Showing papers in "Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience in 2022"

Pigeon Inspired Optimization with Encryption Based Secure Medical Image Management System

Abstract: Presently, technological advancements in the healthcare sector pose a challenging problem relevant to the security and privacy of health-related applications. Medical images can be considered significant and sensitive data in the medical informatics system. In order to transmit medical images in an open medium, the design of secure encryption algorithms becomes essential. Encryption can be considered one of the effective solutions for accomplishing security. Although numerous models have existed in the literature, they could not adaptable to the rising number of medicinal images in the health sector. At the same time, the optimal key generation process acts as a vital part in defining the performance of the encryption techniques. Therefore, this article presents a Pigeon Inspired Optimization with Encryption-based Secure Medical Image Management (PIOE-SMIM) technique. The proposed PIOE-SMIM approach majorly concentrates on the development of secret share creation (SSC) and the encryption process. At the initial stage, the medical images are converted into a collection of 12 shares using the SSC approach. In addition, an elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) scheme is employed for the encryption process. In order to optimum key creation procedure in the ECC model, the PIO technique is exploited with the aim of maximizing PSNR. Finally, on the receiver side, the decryption and share reconstruction processes are performed to construct the original images. The PIOE-SMIM model displayed an enhanced PSNR of 59.37 dB in image 1. Improved PSNR of 59.53 dB is given for image 5 using the PIOE-SMIM model. For demonstrating an enhanced performance of the PIOE-SMIM method, a widespread experimental study is made and the results highlighted the supremacy of the PIOE-SMIM model over other techniques.

Hyperspectral Image Classification Model Using Squeeze and Excitation Network with Deep Learning

Abstract: In the domain of remote sensing, the classification of hyperspectral image (HSI) has become a popular topic. In general, the complicated features of hyperspectral data cause the precise classification difficult for standard machine learning approaches. Deep learning-based HSI classification has lately received a lot of interest in the field of remote sensing and has shown promising results. As opposed to conventional hand-crafted feature-based classification approaches, deep learning can automatically learn complicated features of HSIs with a greater number of hierarchical layers. Because HSI's data structure is complicated, applying deep learning to it is difficult. The primary objective of this research is to propose a deep feature extraction model for HSI classification. Deep networks can extricate features of spatial and spectral from HSI data simultaneously, which is advantageous for increasing the performances of the proposed system. The squeeze and excitation (SE) network is combined with convolutional neural networks (SE-CNN) in this work to increase its performance in extracting features and classifying HSI. The squeeze and excitation block is designed to improve the representation quality of a CNN. Three benchmark datasets are utilized in the experiment to evaluate the proposed model: Pavia Centre, Pavia University, and Salinas. The proposed model's performance is validated by a performance comparison with current deep transfer learning approaches such as VGG-16, Inception-v3, and ResNet-50. In terms of accuracy on each class of datasets and overall accuracy, the proposed SE-CNN model outperforms the compared models. The proposed model achieved an overall accuracy of 96.05% for Pavia University, 98.94% for Pavia Centre dataset, and 96.33% for Salinas dataset.

Machine Learning and Image Processing Enabled Evolutionary Framework for Brain MRI Analysis for Alzheimer's Disease Detection

Abstract: Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of abnormal protein bundles in the brain tissue, but experts are not yet sure what is causing the condition. To find a cure or aversion, researchers need to know more than just that there are protein differences from the usual; they also need to know how these brain nerves form so that a remedy may be discovered. Machine learning is the study of computational approaches for enhancing performance on a specific task through the process of learning. This article presents an Alzheimer's disease detection framework consisting of image denoising of an MRI input data set using an adaptive mean filter, preprocessing using histogram equalization, and feature extraction by Haar wavelet transform. Classification is performed using LS-SVM-RBF, SVM, KNN, and random forest classifier. An adaptive mean filter removes noise from the existing MRI images. Image quality is enhanced by histogram equalization. Experimental results are compared using parameters such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and recall.

