Showing papers in "Chemical Engineering & Technology in 2022"
TL;DR: In this paper , a simple method to employ roselle waste as the precursor of porous carbon supercapacitor electrodes is described, and an electric double layer with high specific capacitance was formed in the system.
Abstract: Activated carbon is the most widely used electrode material in electrochemical double-layer capacitors. The rational utilization of biomass energy waste to prepare porous carbon supercapacitor electrodes has effectively realized both the use of biomass waste and the industrial production of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. A simple method to employ roselle waste as the precursor of porous carbon supercapacitor electrodes is described. Electrochemical characterization confirmed that an electric double layer with high specific capacitance was formed in the system. The HCF-3 supercapacitor electrode proved to have good cycle stability. Roselle-based porous carbon has great potential as a low-cost, environmentally friendly, and high-efficiency supercapacitor electrode material.
31 citations
TL;DR: The recent advances in various thermochemical technologies for the conversion of waste biomass to value-added biofuel products are discussed in this article , where an overview of different types and sources of biomass as well as their physicochemical properties are presented.
Abstract: Waste biomass has the potential to produce renewable fuels and fine chemicals. Biofuels derived from agricultural, forestry, and energy crop systems are promising resources to address climate change and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. The recent advances in various thermochemical technologies for the conversion of waste biomass to value-added biofuel products are discussed. A summarized outline of thermochemical technologies such as torrefaction, liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification is provided. An overview of different types and sources of biomass as well as their physicochemical properties is presented. The thermochemical conversion products and their environmental benefits are considered as well.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a review explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the renewable energy (RE) sector, especially in countries with the highest RE capacities, e.g., the USA, China, India, and the EU.
Abstract: Abstract This review explores the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the renewable energy (RE) sector, especially in countries with the highest RE capacities, e.g., the USA, China, India, and the EU. It highlights stimulus packages put in place by governments worldwide and their sustainability to cushion the RE sector. Commissioning of RE projects has stalled due to lack of funding allocation and interruptions in the supply of equipment and components due to lockdown measures. Despite the need to fund COVID‐19 vaccination programs and other related health services, the world must not neglect other sectors of the economy, creating more problems, such as worsening the climate change situation in the long run. This review aims to present the information needed to sustain future energy during the COVID‐19 global pandemic.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the use of carbon-based materials (graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon) to enhance the production performance of hydrogen by photocatalytic water splitting.
Abstract: Hydrogen is a free, limitless, and environmentally friendly resource. To enhance the production performance of hydrogen by photocatalytic water splitting, its preparation and application was investigated using carbon-based materials (graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon). Photocatalytic hydrogen processing is among the most promising strategies for ensuring long-term energy stability and preventing further environmental degradation. The selection of co-catalysts and sacrificial agents to support the main catalyst is crucial for increasing hydrogen production. Several analyses were conducted to examine the characteristics as well as the use of various parameters to determine how carbonaceous materials would improve hydrogen production.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a single-stage microwave irradiation technique was used to scavenge cadmium ions (Cd(II) in a coconut shell-based activated carbon (CSAC).
Abstract: The toxicity of heavy metals motivated the synthesis of coconut shell-based activated carbon (CSAC) through single-stage microwave irradiation technique to scavenge cadmium ions (Cd(II)). Response surface methodology revealed the optimum radiation power and radiation time which translated into 85.45 % of Cd(II) removal and 41.78 % of CSAC's yield. Isotherm and kinetic data were best described by Freundlich and pseudo-first-order (PFO) models, respectively. The changes of enthalpy, entropy, and activation energy were determined as well as the reduction of CSAC yield and Cd(II) removal after six regeneration cycles.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors examined the activity of the catalysts and the impacts of calcination temperatures of 700-1100 °C and various weight percentages for the transesterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel.
