Showing papers in "Contact Dermatitis in 1982"
TL;DR: A clear relationship was observed the applied doses of SLS, the recorded blood flow values and the corresponding scores and in a few cases a deviation from the general trend was observed, implying that the naked eye might be unreliable for the assessment of skin irritancy reactions.
Abstract: It is desirable to use more objective methods than visual scoring for the assessment of skin irritancy reactions. In the present study the blood flow in skin sites exposed to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was recorded by a laser Doppler flowmeter. The irritant was applied to the volar forearm of healthy volunteers in concentrations ranging from 0.001% to 5% under occlusion for 24 h. The test sites were scored visually and the blood flow was recorded at 3 different times: 26 h, 48 h and 72 h after the application of SLS. Approximately 950 recordings were performed and a clear relationship was observed between the applied doses of SLS, the recorded blood flow values and the corresponding scores. In a few cases a deviation from the general trend was observed, implying that the naked eye might be unreliable for the assessment of skin irritancy reactions.
135 citations
TL;DR: The results show that dimethacrylates are moderate to strong sensitizers in the guinea pig, when tested in the Guinea Pig Maximization Test and Freund's Complete Adjuvant Test.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitizing potential of 12di(meth)acrylates, when tested in the Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT) and Freund's Complete Adjuvant Test (FCAT). In these tests the same (molar) concentration was used for intradermal induction. The results (see table, below) show that dimethacrylates are moderate to strong sensitizers in the guinea pig. In the group of diacrylates, no sensitization to diethylene glycol diacrylate was observed. 1,2-ethanediol diacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate sensitized a number of animals. The challenge reaction pattern of the FCAT with 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, neopentane diol diacrylate and 1,5-pentanediol diacrylate differed from that commonly observed with sensitizers. Positive reactions were seen only to the maximum non-irritant concentration at 24 h in the challenge at day 21. At 48 h and in the second challenge at day 35, the reactivity had decreased or disappeared. This different reaction pattern makes it difficult to classify these monomers with certainty as sensitizers.
In most of the FCATs, a decrease in reactivity in successive challenges was found. Possible explanations for this decrease and for the different challenge reaction patterns of some diacrylates are discussed.
The skin irritant capacity of di(meth)acrylates was estimated after one open application. Diacrylates are very strong irritants on guinea pig skin. Dimethacrylates are weak irritants.
82 citations
TL;DR: A transient facial rash in six healthy female operators of visual display units is described and circumstantial evidence strongly favours a link between the rash and the working conditions.
Abstract: A transient facial rash in six healthy female operators of visual display units is described. The cause has not been established, but circumstantial evidence strongly favours a link between the rash and the working conditions. A study performed to establish the aetiology is described.
78 citations
TL;DR: A preliminary report on a case of contact dermatitis due to Ozalid and Radex copy paper and a review of the literature on allergic reactions to copy paper.
Abstract: 1. Harman RPM, Sarkany 1. Copy paper dermatitis. Transactions of the St. John's Hospital Dermatological Society 1960: 44: 37-42. 2. Meneghini C L, Rantuccio F, Riboldi A. Klinisch -allergologische Beobachtungen bei beruflichen ekzematosen Kontact-Dermatosen. Berufsdermatosen 1963: 11: 280-293. 3. Gertler H, Laubstein H. Uber Berufsbedingte Erkrangkungen bei Lichtpausern. Berufsdermatosen 1963: 11: 125-140. 4. Verspijck Minjnssen G A W. Preliminary report on a case of contact dermatitis due to Ozalid and Radex copy paper. Dermatol6gica 1964: 128: 93. 5. Verspijck Minjnssen G A W. Dermatitis from Ozalid and Radex Copy paper. Contact Dermatitis Newsletter 1967: 2: 13-14. 6. Scarpa C, Ferrea E. Ricerche allergologische concernenti il cadmio, il berillio, l'arsenico e la diazodietilanilina. Minerva Dermatol6gica 1967: 42: 126-129. 7. Foussereau J, Benezra C. Les Eczemas AIlergiques Professionnels. Paris: Masson et cie, 1970: 419.