Supervised Machine Learning Empowered Multifactorial Genetic Inheritance Disorder Prediction

Abstract: Fatal diseases like cancer, dementia, and diabetes are very dangerous. This leads to fear of death if these are not diagnosed at early stages. Computer science uses biomedical studies to diagnose cancer, dementia, and diabetes. With the advancement of machine learning, there are various techniques which are accessible to predict and prognosis these diseases based on different datasets. These datasets varied (image datasets and CSV datasets) around the world. So, there is a need for some machine learning classifiers to predict cancer, dementia, and diabetes in a human. In this paper, we used a multifactorial genetic inheritance disorder dataset to predict cancer, dementia, and diabetes. Several studies used different machine learning classifiers to predict cancer, dementia, and diabetes separately with the help of different types of datasets. So, in this paper, multiclass classification proposed methodology used support vector machine (SVM) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) machine learning techniques to predict three diseases and compared these techniques based on accuracy. Simulation results have shown that the proposed model of SVM and KNN for prediction of dementia, cancer, and diabetes from multifactorial genetic inheritance disorder achieved 92.8% and 92.5%, 92.8% and 91.2% accuracy during training and testing, respectively. So, it is observed that proposed SVM-based dementia, cancer, and diabetes from multifactorial genetic inheritance disorder prediction (MGIDP) give attractive results as compared with the proposed model of KNN. The application of the proposed model helps to prognosis and prediction of cancer, dementia, and diabetes before time and plays a vital role to minimize the death ratio around the world.

Breast Cancer Pathological Image Classification Based on the Multiscale CNN Squeeze Model

Abstract: The use of an automatic histopathological image identification system is essential for expediting diagnoses and lowering mistake rates. Although it is of enormous clinical importance, computerized breast cancer multiclassification using histological pictures has rarely been investigated. A deep learning-based classification strategy is suggested to solve the challenge of automated categorization of breast cancer pathology pictures. The attention model that acts on the feature channel is the channel refinement model. The learned channel weight may be used to reduce superfluous features when implementing the feature channel. To increase classification accuracy, calibration is necessary. To increase the accuracy of channel recalibration findings, a multiscale channel recalibration model is provided, and the msSE-ResNet convolutional neural network is built. The multiscale properties flow through the network's highest pooling layer. The channel weights obtained at different scales are delivered into line fusion and used as input to the next channel recalibration model, which may improve the results of channel recalibration. The experimental findings reveal that the spatial recalibration model fares poorly on the job of classifying breast cancer pathology pictures when applied to the semantic segmentation of brain MRI images. The public BreakHis dataset is used to conduct the experiment. The network performs benign/malignant breast pathology picture classification collected at various magnifications with a classification accuracy of 88.87 percent, according to experimental data. The diseased images are also more resilient. Experiments on pathological pictures at various magnifications show that msSE-ResNet34 is capable of performing well when used to classify pathological images at various magnifications.

A Decisive Metaheuristic Attribute Selector Enabled Combined Unsupervised-Supervised Model for Chronic Disease Risk Assessment

Abstract: Advanced predictive analytics coupled with an effective attribute selection method plays a pivotal role in the precise assessment of chronic disorder risks in patients. Traditional attribute selection approaches suffer from premature convergence, high complexity, and computational cost. On the contrary, heuristic-based optimization to supervised methods minimizes the computational cost by eliminating outlier attributes. In this study, a novel buffer-enabled heuristic, a memory-based metaheuristic attribute selection (MMAS) model, is proposed, which performs a local neighborhood search for optimizing chronic disorders data. It is further filtered with unsupervised K-means clustering to remove outliers. The resultant data are input to the Naive Bayes classifier to determine chronic disease risks' presence. Heart disease, breast cancer, diabetes, and hepatitis are the datasets used in the research. Upon implementation of the model, a mean accuracy of 94.5% using MMAS was recorded and it dropped to 93.5% if clustering was not used. The average precision, recall, and F-score metric computed were 96.05%, 94.07%, and 95.06%, respectively. The model also has a least latency of 0.8 sec. Thus, it is demonstrated that chronic disease diagnosis can be significantly improved by heuristic-based attribute selection coupled with clustering followed by classification. It can be used to develop a decision support system to assist medical experts in the effective analysis of chronic diseases in a cost-effective manner.

Real-Time Twitter Spam Detection and Sentiment Analysis using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques

Abstract: In this modern world, we are accustomed to a constant stream of data. Major social media sites like Twitter, Facebook, or Quora face a huge dilemma as a lot of these sites fall victim to spam accounts. These accounts are made to trap unsuspecting genuine users by making them click on malicious links or keep posting redundant posts by using bots. This can greatly impact the experiences that users have on these sites. A lot of time and research has gone into effective ways to detect these forms of spam. Performing sentiment analysis on these posts can help us in solving this problem effectively. The main purpose of this proposed work is to develop a system that can determine whether a tweet is “spam” or “ham” and evaluate the emotion of the tweet. The extracted features after preprocessing the tweets are classified using various classifiers, namely, decision tree, logistic regression, multinomial naïve Bayes, support vector machine, random forest, and Bernoulli naïve Bayes for spam detection. The stochastic gradient descent, support vector machine, logistic regression, random forest, naïve Bayes, and deep learning methods, namely, simple recurrent neural network (RNN) model, long short-term memory (LSTM) model, bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) model, and 1D convolutional neural network (CNN) model are used for sentiment analysis. The performance of each classifier is analyzed. The classification results showed that the features extracted from the tweets can be satisfactorily used to identify if a certain tweet is spam or not and create a learning model that will associate tweets with a particular sentiment.