Abstract: Biodiesel manufacturing using waste cooking oil is a cost-effective method for lowering the costs of production. Composites composed of CaO and MgO recovered from industrial waste may be utilized to create ecologically heterogeneous transesterification catalysts. The current research examined the activity of the catalyst and the impacts of calcination temperatures of 700-1100 °C and various weight percentages. The efficiency MgO/CaO catalyst for producing the waste cooking oil into biodiesel was studied at optimum conditions. According to the results, the maximum obtained biodiesel purity reaches 93.32% after 120 min at 63 °C using 8 wt.% catalyst and 2:1 oil: methanol volume ratio. Moreover, the catalyst's properties and structure were characterized by SEM, XRD, and FTIR, which showed that the catalyst's acceptable performance for the transesterification of waste cooking oil.
9 citations
TL;DR: A brief overview of various methods used for synthesizing NNPs, their properties, and their applications can be found in this article , where the synthesis methods are classified into physical synthesis, chemical synthesis, and green synthesis involving plants and microorganisms, especially fungi.
Abstract: Particles with size in the range of 1–100 nm, considered in any dimension, are called nanoparticles (NPs). Among various nanoparticles, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NNPs) are important because of their physical, chemical, and biological properties. In the past two decades, significant research has been done on the synthesis of NNPs. Their applications range from energy storage to catalysis to antifungal and antibacterial activity. This review provides a brief overview of various methods used for synthesizing NNPs, their properties, and their applications. The synthesis methods are classified into physical synthesis, chemical synthesis, and green synthesis involving plants and microorganisms, especially fungi. Particular focus is given to the types of precursors used for their synthesis, morphology, particle size, and applications.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article , polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/clinoptilolite nanocomposite membranes for water treatment were fabricated by non-solvent-induced phase separation and characterized with respect to their hydrophilicity, porosity, surface roughness, thermal stability, and surface and cross-sectional morphology.
Abstract: Novel polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/clinoptilolite nanocomposite membranes for water treatment were fabricated by non-solvent-induced phase separation and characterized with respect to their hydrophilicity, porosity, surface roughness, thermal stability, and surface and cross-sectional morphology. All prepared membranes were evaluated in a submerged system for the removal of humic acid (HA) under various vacuum transmembrane pressure (TMP) conditions. The hydrophilicity, porosity, and thermal stability of the membranes were increased by the addition of 0.5 wt % clinoptilolite nanoparticles. A larger macrovoid appeared when clinoptilolite nanoparticles were added to the PVC membrane. Higher TMP leads to serious fouling and the formation of a thicker foulant layer on the membrane surface as well as less removal of HA.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , three alumina-supported noble metals, Ru, Pt, and Pd, were used as catalysts for the dry reforming of methane (DRM) process, which provides valuable syngas from two greenhouse gases, CH4 and CO2.
Abstract: Dry reforming of methane (DRM) provides valuable syngas from two greenhouse gases, CH4 and CO2. Three alumina-supported noble metals, Ru, Pt, and Pd, were used as catalysts for the DRM process. Using CO2/CH4 mixtures in the range of 0.5–2 mol mol−1, catalyst performance was assessed in an integral fixed-bed reactor between 773 and 1073 K. All catalysts were stable for at least 10 h. The DRM kinetics was studied in a differential reactor in the range of 848–898 K, using the power law model. The apparent activation energy values for the consumption of CH4 (86, 89, and 95 kJ mol−1) and CO2 (84, 86, and 91 kJ mol−1) over Ru/Al2O3, Pt/Al2O3, and Pd/Al2O3 as catalysts were found. Several kinetic models of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood type were considered. A pathway with slow surface reaction between CH4 and CO2 chemisorbed on different types of active sites was found to be most suited to describe the kinetic data.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a novel eco-friendly procedure was developed to adsorb Pd2+ ions from wastewaters using green synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs).
Abstract: A novel eco-friendly procedure was developed to adsorb Pd2+ ions from wastewaters using the green synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs). ZnO NPs were easily produced using zinc nitrate through Centaurea cyanus extract as a reducing agent at ambient conditions. X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that ZnO NPs have a highly crystalline hexagonal structure. Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis indicated an active contribution of C. cyanus-derived biomolecules in zinc ions bioreduction. ZnO NPs were properly dispersed and had a hexagonal shape. The impact of process parameters like initial pH of solution, adsorption dosage, Pd2+ ions initial concentration, and contact time on the Pd2+ ions adsorption from the effluent of a petrochemical company was evaluated. The Freundlich isothermal model could excellently legitimize a multilayer adsorption. The adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order reaction kinetic, i.e., chemisorption process.