71 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that irritants may provoke inflammatory reactions which are not completely developed after 24 h, and are thus very similar to allergic patch test reactions.
Abstract: Irritant reactions to sodium lauryl sulfate were induced on the backs of 20 volunteers by means of patch test occlusion for 24 h. Different concentrations ranging from 0.259% to 2% were used, the lowest concentration being borderline irritant. The skin tests were read at 24, 48 and 72 h. Both the % of responding individuals and the intensity of the skin reactions were maximal at 48 h for all test concentrations. It is concluded that irritants may provoke inflammatory reactions which are not completely developed after 24 h, and are thus very similar to allergic patch test reactions.
62 citations
TL;DR: Eptcutaneous tests with topical steroids in therapeutic and ten‐fold therapeutic concentrations in ethanol were performed in 105 patients selected on the basis of unresponsiveness of their Eczema to topical corticosteroids or because topical steroids had provoked eczema around treated psoriatic lesions.
Abstract: Epicutaneous tests with topical steroids in therapeutic and ten-fold therapeutic concentrations in ethanol were performed in 105 patients selected on the basis of unresponsiveness of their eczema to topical corticosteroids or because topical steroids had provoked eczema around treated psoriatic lesions. Five patients showed allergic test reactions to one or several steroids. One of the two clobetasol-17-propionate sensitive patients reacted to the weak concentration only. The problem related to the instability of many steroids in ethanolic solution is discussed. After one month of storage in a refrigerator, the chromatographic purity of several test substances fell to 95-75%.
61 citations
TL;DR: Preliminary experience with the Scandinavian photopatch set‐up has been encouraging, and several positive reactions to most of the substances used have been recorded in the first 350 patients tested.
Abstract: Recognizing the growing need for international standardization of photopatch testing techniques, a standard procedure has been used by Scandinavian dermatological clinics since January 1980. The set-up includes a standardized patient examination scheme, including phototest evaluation of the patient's UVA- and UVB-sensitivity, a standard photopatch tray containing 19 substances, and uniform techniques and criteria for the application and evaluation of the tests. Although modifications may be necessary in the future, preliminary experience with the Scandinavian photopatch set-up has been encouraging, and several positive reactions to most of the substances used have been recorded in the first 350 patients tested.
60 citations
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that 80% of the children were allergic to nickle, which proved to be the most common allergen in 14-year-old children.
Abstract: 168 children, 14 years of age or younger, were patch tested with the Standard Series of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) over a 5-year period, 77 of the children had 1 or more positive reactions: relevant test results were found in 80% of them
8 boys and 24 girls were allergic to nickle, which proved to be the most common allergen: 5 boys and 6 girls reacted to chromate, and 5 boys and 4 girls reacted to one or more of the rubber chemicals
59 citations
TL;DR: 63 female patients with nickel allergy and hand eczema were reinvestigated 6 years after the primary investigation, and high frequencies of personal and family atopy were found, and atopy made the prognosis worse.
Abstract: 63 female patients with nickel allergy and hand eczema were reinvestigated 6 years after the primary investigation. 30% of the patients were healed. Patients with the pompholyx-type eczema had the worst prognosis. The start of hand eczema was not correlated to any particular occupation. There was a strong correlation between a history of metal sensitivity and a positive patch test reaction. High frequencies of personal and family atopy were found, and atopy made the prognosis worse. Determination of serum IgE was not found to be of any use in predicting the prognosis in patients with nickel allergy and hand eczema.
59 citations
TL;DR: Nickel was the most common allergen followed by perfumes in hospital employees studied and it was found that contact sensitivity and hand dermatitis was more common than contact allergy.
Abstract: The occurrence of contact sensitivity and hand dermatitis was studied in hospital employees. The incidence of contact allergy was 21%. Nickel (9%) was the most common allergen followed by perfumes (6%).