IOTEML: An Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Enhanced Machine Learning Model for Tumour Investigation

Abstract: In the current age of technology, various diseases in the body are also on the rise. Tumours that cause more discomfort in the body are set to increase the discomfort of most patients. Patients experience different effects depending on the tumour size and type. Future developments in the medical field are moving towards the development of tools based on IoT devices. These advances will in the future follow special features designed based on multiple machine learning developed by artificial intelligence. In that order, an improved algorithm named Internet of Things-based enhanced machine learning is proposed in this paper. What makes it special is that it involves separate functions to diagnose each type of tumour. It analyzes and calculates things like the size, shape, and location of the tumour. Cure from cancer is determined by the stage at which we find cancer. Early detection of cancer has the potential to cure quickly. At a saturation point, the proposed Internet of Things-based enhanced machine learning model achieved 94.56% of accuracy, 94.12% of precision, 94.98% of recall, 95.12% of F1-score, and 1856 ms of execution time. The simulation is conducted to test the efficacy of the model, and the results of the simulation show that the proposed Internet of Things-based enhanced machine learning obtains a higher rate of intelligence than other methods.

EEG-Based Epileptic Seizure Detection via Machine/Deep Learning Approaches: A Systematic Review

Abstract: Epileptic seizure is one of the most chronic neurological diseases that instantaneously disrupts the lifestyle of affected individuals. Toward developing novel and efficient technology for epileptic seizure management, recent diagnostic approaches have focused on developing machine/deep learning model (ML/DL)-based electroencephalogram (EEG) methods. Importantly, EEG's noninvasiveness and ability to offer repeated patterns of epileptic-related electrophysiological information have motivated the development of varied ML/DL algorithms for epileptic seizure diagnosis in the recent years. However, EEG's low amplitude and nonstationary characteristics make it difficult for existing ML/DL models to achieve a consistent and satisfactory diagnosis outcome, especially in clinical settings, where environmental factors could hardly be avoided. Though several recent works have explored the use of EEG-based ML/DL methods and statistical feature for seizure diagnosis, it is unclear what the advantages and limitations of these works are, which might preclude the advancement of research and development in the field of epileptic seizure diagnosis and appropriate criteria for selecting ML/DL models and statistical feature extraction methods for EEG-based epileptic seizure diagnosis. Therefore, this paper attempts to bridge this research gap by conducting an extensive systematic review on the recent developments of EEG-based ML/DL technologies for epileptic seizure diagnosis. In the review, current development in seizure diagnosis, various statistical feature extraction methods, ML/DL models, their performances, limitations, and core challenges as applied in EEG-based epileptic seizure diagnosis were meticulously reviewed and compared. In addition, proper criteria for selecting appropriate and efficient feature extraction techniques and ML/DL models for epileptic seizure diagnosis were also discussed. Findings from this study will aid researchers in deciding the most efficient ML/DL models with optimal feature extraction methods to improve the performance of EEG-based epileptic seizure detection.

Application of Intelligent Paradigm through Neural Networks for Numerical Solution of Multiorder Fractional Differential Equations

Abstract: In this study, the intelligent computational strength of neural networks (NNs) based on the backpropagated Levenberg-Marquardt (BLM) algorithm is utilized to investigate the numerical solution of nonlinear multiorder fractional differential equations (FDEs). The reference data set for the design of the BLM-NN algorithm for different examples of FDEs are generated by using the exact solutions. To obtain the numerical solutions, multiple operations based on training, validation, and testing on the reference data set are carried out by the design scheme for various orders of FDEs. The approximate solutions by the BLM-NN algorithm are compared with analytical solutions and performance based on mean square error (MSE), error histogram (EH), regression, and curve fitting. This further validates the accuracy, robustness, and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

Applying Dynamic Systems to Social Media by Using Controlling Stability

Abstract: This study focuses on hybrid synchronization, a new synchronization phenomenon in which one element of the system is synced with another part of the system that is not allowing full synchronization and nonsynchronization to coexist in the system. When limt⟶∞Y−αX=0, where Y and X are the state vectors of the drive and response systems, respectively, and Wan (α = ∓1)), the two systems' hybrid synchronization phenomena are realized mathematically. Nonlinear control is used to create four alternative error stabilization controllers that are based on two basic tools: Lyapunov stability theory and the linearization approach.