5 citations
TL;DR: The application of FactSage software in phosphogypsum resource utilization is described in this paper , which is very useful for predicting the amount and type of products including gases and solids under various conditions, but also for analyzing the thermodynamic property of related reactions.
Abstract: The application of FactSage software in phosphogypsum resource utilization is described in this review. thermodynamics analysis is not just very useful for predicting the amount and type of products including gases and solids under various conditions, but also for analyzing the thermodynamic property of related reactions. Statistical data analysis is conducted using the Equilib module, Reaction module, and Phase Diagram module of FactSage. The optimal conditions and mechanisms to utilize phosphogypsum for its products CaS, CaO, and CaCO3 have been summarized in this review. This comprehensive review on thermodynamics analysis in phosphogypsum resource utilization for the products CaS, CaO, and CaCO3 are useful for academicians, scientists, and researchers.
TL;DR: In this paper , a prediction model is developed by means of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to determine the gas hydrate formation kinetics in multiphase gas dominant pipelines with crude oil.
Abstract: A prediction model is developed by means of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to determine the gas hydrate formation kinetics in multiphase gas dominant pipelines with crude oil. Experiments are conducted to determine the rate of formation and reaction kinetics of hydrates formation in multiphase systems. Based on the results, an artificial intelligence model is proposed to predict the gas hydrate formation rate in multiphase transmission pipelines. Two ANN models are suggested with single-layer perceptron (SLP) and multilayer perceptron (MLP). The MLP shows more accurate prediction when compared to SLP. The models were predicted accurately with high prediction accuracy both for the pure and multiphase systems.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors assess the wide range of options and evaluate the most cost-efficient allocation of biomass for 95 % greenhouse gas emission reduction in the German energy system till 2050.
Abstract: Greenhous gas mitigation requires urgent action, especially in transforming the energy system. Bioenergy is expected to counterbalance the variable power from wind and solar energy, but also for the de-fossilization of the heat and transport sectors. This study assesses the wide range of options and evaluates the most cost-efficient allocation of biomass for 95 % greenhouse gas emission reduction in the German energy system till 2050. The final state in 2050 shows bioenergy in different sectors, including pellet and woodchip boilers, bio-based methane, different combined heat and power concepts, as well as liquid fuels, such as synthetic kerosene. Lignocellulosic biomass makes up the major proportion of future biomass options; however, appropriate strategies are needed to mobilize it.
TL;DR: In this article , a pool boiling experiment is conducted to investigate the critical heat flux (CHF) and boiling heat transfer coefficient (BHTC) of all copper oxide surfaces, and bubble dynamics are also analyzed by means of a high-speed camera.
Abstract: Copper surface is modified to copper oxide surface for high heat flux electronics applications. Copper oxide surface is prepared by chemical etching using NaOH and (NH4)2S2O8. A pool boiling experiment is conducted to investigate the critical heat flux (CHF) and boiling heat transfer coefficient (BHTC). The results indicate that BHTC of all copper oxide surfaces are enhanced remarkably. Bubble dynamics are also analyzed by means of a high-speed camera. Bubble visualization demonstrates that the active nucleation sites for the copper oxide surfaces are higher than the bare copper surface.
TL;DR: An overview of the main processes reported in ABE separation in the literature, focusing on the pervaporation approach is presented in this article , where some of the latest developments in the field are stated, aiming at comparing the separation processes.
Abstract: Biobutanol is known for its potential as a biofuel and for having various other industrial applications. However, technical and economic constraints still restrict its commercial application. Biobutanol is produced via acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE) fermentation, in which acetone and ethanol are also produced, mainly by Clostridium sp.; however, it is toxic to the cells. Efforts have been made to improve the process by separating butanol from the fermentation broth. This work presents an overview of the main processes reported in ABE separation in the literature, focusing on the pervaporation approach. Some of the latest developments in the field are stated, aiming at comparing the separation processes.