Present or previous hand dermatitis was detected in 46%. Of those with positive reactions, 53% had suffered from hand dermatitis as compared to 44% of those without positive reactions, 70% of those with sensitivity lo fragrances had suffered from hand dermatitis. The occurrence of hand dermatitis was more frequent in persons, who had developed contact allergy lo rubber chemicals or to both nickel and cobalt, simultaneously.
58 citations
TL;DR: An atopic constitution seemed to predispose to the development of permanent or periodic hand dermatitis, and patients with sensitivity to nickel or fragrances had relapses in the majority of cases.
Abstract: The occurrence and course of hand dermatitis in hospital workers was studied on the basis of the patient register of an occupational specialist and by a clinical follow-up study. About 1% of all the hospital workers had had dermatitis, cleaners, kitchen workers and nurses most frequently. 54% of the patients who were clinically studied had suffered from periodic symptoms and 35% had current hand dermatitis. Those who had previous or present atopic dermatitis had most frequently developed dermatitis during the first year of their service. An atopic constitution seemed to predispose to the development of permanent or periodic hand dermatitis. The patients with sensitivity to nickel or fragrances had relapses in the majority of cases.
During the study period, the incidence of new dermatitis cases was constant, but the number of days sick leave showed a decreasing tendency.
TL;DR: Positive reactions to the aluminium disc used for patch testing were demonstrated and 2 men showed infiltrated, red, papular rings under all the Finn Chamber patches.
Abstract: In routine patch testing with Finn Chambers, a ring of redness may occur, usually interpreted as a pressure effect or as an irritant reaction to the test material. However, a case of contact sensitivity to aluminium was recently reported (1). Here, positive reactions to the aluminium disc used for patch testing were demonstrated. There is also a report of 4 cases of contact allergy to aluminium filings where the patients showed a persistent positive reaction (2). In an investigation of skin hazards in 853 individuals working in the hard metal manufacturing industry (3), a patch test panel was applied with substances from the industrial environment. 2 men showed infiltrated, red, papular rings under all the Finn Chamber patches. These men were retested with Finn Chambers (Ep-test Ltd Oy, Helsinki, Finland), AI-test (Imeco Co., Sweden), AI-foil and AICl, X 6H20 (Pro Analysi, E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) in 2% and 5 % concentrations in both water and petrolatum, as well as with 1 % aluminium acetotartrate in distilled water (Sol alsoll % nom. 4). The patch tests were performed in duplicate using AItest in one series and 10 mm filter paper discs occluded with 15 mm round styrene plastic pieces in the other. The tests were fixed to the sides of the back with Scanpor tape (Norgeplaster AS, Oslo, Norway). An intracutaneous test with aluminium hydroxide AI(OH)3 0.1 % in water was also performed.
TL;DR: The data suggest that the sensitizing capacity of the lichen compounds is primarily of a contact rather than of photocontact nature.
Abstract: During a period of 2 1/2 years, 7 of 2000 patients routinely tested at our laboratory revealed contact allergy to oak moss in perfumes. All reacted to a mixture of different lichens and to some specific lichen compounds. The sensitivity was probably induced by cosmetics containing lichen substances. The following 3 compounds caused reactions in all patients tested: atranorin, evernic and usnic acids. 3 patients were photosensitive, but stronger reactions were elicited by prolonged contact during occlusion of the patches and complete protection against light, rather than by irradiation alone. The data suggest that the sensitizing capacity of the lichen compounds is primarily of a contact rather than of a photocontact nature.
TL;DR: Results from 12 years of patch testing were statistically analysed to establish changes in the incidence of individual contact allergies, and a marked increase was evident for nickel and cobalt.
Abstract: Results from 12 years of patch testing were statistically analysed to establish changes in the incidence of individual contact allergies. Significant trends were found for y allergens. A marked increase was evident for nickel and cobalt. The analysis made it possible to forecast the future development of separate contact allergies.