Enhancement of Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Harris Hawks Optimization with Deep Learning Model

Abstract: In today's world, diabetic retinopathy is a very severe health issue, which is affecting many humans of different age groups. Due to the high levels of blood sugar, the minuscule blood vessels in the retina may get damaged in no time and further may lead to retinal detachment and even sometimes lead to glaucoma blindness. If diabetic retinopathy can be diagnosed at the early stages, then many of the affected people will not be losing their vision and also human lives can be saved. Several machine learning and deep learning methods have been applied on the available data sets of diabetic retinopathy, but they were unable to provide the better results in terms of accuracy in preprocessing and optimizing the classification and feature extraction process. To overcome the issues like feature extraction and optimization in the existing systems, we have considered the Diabetic Retinopathy Debrecen Data Set from the UCI machine learning repository and designed a deep learning model with principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction, and to extract the most important features, Harris hawks optimization algorithm is used further to optimize the classification and feature extraction process. The results shown by the deep learning model with respect to specificity, precision, accuracy, and recall are very much satisfactory compared to the existing systems.

Combined Economic Emission Dispatch of Microgrid with the Incorporation of Renewable Energy Sources Using Improved Mayfly Optimization Algorithm

Abstract: Electricity can be provided to small-scale communities like commercial areas and villages through microgrid, one of the small-scale, advanced, and independent electricity systems out of the grid. Microgrid is an appropriate choice for specific purposes reducing emission and generation cost and increasing efficiency, reliability, and the utilization of renewable energy sources. The main objective of this paper is to elucidate the combined economic emission dispatch CEED problem in the microgrid to attain optimal generation cost. A combined cost optimization approach is examined to minimize operational cost and emission levels while satisfying the load demand of the microgrid. With this background, the authors proposed a novel improved mayfly algorithm incorporating Levy flight to resolve the combined economic emission dispatch problem encountered in microgrids. The islanded mode microgrid test system considered in this study comprises thermal power, solar-powered, and wind power generating units. The simulation results were considered for 24 hours with varying power demands. The minimization of total cost and emission is attained for four different scenarios. Optimization results obtained for all scenarios using IMA give a comparatively better reduction in system cost than MA and other optimization algorithms considered revealing the efficacy of IMA taken for comparison with the same data. The proposed IMA algorithm can solve the CEED problem in a grid-connected microgrid.

A Hybrid Feature Extraction Method for Nepali COVID-19-Related Tweets Classification

Abstract: COVID-19 is one of the deadliest viruses, which has killed millions of people around the world to this date. The reason for peoples' death is not only linked to its infection but also to peoples' mental states and sentiments triggered by the fear of the virus. People's sentiments, which are predominantly available in the form of posts/tweets on social media, can be interpreted using two kinds of information: syntactical and semantic. Herein, we propose to analyze peoples' sentiment using both kinds of information (syntactical and semantic) on the COVID-19-related twitter dataset available in the Nepali language. For this, we, first, use two widely used text representation methods: TF-IDF and FastText and then combine them to achieve the hybrid features to capture the highly discriminating features. Second, we implement nine widely used machine learning classifiers (Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbor, Decision Trees, Random Forest, Extreme Tree classifier, AdaBoost, and Multilayer Perceptron), based on the three feature representation methods: TF-IDF, FastText, and Hybrid. To evaluate our methods, we use a publicly available Nepali-COVID-19 tweets dataset, NepCov19Tweets, which consists of Nepali tweets categorized into three classes (Positive, Negative, and Neutral). The evaluation results on the NepCOV19Tweets show that the hybrid feature extraction method not only outperforms the other two individual feature extraction methods while using nine different machine learning algorithms but also provides excellent performance when compared with the state-of-the-art methods.

Deep Learning Model for the Automatic Classification of White Blood Cells

Abstract: Blood cell count is highly useful in identifying the occurrence of a particular disease or ailment. To successfully measure the blood cell count, sophisticated equipment that makes use of invasive methods to acquire the blood cell slides or images is utilized. These blood cell images are subjected to various data analyzing techniques that count and classify the different types of blood cells. Nowadays, deep learning-based methods are in practice to analyze the data. These methods are less time-consuming and require less sophisticated equipment. This paper implements a deep learning (D.L) model that uses the DenseNet121 model to classify the different types of white blood cells (WBC). The DenseNet121 model is optimized with the preprocessing techniques of normalization and data augmentation. This model yielded an accuracy of 98.84%, a precision of 99.33%, a sensitivity of 98.85%, and a specificity of 99.61%. The proposed model is simulated with four batch sizes (BS) along with the Adam optimizer and 10 epochs. It is concluded from the results that the DenseNet121 model has outperformed with batch size 8 as compared to other batch sizes. The dataset has been taken from the Kaggle having 12,444 images with the images of 3120 eosinophils, 3103 lymphocytes, 3098 monocytes, and 3123 neutrophils. With such results, these models could be utilized for developing clinically useful solutions that are able to detect WBC in blood cell images.