TL;DR: In this paper , various control techniques applied in the fermentation process are reviewed, including a summary of the control objective, manipulated and controlled variables chosen, and their strengths and limitations in determining the optimal fermentation process.
Abstract: Process control and optimization is important in ensuring a process in sustaining profitable income while maintaining the required quality. The fermentation process has attracted attention from food processing, pharmaceutical energy, and waste treatment industries due to its lower impact on the environment and lower operating cost than the conventional chemical process. However, its control and monitoring are relatively complex as living cell activity is not easily comprehended and highly nonlinear. Various control techniques applied in the fermentation process are reviewed, including a summary of the control objective, manipulated and controlled variables chosen, and their strengths and limitations in determining the optimal fermentation process.
TL;DR: In this paper , a mini review of the uses of deep eutectic solvents and various DESs gas solubility with emphasis on CO2 solubilities in the oil and gas field is presented.
Abstract: Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly CO2 emissions, have grown substantially, posing environmental challenges that affect mankind and ecosystems. As a possible consequence, carbon capture and storage is a viable solution to this worldwide problem. However, some aqueous solvents have been applied to capture greenhouse gases, though they are not environmentally benign. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) emerged as a unique choice after research into greener solvents for this activity. In this mini review paper, light has been thrown on the uses of deep eutectic solvents and various DESs gas solubility with emphasis on CO2 solubility in the oil and gas field. This innovative solvent (DES) is also described in terms of its preparation and chemical composition. In addition, this paper includes a detailed literature on investigation of CO2 solubility in DESs based on experimental data.
TL;DR: In this article , capped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using Terminalia catappa leaf extract and their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were investigated.
Abstract: In order to develop alternative drugs against resistant pathogens, capped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using Terminalia catappa leaf extract. By changes in pH and aging time, cauliflower-like, sheet-like, and hierarchical morphologies for ZnO NPs were obtained. Their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were investigated. The results demonstrated that the green synthesized ZnO NPs exhibit higher antibacterial activity than chemically prepared ZnO NPs. The antibacterial activity of hierarchical ZnO NPs was greater than that of the other morphologies, which was attributed to the higher oxygen vacancy in ZnO NPs leading to enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The mechanism of the formation of ZnO nanocrystals was also discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper , the thermal conductivity of Er2O3/ethylene glycol (EG) nanofluids was investigated at different concentrations of Er 2O3 nanoparticles in the temperature range of 20-50 °C.
Abstract: The thermal conductivity of Er2O3/ethylene glycol (EG) nanofluids was investigated at different concentrations of Er2O3 nanoparticles in the temperature range of 20–50 °C. The findings showed that the volume fraction of Er2O3 nanoparticles and temperature affect the thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity increases with increasing Er2O3 concentration and temperature, and the Er2O3/EG nanofluid showed higher thermal conductivity than the base fluid. Precise correlations are proposed to forecast the thermal conductivity of the Er2O3/EG nanofluid relative to the base fluid. These results are promising for using Er2O3/EG nanofluid in solar thermal applications.
TL;DR: In this paper , a 2D Tesla micromixer at varying Reynolds number (Re) and valve stages was evaluated, with the aim to acquire sufficiently high mixing performance. But the results showed that the measured mixing performance was comparable to that of 3D passivemicromixers reported in the literature.
Abstract: This study experimentally characterizes a 2D Tesla micromixer at varying Reynolds number (Re) and valve stages, with the aim to acquire sufficiently high mixing performance. To ease fabrication, a simplified Tesla valve design is adopted. Results show two distinctive regimes of low and high Re. In the low regime (Re ≤ 20), a steady incremental mixing was observed as the fluid passes by each valve, whereas an enhanced mixing was identified right in the first valve in the high regime (Re > 40). This predominantly due to amplified opposing flow from the helix branch which promotes stronger chaotic advection in the main microchannel. Interestingly, the measured mixing performance was found comparable to that of 3D passive micromixers reported in the literature.