TL;DR: The results of patch testing in 200 patients in Toronto are presented, revealing that sensitivity to metal, rubber and cosmetic components account for the majority of positive epicutaneous reactions.
Abstract: The results of patch testing in 200 patients in Toronto. Canada are presented, revealing that sensitivity to metal, rubber and cosmetic components account for the majority of positive epicutaneous reactions. Differences in the incidence of positive reactions between these patients and others reported elsewhere are discussed.
TL;DR: A severe dermatitis developed daring treatment with a chlorhexidine preparation in 10 patients with venous or traumatic ulcers of the leg, and in 4 patients with skin infection on the face and/or scalp, indicating the sensitizing potential of chlor hexidine has probably been underestimated.
Abstract: In a 3-year period, 551 patients were patch tested with chlorhexidine gluconate 1% in water. 14 patients showed a strong and obviously relevant reaction. A severe dermatitis developed during treatment with a chlorhexidine preparation in 10 patients with venous or traumatic ulcers of the leg, and in 4 patients with skin infection on the face and/or scalp. So far the sensitizing potential of chlorhexidine has probably been underestimated.
TL;DR: 28 patients reacting to a PVC adhesive tape used in routine patch testing gave positive reactions to diphenylthiourea (DPTU) and to phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) in low concentrations.
Abstract: 28 patients reacting to a PVC adhesive tape used in routine patch testing gave positive reactions to diphenylthiourea (DPTU) and to phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) in low concentrations. DPTU is a heat stabilizer in the PVC and is partly decomposed to PITC. The two substances were found in another type of PVC. Thioureas giving isothiocyanates are also used in certain types of rubber. Isothiocyanates are present in plants, mainly of the Cruciferae family, and are also formed from thiuram sulfides and thiocarbamates. The connection between isothiocyanates derived from different sources should be investigated.
TL;DR: Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) produced positive reactions in 45% and nickel sulphate in 27% of the patients tested and glyceryl monothioglycollate produced allergic reactions in 4/66 (6%) patients.
Abstract: Over a period of 8 years, 66 hairdresser patients were patch tested to the North American Contact Dermatitis Group screening trays, to a hairdressers' screening tray or to both trays. Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) produced positive reactions in 45% and nickel sulphate in 27% of the patients tested. Apart from the PPD substances and glyceryl monothioglycollate, other chemicals tested produced allergic reactions in no more than 4/66 (6%) patients.
TL;DR: Contact urticaria was observed in a kindergarten in 18 of 20 children following the intake and accidental perioral application of a mayonnaise salad cream and non‐immunologic mechanisms are probably responsible for the transient reaction.
Abstract: Contact urticaria was observed in a kindergarten in 18 of 20 children following the intake and accidental perioral application of a mayonnaise salad cream. In healthy adult controls, stinging tests and closed 20 minute patch test with the salad dressing were positive in 9 out of 12 and 4 out of 10 cases respectively. Twenty minute patch tests with the different components of the salad dressing were positive only so sorbic acid (SA) and benzoic acid (BA). Urticaria was provoked by inunction of the salad dressing periorally in two healthy boys. Serial 20 minute closed patch testing with varying concentrations of SA in 91 patients and BA in 41 patients gave almost identical results: positive reactions in two thirds of the patients with the highest concentrations. The response was only partially blocked by antihistamine applied locally before testing. Non-immunologic mechanisms are probably responsible for the transient reaction, and no restriction in the extensive use of SA or BA as preservatives in food should be considered.
TL;DR: Patch tests with the lCDRG standard series supplemented with several components of the paint and a specimen from the rubber gloves showed a + response to the fungicide, 2-noctyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 1 % in olive oil, and a + reaction to the Rubber gloves.
