Showing papers in "Chinese journal of population, resources and environment in 2009"
TL;DR: Based on the input-output model, this paper calculated the intensity of CO2 emission of different income groups and seven provinces in China, and then estimated total CO2 emissions induced by urban household consumption from 1995 to 2004 in China based on statistic data of household living expenditure.
Abstract: Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce CO2 emission. Based on input–output model, this article calculated the intensity of CO2 emission of different income groups and seven provinces in China, and then estimated total CO2 emission induced by urban household consumption from 1995 to 2004 in China based on statistic data of household living expenditure. The results show that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption had increased from 1583 to 2498 kg CO2 during 1995–2004. The ratio of consumption-induced CO2 emission to total CO2 emission had risen from 19% to 30% in the past decade. Indirect CO2 emission accounted for an important part of the consumption-induced emission, the ratio of indirect emission to consumption-induced emission had risen from 69% to 79% during the same period. A significant difference in consumption-induced CO2 emission across different income groups and different regions has been observed. CO2 emission per capita of higher income gr...
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the implementation of the total emission control policy in the past 10 years and explore emerging issues in its implementation, including issues with the design and implementation, and policy recommendations.
Abstract: As part of a comprehensive environmental management system, many countries establish emission control targets for mass emissions of a pollutant. Such targets are often the key objective of an environmental policy, such as an emission trading program. In China, however, it is more than just an objective of one particular policy; it has become a concept that has influenced many national environmental policies and activities. The objective of this article is to review the implementation of the total emission control policy in the past 10 years and explore emerging issues in its implementation. The article has three sections: a summary of the implementation experience, issues with the design and implementation of the policy, and policy recommendations.
20 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed the practical and academic study achievements of SEA in China that have been achieved since the EIA Law was implemented, and then summarized the development characteristics, and eventually, put forward the development trends of SEA.
Abstract: Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in China has developed rapidly since it was introduced into China in the 1990s.Chinese government promulgated the Environmental Impact As-sessment Law of China (hereinafter referred to as the EIA Law) in 2002.In this law, it is stipulated clearly that regional and sector plans should be assessed.Through investigating materials and ana-lyzing literatures, this article analyses the practical and academic study achievements of SEA in China that have been achieved since the EIA Law was implemented, probes into the current situation of the main level of SEA in China--plan EIA, then summarizes the development characteristics, and eventually, puts forward the development trends of SEA in China.The research conclusions can offer the foundations for comprehending systematically the progress of SEA in China.
13 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors examined the factors influencing the level of environmental protection information disclosure in A-share manufacturing listed companies in 2006 Shanghai Stock Exchange as example, using index method to measure level of Environmental Protection information disclosure, and suggested some suggestions to establish environmental information disclosure system in China.
Abstract: Taking 248 A-share manufacturing listed companies in 2006 Shanghai Stock Exchange as example, using “index method” to measure level of environmental protection information disclosure, this paper examines the factors influencing level of environmental protection information disclosure. The findings show that the disclosure level has improved, but the overall level is still low and unable to satisfy information users; there is positive correlation between corporate size, industry type, accounting firm’s type and corporate environmental disclosure index. The companies of large scale and heavy pollution and those audited by international “Big 4” and domestic “Big 10” accounting firms have a high level of environmental disclosure, while the profitability and financial leverage has no impact on the disclosure level. Finally some suggestions are put forward to establish environmental information disclosure system in China.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used spatial autocorrelation at county level to get refined spatial pattern of regional disparity in Chinese northeast economic region over 2000-2006 (2001 absent) and showed that the basic trend of regional economy is an increasing concentration of growth among counties in northeast economic regions, and there are two geographical clusters of poorer coun-ties including the counties in western Liaoning Province and adjacent counties in Inner Mongolia, poorer counties of Heihe, Qiqihar and Suihua in Heilongjiang Province.