TL;DR: In this paper , the Fenton oxidation process and hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)-based hybrid techniques were investigated systematically using the tartrazine, and a maximum degradation of 12.50 % was observed using HC alone at 5 bar pressure and a solution pH of 2.40 % degradation at a Fe2+/H2O2 molar ratio of 1:36.
Abstract: Degradation of the tartrazine was investigated systematically using the Fenton oxidation process and hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)-based hybrid techniques. The operating parameters, such as the inlet pressure, the initial pH, the initial concentration of tartrazine, and the molar ratio of the Fenton reagents, were optimized. A maximum degradation of 12.50 % was observed using HC alone at 5 bar pressure and a solution pH of 2, while Fenton chemistry showed 92.40 % degradation at a Fe2+/H2O2 molar ratio of 1:36. HC in conjugation with H2O2 or Fenton reagents showed maximum degradation values of 92 and 96.40 %, respectively. The degradation follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to the concentration of tartrazine, for Fenton chemistry and the HC-based hybrid techniques.
TL;DR: In this article , the use of pig iron sludge nanoparticles as adsorbent was explored to remove Cr(VI) from effluents, which is a byproduct from the pig iron manufacturing industries, for the treatment of Cr(IV)-contaminated water.
Abstract: The usage of pig iron sludge nanoparticles as adsorbent was explored to remove Cr(VI) from effluents. Batch sorption was administered to check the effect of various parameters on the sorption method, namely, pH, interaction time, as well as Cr(VI) concentration and dosage. The adsorption potential was related with the parameters. An inovative flow chart was proposed by using this sludge, which is a byproduct from the pig iron manufacturing industries, as adsorbent for the treatment of Cr(IV)-contaminated water, and then this sludge is recycled for drying followed by filtration. The adsorbed Cr(VI) will be useful for producing steel in a blast furnace. The sorption followed a second-order mechanism and the experimental data obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Surface diffusion was found to be the sluggish step and thus is the rate-limiting step.
TL;DR: An iron/copper bimetallic catalytic oxidation desulfurization system was constituted by adding N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) and CuCl2 aqueous solution to an iron-based ionic liquid (Fe-IL) for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from industrial gas streams as discussed by the authors .
Abstract: An iron/copper bimetallic catalytic oxidation desulfurization system was constituted by adding N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) and CuCl2 aqueous solution to an iron-based ionic liquid (Fe-IL) for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from industrial gas streams. The desulfurizer and its sulfur products were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Static desulfurization experiments were conducted to investigate the absorption pattern of the system for H2S. The addition of NMP and water effectively reduced the acidity and viscosity of the system and improved the gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency. The introduction of CuCl2 increased the oxidation potential of the solution and enabled Fe3+ to efficiently catalyze the oxidation of H2S to produce monomeric S. The synergistic catalytic oxidation between Fe3+/Cu2+ is the main reason why the system can maintain a high degree of purification over a long period.
TL;DR: In this article , the potential of forced periodic operation (FPO) for improving methanol production rate and yield in an isothermal gradientless nuclear power plant was explored. But the work in this paper is limited to the case with inert nitrogen in the feed.
Abstract: The paper is concerned with methanol synthesis from synthesis gas with heterogeneous Cu/ZnO/AlO catalysts in an isothermal gradientless reactor. In a theoretical study the potential of forced periodic operation (FPO) for improving reactor performance in terms of methanol production rate and methanol yield is explored. The approach is based on a detailed kinetic model and combines nonlinear frequency response (NFR) analysis with rigorous numerical multi-objective optimization. Optimal steady state operation is compared with optimal forced periodic operation for a given benchmark problem with and without inert nitrogen in the feed. It is shown that in both cases significant improvements of up to 108% regarding the average molar flow rate of methanol and up to 7.2% for the yield based on carbon in the feed is predicted for the case with inert. For the case without inert gas, improvements up to 80% for the average molar flow rate and up to 5.8% for the yield based on carbon in the feed possible through forced periodic operation if the volumetric flow rate and the CO feed concentration are modulated simultaneously with optimal frequency, phase shift, and amplitudes, which are determined by the theoretical approach. Further, the significant influence of the saturation capacity of the solid phase on the dynamic behavior in response to step changes and periodic input modulations is studied.