Abstract: Case 1 A 29-year-old female technician in the laboratory of the factory had been mixing paint ingredients for roof sheets. She had no previous skin complaints. After working for 6 months, she developed eczema, initially on her right wrist, which in 10 days spread to the face and the extremities with generalized lymphadenitis. The patient went on sick leave for a week, and after returning to her job used rubber gloves to protect her hands. An itchy eruption again developed on the dorsal aspects of the hands and fingers. Patch tests with the lCDRG standard series supplemented with several components of the paint and a specimen from the rubber gloves showed a + + reaction to the fungicide, 2-noctyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 1 % in olive oil, and a + reaction to the rubber gloves.
TL;DR: Cinnamic aldehyde allergy in toothpaste, balsam of Peru as screening agent for essential oils sensitivity, and Terminology of contact dermatitis.
Abstract: Maibach H I, Meneghini C L, Wilkinson D S. Patch testing with some components of balsam of Peru. Contact Dermatitis 1976: 2: 57-58. 8. Magnusson B, Wilkinson D S. Cinnamic aldehyde in toothpaste. Contact Dermatitis 1975: 1: 70-76. 9. Schorr W. Cinnamic aldehyde allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1975: 1: 108-111. 10. Calnan CD. Cinnamon dermatitis from an ointment. Contact Dermatitis 1976: 2: 167170. 11. Rudzki E, Grzywa Z. Balsam of Peru as screening agent for essential oils sensitivity. Dermatologica 1977: 155: 115-121. 12. Wilkinson D S, Fregert S, Magnusson B, Bandmann H-J, Malten K E, Meneghini C L, PiriHi V. Terminology of contact dermatitis. Acta Dermato-venereologica 1970: 50: 287-292.
TL;DR: The clinical and histological features were in keeping with early mycosis fungoides and continued contact with the allergen was traced to its retention in a trouser pocket lining.
Abstract: A case of contact sensitivity to ethylenediamine dihydrochloride is reported. The clinical and histological features were in keeping with early mycosis fungoides. The eruption cleared with avoidance of the allergen. Continued contact with the allergen was traced to its retention in a trouser pocket lining. The term "lymphomatoid contact dermatitis" should be confined to cases where the lymphomatoid features are due to a positively reacting allergen.
TL;DR: Patients with nickel allergy and hand eczema of the pompholyx type were treated with disulfiram 200 mg daily for 8 weeks and 2 patients healed and 8 improved considerably.
Abstract: Eleven patients with nickel allergy and hand eczema of the pompholyx type were treated with disulfiram 200 mg daily for 8 weeks. 2 patients healed and 8 improved considerably. Mild relapses were observed in all patients within 2–16 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. Liver enzymes should be carefully monitored during disulfiram therapy.
TL;DR: 56 patterns with chronic urticaria were patch tested with particular reference to the immediate weal response to a range of materials and this was followed by challenge tests to most of the same substances.
Abstract: 56 patients with chronic urticaria were patch tested with particular reference to the immediate weal response to a range of materials and this was followed by challenge tests to most of the same substances. Positive immediate patch tests were commonly seen with balsam of Peru and cinnamon and this appears to be a reaction in many normal subjects. Positive challenge tests in patients who also had positive immediate patch tests to the same substance occurred in two patients with cinnamon and two patients with cloves. Other substances with a similar action may come to light, in which case the use of immediate patch tests in investigating chronic urticaria is more likely to be of value. 4 patients showed positive immediate patch tests to nickel, one of whom also had a positive 48 hr patch test to nickel. 2 other patients had only positive 48 h patch tests to nickel. However, none of these patients gave a positive challenge test to nickel.
TL;DR: Interpretation of results indicates, that propylene glycol is at least a minimal irritant andfleeting evidence suggestive of sensitization was observed during patch testing but was not substantiated upon provocative use testing.
Abstract: Irritation and sensitization patch test studies were conducted using propylene glycol in an attempt to ascertain the nature of the cutaneous response to this commonly employed topical excipient. A total of 10 and 203 subjects completed standard irritation and sensitization protocols, respectively. A provocative use test was conducted on subjects reacting to propylene glycol. Results indicate that propylene glycol is at least a minimal irritant. Fleeting evidence suggestive of sensitization was observed during patch testing but was not substantiated upon provocative use testing. Interpretation of these results is presented; however, the nature of the cutaneous response to propylene glycol remains obscure.