Abstract: Popular regional inequality indexes such as variation coefficient and Gini coefficient can only reveal overall inequal-it),, and have limited ability in revealing spatial dependence or spatial agglomeration.Recently some methods of exploratory spatial data analysis such as spatial autocorrelation have provid-ed effective tools to analyze spatial agglomeration and cluster, which can reveal the pattern of regional inequality.This article attempts to use spatial autocorrelation at county level to get refined spatial pattern of regional disparity in Chinese northeast economic region over 2000-2006 (2001 absent).The result in-dicates that the basic trend of regional economy is an increasing concentration of growth among counties in northeast economic region, and there are two geographical clusters of poorer coun-ties including the counties in western Liaoning Province and adjacent counties in Inner Mongolia, poorer counties of Heihe, Qiqihar and Suihua in Heilongjiang Province.This article also reveals that we can use the methods of exploratory spatial data analysis as the supplementary analysis methods in regional eco-nomic analysis.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors adopt logarithmic mean divisia index techniques to decompose changes in energy intensity in the period of 1994-2005, and find that technological change is the dominant contributor in the decline of energy intensity, but the contribution has declined since 2001.
Abstract: China has witnessed rapid economic development since 1978, and during the time, energy production and consumption developed at a tremendous speed as well. Energy efficiency which can be measured by energy consumption per unit of GDP, however, experienced continuous decrease. Theoretically, the change of energy efficiency can be attributed to industry structural change and technological change. In order to explain the transformation of Chinese energy efficiency, we adopt logarithmic mean Divisia index techniques to decompose changes in energy intensity in the period of 1994–2005. We find that technological change is the dominant contributor in the decline of energy intensity, but the contribution has declined since 2001. The change in industry structure has decreased the energy intensity before 1998, but raised the intensity after 1998. Decomposed technological effects for all sectors indicate that technological progresses in high energy consuming industries such as raw chemical materials and chem...
10 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the impact of financial performance of listed companies on environmental reporting and found that the more profitability the listed companies attain, the more EI they are inclined to disclose.
Abstract: Environmental pollution and environmental reporting have increasingly drawn the attention of the countries around the world. The paper selects A-share listed companies of chemical industry in China. Using logistic model, we research the impact of financial performance of listed companies upon environmental reporting. The conclusion of the study shows that the total number of enterprises which disclosed environmental information (EI) has increased year by year, and EI content and volume disclosed by heavy pollution corporations have increased annually. And the more profitability the listed companies attain, the more EI they are inclined to disclose. Moreover, companies will have an ability to disclose EI so as to reduce the agency costs arising from information asymmetry. Furthermore, the development capability of companies is of negative correlation to environmental reporting, and the liabilities degree of listed companies is of negative correlation to environmental reporting, but it is not signi...
9 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper established the appraisal index system for entire urban agglomeration and its interior cities individually, concretely including five aspects: driving forces for tourism development, the level of tourist development, tourism impacts, tourism economic connection and tourism contributions of different cities to the whole urban aggliomeration.
Abstract: The article establishes the appraisal index system for entire urban agglomeration and its interior cities individually, concretely including five aspects: driving forces for tourism development, the level of tourism development, tourism impacts, tourism economic connection and tourism contributions of different cities to the whole urban agglomeration. As tourism competitiveness has the characteristics of comprehensiveness, systematicness and dynamicness, the article attempts to apply the structural prediction means of system dynamics to evaluating tourism competitiveness, aiming to provide some research methods and analysis ideas for tourism competitiveness measurement and trends analysis in urban agglomeration. Taking Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration as the study area, the article simulates and analyzes the tourism competitiveness trend of the whole region and its interior cities from 2005 to 2020, and the result reflects that integrated development and regional combination of tourism are ...
6 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors categorize available land area in the range of suitability for large cardamon cultivation on the basis of physical characteristics of the land and ecological need of crop.