TL;DR: In this article , a 2-chlorophenol (2CP) abatement was carried out by an adsorption process using an economical, yet efficient activated carbon prepared from neem seeds activated carbon (NAC) as the adsorbent.
Abstract: The abatement of 2-chlorophenol (2CP) was carried out by an adsorption process using an economical, yet efficient activated carbon prepared from neem seeds activated carbon (NAC) as the adsorbent. The aim was to optimize the process parameters for 2CP adsorption onto NAC using Taguchi's optimization. An L9 orthogonal array was used for the optimization studies of the process parameters. The signal-to-noise ratio and F-test values were the basis for selecting the significant parameters. The NAC was characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), spectroscopic, microscopic, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The BET surface area was found to be 246 m2g−1. Following the optimal conditions, an uptake capacity of 41 mg g−1 was observed. Finally, the regeneration studies revealed that the adsorption ability of NAC remained intact for up to three regeneration cycles.
TL;DR: In this paper , the Berčič-and-Levec kinetic model was employed and process intensification was applied to develop a more energy-efficient process, by enhancing the adiabatic reactor performance and maximizing the heat recovery from the highly exothermic reactor.
Abstract: Various kinetic models of methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether over a commercial γ-alumina catalyst were compared with a view to selecting the most appropriate model as a basis for process optimization. To achieve significant improvements in the conventional design, the Berčič-and-Levec kinetic model was employed and process intensification was applied to develop a more energy-efficient process, by enhancing the adiabatic reactor performance and maximizing the heat recovery from the highly exothermic reactor. The single-pass conversion of methanol was increased to 83 %, with an inlet temperature of 217 °C to the adiabatic reactor. Application of process intensification resulted in an improved flowsheet, which reduced the total energy requirements by 59.3 % and cut the CO2 emissions by 60.8 %.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the energy performance analysis of a heptad-based multiple-stage evaporator under steady and transient conditions, integrated with different energy reduction schemes (such as steam split, feed split, and feed preheater).
Abstract: The present work investigates the energy performance analysis of a heptad-based multiple-stage evaporator (MSE) under steady and transient conditions, integrated with different energy reduction schemes (such as steam split, feed split, and feed preheater). The steady-state analysis was performed to optimize the steam economy subjected to the developed steady-state energy models as the equality constraints. The simulated optimization is a maximization problem and is solved by Interior-Point Optimizer and Gray Wolf Optimizer on two different platforms, GAMS and MATLAB, respectively. Further, transient and stability analyses were performed by developing and representing the nonlinear dynamic energy models to the state-space representation using linearization.
TL;DR: In this paper , a pseudo-homogeneous model based on intrinsic rate equations for dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene in an adiabatic fixed-bed reactor is developed.
Abstract: A pseudo-homogeneous model based on intrinsic rate equations for dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene in an adiabatic fixed-bed reactor is developed. Steam and ethylbenzene are the main reactants with styrene as the desired product, and benzene and toluene as by-products. Styrene production is an endothermic reaction depends on various factors such as temperature, pressure, steam to ethylbenzene ratio, styrene to ethylbenzene ratio in feed. These factors affects the properties like styrene selectivity, ethylbenzene and by-product conversion etc. The development of the mathematic model includes the application of mass balance, energy balance, and basic thermodynamic relations, momentum balance, Langmuir and Hinshelwood model, Ergun relation, etc. The effects of temperature as well as of the steam-to-ethylbenzene and styrene-to-ethylbenzene molar ratios in the feed on the selectivity for styrene, ethylbenzene conversion, and conversion to by-products are also evaluated. The maximum selectivity for styrene can be achieved at increased steam-to-ethylbenzene feed ratio and a lower ethylbenzene conversion.