects feeding on potato, were very similar to values obtained for insects which were reared on other plants. On each diet a linear relationship was obtained between food consumption and growth.
TL;DR: The known distribution of the Tarsocheylidae is extended to include Australia and western North America, and the second known instance of an association with passalid beetles is recorded.
Abstract: The systematic status of the genus Tarsocheylus Berlese, 1904 and the position of the family Tarsocheylidae Atyeo and Baker, 1964 in the Prostigmata is reviewed. The family does not belong in either the Raphignathoidea or the Anystoidea but in its own superfamily, the Tarsocheyloidea, which is described for this purpose. In turn, this superfamily is placed alongside the Heterocheyloidea in the Heterostigmata.Because the type-species of Tarsocheylus, T. paradoxus Berlese, 1904, is conspecific with Hoplocheylus discalis Atyeo and Baker, 1964 (new synonymy), the concept of Hoplocheylus Atyeo and Baker, 1964, which has remained until now as originally proposed, is the same as that of Tarsocheylus. However, a new case is made for recognizing these genera as mutually distinct, based on other morphological criteria. Tarsocheylus atomarius Berlese, 1913, the type-species of Hoplocheylus, is apparently conspecific with Hoplocheylus canadensis Marshall, 1966 (new synonymy) and perhaps with one or two other described species from North America. A third generic entity, represented by Hoplocheylus johnstoni Atyeo and Baker, 1964, is noted but not named or formally described. Hoplocheylus pickardi Smiley and Moser, 1968 is conspecific with H. similis Delfinado and Baker, 1974 (new synonymy).Hemitarsocheylus Soliman and Zaher, 1975, which was described as a new genus in the Tarsocheylidae, is congeneric with Stigmocheylus Berlese, 1910 (new synonymy). This genus does not belong in the Tarsocheyloidea, but rather in the Anystoidea.A list of character states found useful in recognizing groupings of species of Tarsocheylidae is presented. Based on the collection data with specimens representing described and undescribed species at hand, the known distribution of the Tarsocheylidae is extended to include Australia and western North America, and the second known instance of an association with passalid beetles is recorded.From a phylogenetic standpoint, the Tarsocheyloidea and Heterocheyloidea are proposed as sister groups that together constitute a new suprafamilial taxon, the Tarsocheylina. In turn, the Tarsocheylina and Tarsonemina are proposed as sister groups, and both are described; together, they form the Heterostigmata.The systematic and phylogenetic relationships of the Heterostigmata (including the Tarsonemina) to the Prostigmata and the Astigmata are reviewed. Not only should the Heterostigmata be retained in the Prostigmata but it should be lowered in hierarchic rank, such that it is a part of the Eleutherengona. The stock that gave rise to the Anystoidea and related superfamilies is shown to be ancestral to the Heterostigmata as well.
TL;DR: Seasonal occurrence of three important grasshopper species ( Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr), M .
Abstract: Seasonal occurrence of three important grasshopper species (Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.), M. bivittatus (Say), and Camnula pellucida (Scudder)) is estimated. The predictions are based on the amount of embryonic development occurring in fall after oviposition and the rate of egg and nymphal development in spring. Embryonic development is calculated from heat units accumulated above 50°F (10 °C) from daily maximum and minimum temperatures from 1 August to 30 September. Egg and nymphal development during spring can be monitored by accumulating heat above 50°F (10 °C) using daily maximum and minimum temperatures from 1 April.The number of heat units required by each life stage is provided for comparison with current heat accumulations. The average date of occurrence from hatch to adults is provided based on 17 years of weather data from seven Saskatchewan weather stations.
TL;DR: Interference among females of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) reduced consistently though not significantly the percentage of fertilized (i.e. female) eggs that each female laid.
Abstract: Interference among females of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) reduced consistently though not significantly the percentage of fertilized (i.e. female) eggs that each female laid. The physical aspect of the interference apparently was responsible for part of the reduction; females whose oviposition was interrupted physically in each of six other ways also laid relatively though not significantly fewer fertilized eggs. Neither olfactory stimuli from other females of the same species, nor contact chemical stimuli left in the area earlier by these females, had any effect. Females resumed fertilizing eggs normally after the interference factor had been removed.
TL;DR: Neither the validity of generalizing typical life cycles in benthic studies, nor the rationale that congeneric species operate as a functional unit in stream dynamics, is substantiated.