Abstract: Nepal is one of the top three exporters of larger cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) in the world market contributing largely to the Nepalese economy. Sub-Himalayan range of hilly area of eastern Nepal is popular for large cardamom cultivation. Being similar phytogeographical and ecological setting, cultivation has begun in hills of Kathmandu Valley however land suitability needs to be evaluated with reference to specific need of the crop. Kathmandu is a valley with alluvial bottom and altitudinal range between 1200 and 2730m above sea level having cool to warm temperate climatic range. Varieties of aspects and slope gradient have potentiality for the large cardamom cultivation. Aim of the study was set to categorize available land area in the range of suitability for large cardamon cultivation on the basis of physical characteristics of the land and ecological need of crop. Land evaluation methodology has been designed along with site specific amendment in FAO framework (1976). Land use map in sc...
6 citations
TL;DR: As a part of the carrying capacity system of tourism destination, tourism psychological carrying capacity and its makeup are very important indexes which reflect the harmonious development of touri....
Abstract: As a part of the carrying capacity system of tourism destination, tourism psychological carrying capacity and its makeup are very important indexes which reflect the harmonious development of touri...
6 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a comparative study of residents in three types of farm household in Longxian, seeking attitudes to the RFS conservation and tourism development and ways in which such information may guide future strategies.
Abstract: Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) is a wide program to promote the conservation and adaptive management of such systems and their associated landscapes, biodiversity, knowledge systems and cultures. Rice-Fish Systems (RFS) in Longxian village of China, as a traditional agricultural system, was selected as one of the five pilot sites of GIAHS in 2005. Researchers have paid more attention to the dynamic conservation and adaptive management of RFS because it is under severe threats from global development challenges. Tourism is suggested to be brought into the RFS conservation program as an alternative industry. This paper presents a comparative study of residents in three types of farm household in Longxian, seeking attitudes to the RFS conservation and tourism development and ways in which such information may guide future strategies. Results show residents, belonging to the household type in which most family members are abroad, have the most positive attitudes to RFS conse...
TL;DR: In this paper, the origins, structure and functions of United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development in the context of the goals of ecologically sustainable development (ESD).
Abstract: This article will briefly outline the origins, structure and functions of United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development in the context of the goals of ecologically sustainable development (ESD). Economic development, social development and environmental protection form the three interconnected parts of ESD. The achievements of the key UN environmental institutions and programs in opening up the global system to civil society, the private sector and a diversity of actors and interests, promoting the role of poverty alleviation as part of ESD through the Millennium Development Goals, and facilitating important Multilateral Environmental Agreements should be recognized. However, with these notable exceptions, organizations such as United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development have become weak in scientific and technical leadership, global policy, co-ordination (inside and outside the UN) and has few achievements in the internation...
TL;DR: In this paper, the integrated relationship among the three dimensions of sustainability is discussed, including science, technology, economic growth and development, health, education, finance investment and trade, politics, natural disasters, population growth and terrorism.
Abstract: Sustainable development is one of the most important ideas, and goals of our time. It is defined as “development which meets the needs and aspirations of the current generation and develops safe and sound society for future generation”. Achieving sustainable development thus involves a vigorous and urgent debate on different dimensions. The different dimensions of sustainability as a framework involve all issues such as science, technology, economic growth and development, health, education, finance investment and trade, politics, natural disasters, population growth and terrorism, etc. No single dimension is responsible to develop sustainable society. This article mainly described the integrated relationship among the three dimensions of sustainability.
TL;DR: Based on the theories of welfare economy, this article put forward policy suggestions by discussing the welfare changes of various interest groups, built the model of welfare distribution, and analyzes the conditions of maximizing social welfare.