Enabling Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) Healthcare Architectures and Listing Security Issues

Abstract: A significant study has been undertaken in the areas of health care and administration of cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) technologies throughout the previous decade. Healthcare professionals studied smart gadgets and other medical technologies, along with the AI-based Internet of Things (IoT) (AIoT). Connecting the two regions makes sense in terms of improving care for rural and isolated resident individuals. The healthcare industry has made tremendous strides in efficiency, affordability, and usefulness as a result of new research options and major cost reductions. This includes instructions (AIoT-based) medical advancements can be both beneficial and detrimental. While the IoT concept undoubtedly offers a number of benefits, it also poses fundamental security and privacy concerns regarding medical data. However, resource-constrained AIoT devices are vulnerable to a number of assaults, which can significantly impair their performance. Cryptographic algorithms used in the past are inadequate for safeguarding IoT-enabled networks, presenting substantial security risks. The AIoT is made up of three layers: perception, network, and application, all of which are vulnerable to security threats. These threats can be aggressive or passive in nature, and they can originate both within and outside the network. Numerous IoT security issues, including replay, sniffing, and eavesdropping, have the ability to obstruct network communication. The AIoT-H application is likely to be explored in this research article due to its potential to aid with existing and different technologies, as well as bring useful solutions to healthcare security challenges. Additionally, every day, several potential problems and inconsistencies with the AIoT-H technique have been discovered.

Blockchain-Based Trust Management Framework for Cloud Computing-Based Internet of Medical Things (IoMT): A Systematic Review

Abstract: The internet of medical things (IoMT) is a smart medical device structure that includes apps, health services, and systems. These medical equipment and applications are linked to healthcare systems via the internet. Because IoT devices lack computational power, the collected data can be processed and analyzed in the cloud by more computationally intensive tools. Cloud computing in IoMT is also used to store IoT data as part of a collaborative effort. Cloud computing has provided new avenues for providing services to users with better user experience, scalability, and proper resource utilization compared to traditional platforms. However, these cloud platforms are susceptible to several security breaches evident from recent and past incidents. Trust management is a crucial feature required for providing secure and reliable service to users. The traditional trust management protocols in the cloud computing situation are centralized and result in single-point failure. Blockchain has emerged as the possible use case for the domain that requires trust and reliability in several aspects. Different researchers have presented various blockchain-based trust management approaches. This study reviews the trust challenges in cloud computing and analyzes how blockchain technology addresses these challenges using blockchain-based trust management frameworks. There are ten (10) solutions under two broad categories of decentralization and security. These challenges are centralization, huge overhead, trust evidence, less adaptive, and inaccuracy. This systematic review has been performed in six stages: identifying the research question, research methods, screening the related articles, abstract and keyword examination, data retrieval, and mapping processing. Atlas.ti software is used to analyze the relevant articles based on keywords. A total of 70 codes and 262 quotations are compiled, and furthermore, these quotations are categorized using manual coding. Finally, 20 solutions under two main categories of decentralization and security were retrieved. Out of these ten (10) solutions, three (03) fell in the security category, and the rest seven (07) came under the decentralization category.

CNN Based Multiclass Brain Tumor Detection Using Medical Imaging

Abstract: Brain tumors are the 10th leading reason for the death which is common among the adults and children. On the basis of texture, region, and shape there exists various types of tumor, and each one has the chances of survival very low. The wrong classification can lead to the worse consequences. As a result, these had to be properly divided into the many classes or grades, which is where multiclass classification comes into play. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pictures are the most acceptable manner or method for representing the human brain for identifying the various tumors. Recent developments in image classification technology have made great strides, and the most popular and better approach that has been considered best in this area is CNN, and therefore, CNN is used for the brain tumor classification issue in this paper. The proposed model was successfully able to classify the brain image into four different classes, namely, no tumor indicating the given MRI of the brain does not have the tumor, glioma, meningioma, and pituitary tumor. This model produces an accuracy of 99%.