TL;DR: Significant positive reactions were observed with all allergens, among which were paraphenylenediamine, wood tars, formaldehyde, balasam of Peru, and PPD‐mix.
Abstract: 256 patients with a clinical diagnosis of contact dermatitis were patch tested with European standard series allergens in a period from 1976 to 1979. Significant positive reactions were observed with all allergens, among which were paraphenylenediamine (7.8%), wood tars (7.8%), formaldehyde (7.0%), balasam of Peru (6.6%), neomycin (5.1%), ethylene-diamine (0.8%), naphthyl-mix (0.8%), mercapto-mix and PPD-mix (1.2%).
North American Standard Series allergens were also patch tested in another 178 patients in the years 1976, 1977, 1979 and 1980. Similar results were obtained with allergens common to both series and, of the others, ammoniated mercury (12.9%), thimerosal (9.5%), captan (5.6%), and hydroxycitronellal and Caine mix (4.5% each) were positive.
TL;DR: Only Pirbright guinea pigs showed a high sensitization rate by the open epicutaneous technique; with this method, alantolactone was the more potent sertsitizer.
Abstract: The sensitizing capacities of helenin (an extract from a Compositae Inula helenium L.), alantolactone and isoalantolactone (two isomeric sesquiterpene lactones), were assessed by sensitizing guinea pigs of different strains: albino Himalayan spotted, Pirbright and Hartley. Both alantolactone and isoalantolactone are found to be sensitizers if injected intradermally. Only Pirbright guinea pigs showed a high sensitization rate by the open epicutaneous technique; with this method, alantolactone was the more potent sertsitizer.
TL;DR: Modifications in the techniques used for both the induction and elicitation of photoallergic contact dermatitis in the guinea pig have improved the reliability of this animal as the model of choice for screening chemicals or products for (heir tendency to produce PACD).
Abstract: This report describes modifications in the techniques used for both the induction and elicitation of photoallergic contact dermatitis (PACD) in the guinea pig These changes have improved the reliability of this animal as the model of choice for screening chemicals or products for their tendency to produce PACD The induction period consists of 15 exposures of the test substance to shoulder skin that has been abraded with a nylon brush rotating at 13,000 rpm One hour later, the test site is irradiated with broadband UVA from a source having some irradiance below 320 nm (UVA/b) The animals receive 450 J/cm2 of UVA during the three-week induction period The elicitation (challenge) test is repeated for two consecutive days Each day, the test material, if a liquid, is applied to two sites every 30 to 60 min for 6 h; then one of the sites receives 20 J/cm2 of UVA These photo-induction and photo-induction and photo-elicitation procedures have demonstrated that low-level concentrations (025% range) of 6-methyl coumarin or musk ambrette will both induce and elicit PACD in the guinea pig This report adds more evidence that the induction of PACD in the guinea pig is dependent on broadband UVA
TL;DR: This joint ICDRG study attempts to quantify the excited skin syndrome ("angry back") which refers to two or more positives occuring in battery testing which, on repetition one by one, reveals some to be non-reproducable.
Abstract: Non specific (false positive) patch tests have multiple causes; the excited skin syndrome (\"angry back\") refers to two or more positives occuring in battery testing which, on repetition one by one, reveals some to be non-reproducable (Maibach 1981). This joint ICDRG study attempts to quantify this phenomena. Patients entering the study had two or more positives with the basic ICDRG routine series. Approximately at weekly intervals they were retested one at a time with the two most clinically important positives. Identical testing techniques were utilized in all instances (AI test or Finn chamber on the back for 48 h, with reading at 96 h, utilizing the ICDRG terminology). Of 56 patients, 32 (57%) remained positive to both allergens, 16 (28%) were positive to one, and 8 (14%) to neither. Thus, 42% (28% + 14%) were not