Abstract: Rural-urban land conversion is currently a common social economic phenomenon during the process of economic development and rural urbanization in China. Rural-urban land conversion is positively effective as far as social and economic benefits are concerned (Yang, 2002), but its negative effect is also evident, resulting in such problems as low efficiency of rural land configuration and loss of social welfare. Consequently, farmers should also have an equal chance to enjoy the social welfare enhanced by land conversion. Based on the theories of welfare economy, this paper puts forward policy suggestions by discussing the welfare changes of various interest groups, builds the model of welfare distribution, and analyzes the conditions of maximizing social welfare. The absolute and opposite value of social welfare is closely related with the speed of rural-urban land conversion, and governments should give farmers and collectives fair compensation to make up for the utility loss caused by land expro...
TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic review of recent literature on the relationships between environmental and natural resource sociologies is provided, which should provide important implications for the further development of environmental sociology in China.
Abstract: Environmental sociology and the sociology of natural resources are two key subdisciplines of the sociological study on the interactions between nature and human society. Previous discussion on the relationships of these two fields has largely focused on their distinctions and synthesis in western (particularly American) academia. Environmental sociology emerged as an important sociological subdiscipline in China in the early 1990s and is under vigorous disciplinary construction at present. By contrast, the sociology of natural resources is still a novel term for most Chinese researchers. This article provides a systematic review of recent literature on the relationships between environmental and natural resource sociologies, which should provide important implications for the further development of environmental sociology in China.
TL;DR: Based on the formed industrial symbiosis supporting system chart, the authors analyzes the microcosmic supporting system and macroscopic supporting system, and proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to build the supporting system for the eco-industrial park and provides theoretical support for the faster and better construction of the eco industrial park in China.
Abstract: The establishment and development of the industrial symbiosis of eco-industrial park are affected by several factors. Based on the formed industrial symbiosis supporting system chart, this article analyzes the microcosmic supporting system and macroscopic supporting system. In the microcosmic supporting system, it elaborates five aspects including key enterprises, service intermediaries in the park, symbiotic enterprises, competitors and the public in detail. Then it describes the macroscopic supporting system from four aspects of governmental participation, technological innovation, educational promotion and cultural support. Finally, combining with the current construction status of the ecoindustrial park in China, it proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to build the supporting system for the eco-industrial park and provides theoretical support for the faster and better construction of the eco-industrial park in China.
TL;DR: In this paper, the grey clustering method is applied to assess the reservoir water environment to establish a relatively complete model suitable for the reservoir eutrophication evaluation and appropriately evaluate the quality of reservoir water, providing evidence for reservoir management.
Abstract: Reservoir water environment is a grey system. The grey clustering method is applied to assessing the reservoir water environment to establish a relatively complete model suitable for the reservoir eutrophication evaluation and appropriately evaluate the quality of reservoir water, providing evidence for reservoir management. According to China’s lakes and reservoir eutrophication criteria and the characteristics of China’s eutrophication, as well as certain evaluation indices, the degree of eutrophication is classified into six categories with the utilization of grey classified whitening weight function to represent the boundaries of classification, to determine the clustering weight and clustering coefficient of each index in grey classifications, and the classification of each clustering object. The comprehensive evaluation of reservoir eutrophication is established on such a foundation, with Sichuan Shengzhong Reservoir as the survey object and the analysis of the data attained by several typi...
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper made an empirical study of the cocoon silk resources of the two countries and the scale, product mix and market structure of China-Indian silk trade from 2001 to 2007.
Abstract: As an important traditional labor-inteusive industry of both India and China, the cocoon silk industry has long made great contributions to the ecological environment protection, rural economic development and the increase in export income of both countries. India is not only a very important cocoon silk trading partner, but an important production competitor of China.In recent years, there has been a large increase in the production and trade of the cocoon silk between China and India; however,China relies heavily on Indian market, which leads to a tendency of further deterioration in the silk trade environment between both countries. The present article makes an empirical study of the cocoon silk resources of the two countries and the scale, product mix and market structure of China-Indian silk trade from 2001 to 2007. Overall silk trading volumes from China to India and market concentration rate are on the increase because of the superiority of Chinese cocoon silk production over that of India. Owing to scat-tered market share and export that mainly focused on raw materi-als product, there has been a phenomenon of price reduction and quantity increase. India carries out fierce competition with China in the international market and even imposes antidumping sanction on Chinese silk, which are key factors restricting further increase between China-India trade. Based on the abovementioned facts, the authors aim to put forward suggestions for steadily developing the production and trade of China's silk.