Mask Detection and Social Distance Identification Using Internet of Things and Faster R-CNN Algorithm

Abstract: The drones can be used to detect a group of people who are unmasked and do not maintain social distance. In this paper, a deep learning-enabled drone is designed for mask detection and social distance monitoring. A drone is one of the unmanned systems that can be automated. This system mainly focuses on Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) monitoring using Raspberry Pi 4. This drone automation system sends alerts to the people via speaker for maintaining the social distance. This system captures images and detects unmasked persons using faster regions with convolutional neural network (faster R-CNN) model. When the system detects unmasked persons, it sends their details to respective authorities and the nearest police station. The built model covers the majority of face detection using different benchmark datasets. OpenCV camera utilizes 24/7 service reports on a daily basis using Raspberry Pi 4 and a faster R-CNN algorithm.

Intrusion Detection System for IoT Based on Deep Learning and Modified Reptile Search Algorithm

Abstract: This study proposes a novel framework to improve intrusion detection system (IDS) performance based on the data collected from the Internet of things (IoT) environments. The developed framework relies on deep learning and metaheuristic (MH) optimization algorithms to perform feature extraction and selection. A simple yet effective convolutional neural network (CNN) is implemented as the core feature extractor of the framework to learn better and more relevant representations of the input data in a lower-dimensional space. A new feature selection mechanism is proposed based on a recently developed MH method, called Reptile Search Algorithm (RSA), which is inspired by the hunting behaviors of the crocodiles. The RSA boosts the IDS system performance by selecting only the most important features (an optimal subset of features) from the extracted features using the CNN model. Several datasets, including KDDCup-99, NSL-KDD, CICIDS-2017, and BoT-IoT, were used to assess the IDS system performance. The proposed framework achieved competitive performance in classification metrics compared to other well-known optimization methods applied for feature selection problems.

A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Metastatic Cancer Detection

Abstract: Cancer has been found as a heterogeneous disease with various subtypes and aims to destroy the body's normal cells abruptly. As a result, it is essential to detect and prognosis the distinct type of cancer since they may help cancer survivors with treatment in the early stage. It must also divide cancer patients into high- and low-risk groups. While realizing efficient detection of cancer is frequently a time-taking and exhausting task with the high possibility of pathologist errors and previous studies employed data mining and machine learning (ML) techniques to identify cancer, these strategies rely on handcrafted feature extraction techniques that result in incorrect classification. On the contrary, deep learning (DL) is robust in feature extraction and has recently been widely used for classification and detection purposes. This research implemented a novel hybrid AlexNet-gated recurrent unit (AlexNet-GRU) model for the lymph node (LN) breast cancer detection and classification. We have used a well-known Kaggle (PCam) data set to classify LN cancer samples. This study is tested and compared among three models: convolutional neural network GRU (CNN-GRU), CNN long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM), and the proposed AlexNet-GRU. The experimental results indicated that the performance metrics accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity (99.50%, 98.10%, 98.90%, and 97.50) of the proposed model can reduce the pathologist errors that occur during the diagnosis process of incorrect classification and significantly better performance than CNN-GRU and CNN-LSTM models. The proposed model is compared with other recent ML/DL algorithms to analyze the model's efficiency, which reveals that the proposed AlexNet-GRU model is computationally efficient. Also, the proposed model presents its superiority over state-of-the-art methods for LN breast cancer detection and classification.

A Novel Framework Based on Deep Learning and ANOVA Feature Selection Method for Diagnosis of COVID-19 Cases from Chest X-Ray Images

Abstract: Background and Objective. The new coronavirus disease (known as COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan and quickly spread worldwide, wreaking havoc on the economy and people's everyday lives. As the number of COVID-19 cases is rapidly increasing, a reliable detection technique is needed to identify affected individuals and care for them in the early stages of COVID-19 and reduce the virus's transmission. The most accessible method for COVID-19 identification is Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR); however, it is time-consuming and has false-negative results. These limitations encouraged us to propose a novel framework based on deep learning that can aid radiologists in diagnosing COVID-19 cases from chest X-ray images. Methods. In this paper, a pretrained network, DenseNet169, was employed to extract features from X-ray images. Features were chosen by a feature selection method, i.e., analysis of variance (ANOVA), to reduce computations and time complexity while overcoming the curse of dimensionality to improve accuracy. Finally, selected features were classified by the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The ChestX-ray8 dataset was employed to train and evaluate the proposed method. Results and Conclusion. The proposed method reached 98.72% accuracy for two-class classification (COVID-19, No-findings) and 92% accuracy for multiclass classification (COVID-19, No-findings, and Pneumonia). The proposed method's precision, recall, and specificity rates on two-class classification were 99.21%, 93.33%, and 100%, respectively. Also, the proposed method achieved 94.07% precision, 88.46% recall, and 100% specificity for multiclass classification. The experimental results show that the proposed framework outperforms other methods and can be helpful for radiologists in the diagnosis of COVID-19 cases.