Abstract: Bionomics of the stream caddisflies, Ceraclea transversa (Hagen) (= Athripsodes angustus Banks) and Ceraclea ancylus (Vorhies) (= Athripsodes ancylus (Vorhies)) were compared with generalized trichopteran life cycles. The univoltine detritus-feeding C. ancylus has five larval instars and a brief adult emergence period. C. transversa has five larval instars but two distinct cohorts, in which larvae of the first cohort feed entirely on freshwater sponge, overwinter as inactive prepupae, pupate, and emerge the following spring. The second larval cohort feeds on sponge until the onset of gemmulation in autumn, then the larvae must overwinter as active third- or fourth-instar detritus-feeders, pupating and emerging later in the summer than the first cohort. The detritus-feeding C. ancylus larvae have a diurnal feeding cycle. The sand case of C. ancylus and the silk-secreted case of C. transversa differ in shape and composition, although both species initiate case construction using egg mass matrix, silk, and detritus. Emergence, flight activity, sex ratios, and adult survival depart from reported generalizations of caddisfly biology. Neither the validity of generalizing typical life cycles in benthic studies, nor the rationale that congeneric species operate as a functional unit in stream dynamics, is substantiated.
TL;DR: Seven species of phoretic mites were found; the two most common, Tursorrernus krur~rzi and Trichouropc>dcz uusrrulis showed no preference for either beetle sex but preferred to ride on specific parts of the body.
Abstract: Can. ~ n t . 108: 809-8 13 i 1976) Sticky traps caught large numbers of mites that adhere tightly or ride in protected places on attacking southern pine beetles and retr~eved some of the mites that are loosely attached. Of the 2539 beetles surveyed, only 39.6% carried mites. Seven species of phoretic mites were found; the two most common, Tursorrernus krur~rzi and Trichouropc>dcz uusrrulis. showed no preference for either beetle sex but preferred to ride on specific parts of the body. Phoretic mites of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman 1868, can be collected in two basic ways: from beetles emerging from infested wood or from those attacking trap trees. The former rnethod is easier and yields a greater variety and number of mites, but the latter may provide a more realistic sample of which mites actually reach the tree. Although 18 species of mites have been recorded as phoretic on the southern pine beetle (Hurlbutt 1967; Lindquist 197 1 ; Lindquist and Hunter 1965; McGraw and Farrier 1969; Moser and Roton 197 1; Moser, unpub. data; Smiley and Moser 1970; Woodring 1966; Woodring and Moser 1970), there have been few, if any, mites recorded from flying beetles. The easiest way to trap large numbers of attacking southern pine beetles is with sticky traps. Although many mites will be lost when the sticky material is harvested, some mites attach more firmly than others to the beetle or are in more protected Locations, and the method might give reliable estimates for the more tenacious species. The purpose of this study was to determine if the method has any survey potential for phoretic mites. Methods and Materials Traps devised by T. L. Payne and J. E. Coster (personal communication) (Fig. 1) were made from 0.3-m square pieces of hardware cloth coated with Stickern Special@.' They were placed on eight loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L. 1753) at heights of 0.6, 2.4, 4.3, and 6.1 m on one side of the tree and at 1.5, 3.3, and 5.2 m on the opposite side. Traps were lowered for examination with pulleys. Beetles were induced to attack by the hanging of female-infested bolts at 4.8 m for 2 to 3 days until a mass attack began. Bolts were then removed. Collections were made weekly from 3 June through 28 August 1973. Beetles were manually removed from the traps and placed in vials of kerosene, which dissolved the Stickem adhering to the specimens. A total of 56 vials representing the eight trees and seven heights comprised each weekly sample. For each beetle found in the study, the following data were recorded: date, height of trap, sex, species, and number and body location of the mites. The data were then summarized for each mite. Results and Discussion Only 39.6% of the 2539 beetles surveyed possessed mites. Tarsonemus krarztzi Smiley and Moser 1974. and Tricho~lropoda australis Hirschmann 1972, the most common species, each rode on more than 23% of the beetles. Neither showed a phoretic preference for either beetle sex. Five other species occurred infrequently to rarely, but they may be found to be more common once a more efficient trap system is developed. 'Ment~on of trade name 1s solely to identify materlal used and does not imply endortement by the U S Department of
TL;DR: Life-table study plots were established in southeastern Manitoba to study the population dynamics of the larch sawfly and the impact of two recently introduced parasites and confirmed that k 5 was largely responsible for determining population trends.