TL;DR: Based on shift-share method, this article employed regional share, structural shift and competitive shift to analyze the structural benefit and competitive position of agricultural structure in western China by comparing with agriculture, foresting, stockbreeding and fishing before and after conversion of Farmland to Forest and Grassland (CFFG).
Abstract: Based on shift-share method, this article employs regional share, structural shift and competitive shift to analyze the structural benefit and competitive position of agricultural structure in western China by comparing with agriculture, foresting, stockbreeding and fishing before and after Conversion of Farmland to Forest and Grassland (CFFG). Then authors draw following conclusion: while CFFG program has been put in practice, the agricultural structure in western China has some typical characteristics, such as growth faster, structural predominance obvious and more competitive. But the contributiveness from the competition is not too much yet, and the structural benefit of forest estate and stockbreeding are restrained.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper analyzed the spatial-temporal dynamics of land carrying capacity (LCC) of China from 1949 to 2005 at county, provincial and national levels and evaluated the LCC of 264 pastoral regions (semipastoral regions), 663 urban regions and 592 poverty stricken regions of the country.
Abstract: With population growth and increasing pressure on land resources, land carrying capacity (LCC) and food safety have been attracting great attention worldwide. From the point of man-grain relationship and by establishing LCC and land carrying capacity index (LCCI) models, this article firstly analyzes the spatial–temporal dynamics of LCC of China from 1949 to 2005 at county, provincial and national levels. Choosing 2005 as a representative year, this article then evaluates the LCC of 264 pastoral regions (semipastoral regions), 663 urban regions and 592 poverty stricken regions of the country. The results show that: (1) from 1949 to 2005, with the increase of grain production, the LCC of China has been improved conspicuously, but due to the rapid population growth, the production can only maintain a low level grain consumption; (2) over the past 25 years (1980–2005), the number of population overloading provinces decreased from 23 to 15 and the mangrain relationship has been improved gradually, but there w...
TL;DR: The Geometric Model on CCRR is established based on modifying Weighting Linear Sum Model, which can be used to appraise regions where resources are close matching and indicates that the population in Hubei Province is overloading while the economic carrying capacity is abundant compared to the whole country.
Abstract: Based on the retrospection of researches on carry-ing capacity, this article reviewed systematically the research progresses on carrying capacity of relative resources (CCRR).Then the viewpoint was put forward that CCRR is not an ap-propriate method of appraising the regional sustainability, but a sound way to obtain cognition for coordinating spatial loca-tion and flow of population and economy.However, as the most popular computing method of CCRR, the Weighting Linear Sum Model is defective in the random of weight choice and the neglect of matching among different resources.Therefore, this article established the Geometric Model on CCRR based on modifying Weighting Linear Sum Model, which can be used to appraise regions where resources are close matching.Em-ploying the Geometric Model, the article empirically analyzed the population and economic CCRR in Hubei Province from 1978 to 2006.The result indicates that the population in Hubei Province is overloading while the economic carrying capacity is abundant compared to the whole country, and the economic insufficiency restricts the population carrying capacity.In the future, Hubei Province will become one of the core developing zones which are characterized by economic conglomeration.