Advanced Deep Learning Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) Molecular Detection in Understanding Human Infertility

Abstract: To see if HHV-6 may be a cause of infertility, researchers looked at 18 men and 10 women who had unexplained critical fertility and had at least one prior pregnancy. HHV-6 DNA was discovered in both infertile and fertile peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (12 and 14%, respectively); endometrial epithelial cells from 4/10 (40%) infertile women were positive for HHV-6 DNA; this viral DNA was not found in the endometrium of fertile women. When endometrial epithelial cells were cultivated, they produced viral early and late proteins, suggesting the existence of an infectious virus. Endometrial HHV-6 infection creates an aberrant NK cell and cytokine profile, resulting in a uterine domain that is not favorable to conception, according to the findings. To corroborate the findings, studies of extra fertile and barren women should be done. Semen samples were taken from 18 guys who visited the Government General Hospital Guntur's infertility department because they were having reproductive issues with their partners. Herpes virus DNA has been discovered in the sperm of symptomatic fertile and infertile male patients on rare instances. Furthermore, researchers must investigate the role of viral diseases in male infertility.

Blockchain-Based Digital Twins Collaboration for Smart Pandemic Alerting: Decentralized COVID-19 Pandemic Alerting Use Case

Abstract: Emerging technologies such as digital twins, blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) play a vital role in driving the industrial revolution in all domains, including the healthcare sector. As a result of COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, there is a significant need for medical cyber-physical systems to adopt these emerging technologies to combat COVID-19 paramedic crisis. Also, acquiring secure real-time data exchange and analysis across multiple participants is essential to support the efforts against COVID-19. Therefore, we have introduced a blockchain-based collaborative digital twins framework for decentralized epidemic alerting to combat COVID-19 and any future pandemics. The framework has been proposed to bring together the existing advanced technologies (i.e., blockchain, digital twins, and AI) and then provide a solution to decentralize epidemic alerting to combat COVID-19 outbreaks. Also, we have described how the conceptual framework can be applied in the decentralized COVID-19 pandemic alerting use case.

Vision Transformer and Deep Sequence Learning for Human Activity Recognition in Surveillance Videos

Abstract: Human Activity Recognition is an active research area with several Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based features extraction and classification methods employed for surveillance and other applications. However, accurate identification of HAR from a sequence of frames is a challenging task due to cluttered background, different viewpoints, low resolution, and partial occlusion. Current CNN-based techniques use large-scale computational classifiers along with convolutional operators having local receptive fields, limiting their performance to capture long-range temporal information. Therefore, in this work, we introduce a convolution-free approach for accurate HAR, which overcomes the above-mentioned problems and accurately encodes relative spatial information. In the proposed framework, the frame-level features are extracted via pretrained Vision Transformer; next, these features are passed to multilayer long short-term memory to capture the long-range dependencies of the actions in the surveillance videos. To validate the performance of the proposed framework, we carried out extensive experiments on UCF50 and HMDB51 benchmark HAR datasets and improved accuracy by 0.944% and 1.414%, respectively, when compared to state-of-the-art deep models.

A Graph-Related High-Order Neural Network Architecture via Feature Aggregation Enhancement for Identification Application of Diseases and Pests

Abstract: Diseases and pests are essential threat factors that affect agricultural production, food security supply, and ecological plant diversity. However, the accurate recognition of various diseases and pests is still challenging for existing advanced information and intelligence technologies. Disease and pest recognition is typically a fine-grained visual classification problem, which is easy to confuse the traditional coarse-grained methods due to the external similarity between different categories and the significant differences among each subsample of the same category. Toward this end, this paper proposes an effective graph-related high-order network with feature aggregation enhancement (GHA-Net) to handle the fine-grained image recognition of plant pests and diseases. In our approach, an improved CSP-stage backbone network is first formed to offer massive channel-shuffled features in multiple granularities. Secondly, relying on the multilevel attention mechanism, the feature aggregation enhancement module is designed to exploit distinguishable fine-grained features representing different discriminating parts. Meanwhile, the graphic convolution module is constructed to analyse the graph-correlated representation of part-specific interrelationships by regularizing semantic features into the high-order tensor space. With the collaborative learning of three modules, our approach can grasp the robust contextual details of diseases and pests for better fine-grained identification. Extensive experiments on several public fine-grained disease and pest datasets demonstrate that the proposed GHA-Net achieves better performances in accuracy and efficiency surpassing several other existing models and is more suitable for fine-grained identification applications in complex scenes.