Abstract: Life-table study plots were established in southeastern Manitoba to study the population dynamics of the larch sawfly for the 1956 to 1972 generations and to evaluate the impact of two recently introduced parasites.Abbreviated life tables were used to calculate k-values, expressions of mortality during the different stages due to various factors. Graphical and principal component analyses of the k-values showed that mortality during the cocoon and adult stages (k5) largely determined population trends. None of the factors affecting populations before the introduction of the parasite Olesicampe benefactor Hinz was density-dependent. However, a form of density dependence appeared to exist for O. benefactor and for its hyperparasite Mesochorus dimidiatus Holmgren. The area of discovery for both species decreased rapidly as the density of the female parasites increased.A simple model confirmed that k5 was largely responsible for determining population trends. A second model utilizing the relationships between areas of discovery and adult female densities for O. benefactor and M. dimidiatus provided reasonable approximations to observed values for numbers of sawfly eggs, and numbers of adults, rates of attack, and attacks per female for both species of parasites.Twenty sets of 50 pairs of randomly generated values of k5 were used as simulated input in the second model. None of the values for simulated egg populations of the larch sawfly reached outbreak proportions when O. benefactor and M. dimidiatus were present, but most exceeded these levels in their absence. Larch sawfly populations in southeastern Manitoba should be controlled by O. benefactor in the foreseeable future.
TL;DR: This species is unique among Neoacaridae in that male adults possess 5 or 6, rather than 3, pairs of genital acetabula, and the adults inhabit a shallow eutrophic lake rather than the interstitial habitat in a stream bed.
Abstract: Male and female adults of Neoacarus lacus n. sp. are described. This species is unique among Neoacaridae in that male adults possess 5 or 6, rather than 3, pairs of genital acetabula, and the adults inhabit a shallow eutrophic lake rather than the interstitial habitat in a stream bed.
TL;DR: The secretory substance of the posteriormost region in the glands of both species of mosquitoes was mucin in nature, which effectively glued the secretory granules of the anterior region(s).
Abstract: In Aedes aegypti, the ’matrone’ substance which caused mating inhibition and stimulated oviposition in females, was present in the anterior secretory region of the male accessory glands. In the divided accessory glands of male A. triseriatus, however, it was present in the posterior glands. The posterior gland substance in A. triseriatus was not species specific. It stimulated oviposition in A. aegypti and caused mating inhibition in A. atropalpus. The secretory substance of the posteriormost region in the glands of both species of mosquitoes was mucin in nature. This mucin substance effectively glued the secretory granules of the anterior region(s).
TL;DR: The genus Ismarus Haliday of the New World is revised, and 16 new species are new, of which the following 16 are new: I .
Abstract: The genus Ismarus Haliday of the New World is revised. Twenty-one species are recognized, described, and keyed, of which the following 16 are new: I. brevicornis n. sp. ♂ (Mexico), I. clarkae n. sp. ♀ (Canada), I. dux n. sp. ♂ (Panama, Costa Rica), I. flavicrus n. sp. ♀ (Mexico), I. flavigena n. sp. ♂ (Canada, U.S.A.), I. gibsoni n. sp. ♀ (Canada, U.S.A.), I. gracilis n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico, Panama), I. helavai n. sp. ♀ (Panama), I. masoni n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico), I. mexicanus n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico), I. neotropicus n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Brazil), I. porteri n. sp. ♂ (Argentina), I. orion n. sp. ♀ (Mexico), I. rex n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico), I. varicornis n. sp. ♀ (Brazil), and I. vigil n. sp. ♂ (U.S.A.). The hitherto unknown males of I. americanus Fouts and I. nevadensis Kieff. are described. I. rugulosus Foerst., I. halidayi Foerst., and I. flavicornis (Thorns.), previously known from Europe, are recorded from Canada and the U.S.A. Higher classification, interrelationships, and world distribution of Ismarus are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, an interbrood dispersal by female parents and two nymphal dispersals was found to be associated with heightened activity and a rejection of the nest in the laboratory.
Abstract: Dispersal from earwig nests includes an inter-brood dispersal by female parents and two nymphal dispersals One nymphal dispersal occurred in nature, but was not evident in the laboratory The two other types were associated with heightened activity and a rejection of the nest in the laboratory This locomotory behavior, which is probably adapted for dispersal, is termed “dispersive behaviour”
TL;DR: The most common parasitoid among the very sparse hosts was Synetaeris tenuifemur, although it had been rarely found during the 1949-1959 epidemic in the region.
Abstract: Annual population estimates of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), larvae and the incidence of larval parasitism were monitored in northern New Brunswick following the collapse of the 1949–1959 epidemic in the region. The most common parasitoid among the very sparse hosts was Synetaeris tenuifemur, although it had been rarely found during the epidemic. Larval parasitism sometimes exceeded 50% but it could not be shown as a key factor associated with changing host abundance.