TL;DR: An emergy analysis of agro-ecosystem (including the farming and livestock ecosystem) and energy consumption in Zhuanjinglou Village indicates that livestock ecosystem plays an important role in village ecosystem, which may be the source of great pressure on the state of the local environment as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Due to historic reasons, there are several human settle-merits in nature reserves and national parks, which may constitute a threat to biodiversity.Establishment ofnature reserves may how-ever generate constraints for development of local communities residing in these reserves.The village ecosystem of Zhuanjinglou Village in Wolong Nature Reserve includes population, farming and livestock (domestic and alpine) and forest ecosystem.An emergy analysis of agro-ecosystem (including the farming and livestock ecosystem) and energy consumption in Zhuanjinglou Village indicates that livestock ecosystem plays an important role in village ecosystem, which may be the source of great pressure on the state of the local environment.The increasing ratio of electrici-ty in energy consumption may play a positive role for environmen-tal conservation.Despite some successful experiences, there are some remaining issues that need to be addressed in the ecological rehabilitation of the village ecosystem.
TL;DR: In this article, a collection and collation of various concepts and explanations of ecotourism both at home and abroad is presented, which reflect on the current connotations of eco-tourism in terms of four aspects, namely, objects of ecology, tourists, nature, and communities.
Abstract: As the most desirable option for sustainable development of tourism industry, ecotourism still suffers from lack of a clear-cut and widely accepted definition, posing many risks and threats in its practices. Based on collection and collation of various concepts and explanations of ecotourism both at home and abroad, this paper reflects on the current connotations of ecotourism in terms of four aspects, namely, objects of ecotourism, ecotourists, nature of ecotourism as well as the relationship between ecotourism and communities. In-depth analysis was performed in an effort to revise the misinterpretation of ecotourism and provide implications for ecotourism initiatives. The main conclusions and fruits of this article include: 1) The objects of ecotourism should go beyond natural, pristine, or even only primitive natural areas to including cultural resources together with their natural context which also deserve preservation.2) Tourism operators, compared to tourists, have more leverage and hence should shoulder more responsibilities for conservation. 3) Ecotourism should serve as a principle to guide tourism initiatives towards sustainability, rather than merely a special tour package. 4) The theoretic foundation was laid for community participation in ecotourism.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the negative outcomes of nature which are being continually created by human and much attention has been paid to how the environment is protected through integrated research, movement and policy.
Abstract: Now environment is an important topic in academic field. Many researches focus on the negative outcomes of nature which are being continually created by human and much attention has been paid to how the environment is protected through integrated research, movement and policy. But few studies are concentrated on population and environment and are to find out the interconnectivity and underlying mechanism that have an effect on people’s preferring additional children and perception to environment. Many researchers claim that population growth is a great problem for environment but they do not provide the indepth integrated knowledge and mechanism that influence fertility trend and environmental problems. It is very crucial to develop practical and concrete initiatives to confirm a transition to reduce population growth and redirect the perception on population and environment.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed empirically the issues of knowledge transfer and technology cooperation for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS), and found that the differences within the countries imply that the analysis must proceed at a technology specific level.
Abstract: For the development process in the rapidly growing economics, knowledge transfer and technology cooperation are becoming important issues.Research and technological compe-tences are key indicators for the absorptive capacity of sustain-ability technologies and for the ability to export them.These issues are analyzed empirically for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS).Sustainability related research in BRICS is mostly carried out within broader, more sector orient-ed programmes.Specialization patterns of international patents and in foreign trade indicate various strengths and weaknesses of the BRICS countries.The differences within the countries imply that the analysis must proceed at a technology specific level.China has considerable capabilities in technologies such as photovoltaics, solar thermal or buildings.There is a strong need for strategic positioning of the countries and for coordina-tion of the various policy fields involved.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify 20 factors affecting ICT application in SMEs in China and divide them into four broad categories, namely pressures, firm specific factors, technical factors and local milieu.