Human-Computer Interaction with Detection of Speaker Emotions Using Convolution Neural Networks

Abstract: Emotions play an essential role in human relationships, and many real-time applications rely on interpreting the speaker's emotion from their words. Speech emotion recognition (SER) modules aid human-computer interface (HCI) applications, but they are challenging to implement because of the lack of balanced data for training and clarity about which features are sufficient for categorization. This research discusses the impact of the classification approach, identifying the most appropriate combination of features and data augmentation on speech emotion detection accuracy. Selection of the correct combination of handcrafted features with the classifier plays an integral part in reducing computation complexity. The suggested classification model, a 1D convolutional neural network (1D CNN), outperforms traditional machine learning approaches in classification. Unlike most earlier studies, which examined emotions primarily through a single language lens, our analysis looks at numerous language data sets. With the most discriminating features and data augmentation, our technique achieves 97.09%, 96.44%, and 83.33% accuracy for the BAVED, ANAD, and SAVEE data sets, respectively.

Wearable Sensor-Based Human Activity Recognition in the Smart Healthcare System

Abstract: Human activity recognition (HAR) has been of interest in recent years due to the growing demands in many areas. Applications of HAR include healthcare systems to monitor activities of daily living (ADL) (primarily due to the rapidly growing population of the elderly), security environments for automatic recognition of abnormal activities to notify the relevant authorities, and improve human interaction with the computer. HAR research can be classified according to the data acquisition tools (sensors or cameras), methods (handcrafted methods or deep learning methods), and the complexity of the activity. In the healthcare system, HAR based on wearable sensors is a new technology that consists of three essential parts worth examining: the location of the wearable sensor, data preprocessing (feature calculation, extraction, and selection), and the recognition methods. This survey aims to examine all aspects of HAR based on wearable sensors, thus analyzing the applications, challenges, datasets, approaches, and components. It also provides coherent categorizations, purposeful comparisons, and systematic architecture. Then, this paper performs qualitative evaluations by criteria considered in this system on the approaches and makes available comprehensive reviews of the HAR system. Therefore, this survey is more extensive and coherent than recent surveys in this field.

Deploying Machine Learning Techniques for Human Emotion Detection

Abstract: Emotion recognition is one of the trending research fields. It is involved in several applications. Its most interesting applications include robotic vision and interactive robotic communication. Human emotions can be detected using both speech and visual modalities. Facial expressions can be considered as ideal means for detecting the persons' emotions. This paper presents a real-time approach for implementing emotion detection and deploying it in the robotic vision applications. The proposed approach consists of four phases: preprocessing, key point generation, key point selection and angular encoding, and classification. The main idea is to generate key points using MediaPipe face mesh algorithm, which is based on real-time deep learning. In addition, the generated key points are encoded using a sequence of carefully designed mesh generator and angular encoding modules. Furthermore, feature decomposition is performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This phase is deployed to enhance the accuracy of emotion detection. Finally, the decomposed features are enrolled into a Machine Learning (ML) technique that depends on a Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), or Random Forest (RF) classifier. Moreover, we deploy a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) as an efficient deep neural network technique. The presented techniques are evaluated on different datasets with different evaluation metrics. The simulation results reveal that they achieve a superior performance with a human emotion detection accuracy of 97%, which ensures superiority among the efforts in this field.

AdaBoost Ensemble Methods Using K-Fold Cross Validation for Survivability with the Early Detection of Heart Disease

Abstract: As a result of technology improvements, various features have been collected for heart disease diagnosis. Large data sets have several drawbacks, including limited storage capacity and long access and processing times. For medical therapy, early diagnosis of heart problems is crucial. Disease of heart is a devastating human disease that is quickly increasing in developed and also developing countries, resulting in death. In this type of disease, the heart normally fails to provide enough blood to different body parts in order to allow them to perform their regular functions. Early, as well as, proper diagnosis of this condition is very critical for averting further damage and also to save patients' lives. In this work, machine learning (ML) is utilized to find out whether a person has cardiac disease or not. Both the types of ensemble classifiers, namely, homogeneous as well as heterogeneous classifiers (formed by combining two separate classifiers), have been implemented in this work. The data mining preprocessing using Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) has been employed to cope with the imbalance problem of the class as well as noise. The proposed work has two steps. SMOTE is used in the initial phase to reduce the impact of data imbalance and the second phase is classifying data using Naive Bayes (NB), decision tree (DT) algorithms, and their ensembles. The experimental results demonstrate that the AdaBoost-Random Forest classifier provides 95.47% accuracy in the early detection of heart disease.