Abstract: The wide application of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) has been argued to be critical to business success of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially to those in the developing countries. Drawing upon existing literature, this article will examine the determinants of ICTs application in SMEs in China based on data collected from interviews with top managers and/or owners of 70 SMEs. We identify 20 factors affecting ICTs application in SMEs in China and divide them into four broad categories, namely pressures, firm specific factors, technical factors and local milieu. We also pay special attention to the Chinese business environment affecting ICTs application. Our analysis shows that local ICT infrastructure, external pressures from competitors and ICT knowledge of employees are the determinants of Internet application by SMEs, while product characteristics and market target are important factors of e-commerce adoption.
TL;DR: According to the general tendency of the development of enterprise cultural in the 21st century, more and more intense attentions will be paid on the enterprise culture as discussed by the authors, while the world green tendency and the green demand rise increasingly, the research on the green cultural management is becoming more important.
Abstract: According to the general tendency of the development of enterprise cultural in the 21st century, more and more intense attentions will be paid on the enterprise culture. Thus, while the world green tendency and the green demand rise increasingly, the research on the green cultural management is becoming more important. The study of the green cultural management is not only of vital significance in promoting the continuous development of social economy, but also exchanging the way of the economic growth from extensive pattern to intensive pattern, improving the capacity of the competition and economic benefit of the company, and accelerating the international business. Moreover, the research has another significant importance in enriching and developing the science of enterprise of management.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors studied tourism eco-environment of 14 cit-ies of Gangsu Province, China, based on GIS with many kinds of multi-subject spatial database, such as remote sensing data, observation data and literature data.
Abstract: The article studies tourism eco-environment of 14 cit-ies of Gangsu Province, China, based on GIS with many kinds of multi-subject spatial database, such as remote sensing data, obser-vation data and literature data. The research results were as fol-lows. First, spatial features of ]4 cities' tourism eco-environment are displayed with five levels of vulnerability respectively. The vulnerability in Gansu becomes worse from Gannan City, located in southern Gansu to Hexi Corridor which lies in northwestern Gansu. Second, the areas of above the middle vulnerability level make up 75% of the total areas of Gansu Province. Third, more than 70% of high-level human and natural tourism resources are in the areas with high vulnerability eco-environment. Fourth, it is crucial to develop comprehensive tourism industry in order to im-prove the harmonious development between tourism industry and eco-environment in Gansu Province.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors highlighted the characteristics and pattern of urbanization in the world based on the quadrants map, using data of 118 countries or areas, and revealed that both urbanization level and the level of economic development belong to the low-grade coordination pattern.
Abstract: > Two prevalent views are reviewed on China’s urbanization firstly. Then, this article highlights the characteristics and pattern of urbanization in the world based on the quadrants map, using data of 118 countries or areas. The results indicate that the process of urbanization in the world excluding the data of China has slowed down gradually. A further exploration examines China’s urbanization process and economic development over time, which reveals that both urbanization level and the level of economic development belong to the low-grade coordination pattern. The low level of urbanization is closely connected with the low level of economic development. Actually, China’s urbanization gap appeared during 1985–1995, but it has been eliminating this urbanization gap since 1995 as a result of rapid urbanization growing. The complicated realities revealed in this analysis challenge the existing two prevalent views.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the methane concentration profile from −1.5m depth in soil to 32m height in air in alpine steppe located in the permafrost area.
Abstract: The methane concentration profile from –1.5m depth in soil to 32m height in air was measured in alpine steppe located in the permafrost area. Methane concentrations showed widely variations both in air and in soil during the study period. The mean concentrations in atmosphere were all higher than those in soil, and the highest methane concentration was found in air at the height of 16m with the lowest concentration occurring at the depth of 1.5m in soil. The variations of atmospheric methane concentrations did not show any clear pattern both temporally and spatially, although they exhibited a more steadystable state than those in soil. During the seasonal variations, the methane concentrations at different depths in soil were significantly correlated (R2>0.6) with each other comparing to the weak correlations (R2<0.2) between the atmospheric concentrations at different heights. Mean methane concentrations in soil significantly decreased with depth. This was the compositive influence of the decrea...