Showing papers in "Economic Botany in 1975"
TL;DR: Weeds evolved, and are still evolving, within the man-made habitat in three principal ways: from colonizers through selection towards adaptation to continuous habitat disturbance; as derivatives of hybridization between wild and cultivated races of domestic species; andthrough selection towards re-establishing natural seed dispersal mechanisms in abandoned domesticates.
Abstract: Weeds evolved, and are still evolving, within the man-made habitat in three principal ways: from colonizers through selection towards adaptation to continuous habitat disturbance; as derivatives of hybridization between wild and cultivated races of domestic species; and through selection towards re-establishing natural seed dispersal mechanisms in abandoned domesticates. Domesticates differ from weeds primarily in degree of dependency on man for survival. They evolved from wild food plants which were brought into cultivation. The process of domestication was initiated when man started to propagate plants in successive generations by means of seed or vegetative propagules. Phenotypic changes associated with planting and harvesting are species specific, and are brought about by natural selection under conditions of cultivation. Artificial selection by man during the domestication process is primarily responsible for subspecific variation in domestic species.
290 citations
TL;DR: The semi-aquatic cattails, which are overly aggressive and subject to vigorous control measures in many parts of the world, deserve study with a view to industrial utilization as an alternative to destruction as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The prospects of converting a portion of the world's wealth of aquatic weeds into digestible protein or other useful material are currently of broad interest. The semi-aquatic cattails, which are overly aggressive and subject to vigorous control measures in many parts of the world, deserve study with a view to industrial utilization as an alternative to destruction. Being of nearly universal occurrence, cattails have had exceedingly widespread and diverse use by man and are employed to some extent commercially even today. Their stems and leaves might well be more extensively fashioned into floor coverings and other woven products, and the leaves, suitably processed, might relieve the growing shortage of papermaking substances. The family Typhaceae consists of a single genus, Typha (from the Greek rvboo, meaning marsh) (2), with an undetermined number of species. Willis hazards "10-20 temp. & trop." (150). Ewart says "about 12 existing and 2 fossil species" (39). Physical differences are minor. All inhabit the slowmoving shallow water and low banks of freshwater ponds, lakes, rivers, canals, ditches, swamps and borders of dams. Some will tolerate a moderate degree of salinity (88).
67 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a chemical study of some edible leaves of Mozambique, mainly in the aspect of its value as a protein supplement in common diets, being used all over the country.
Abstract: A preliminary survey of wild plants of Mozambique which are used by natives as food was published in 1968 by one of us (5). This paper presents a chemical study of some edible leaves, mainly in the aspect of its value as a protein supplement in common diets. The leaves studied are edible, being used all over the country. Taxonomic and ecological characteristics were omitted since they have been already described (5). The species under study were:
59 citations
TL;DR: Reports from native informants backed with voucher plant specimens were obtained in a 1969–1970 field study on the Bahama islands of Great Exuma, Little Exuma and Long Island indicating that knowledge of “bush medicine” is fading.
Abstract: Reports from native informants backed with voucher plant specimens were obtained in a 1969–1970 field study on the Bahama islands of Great Exuma, Little Exuma and Long Island. Over 130 plant species of some 60 families are used within this culture for a wide variety of medicinal purposes. Pertinent background material and personal observations during field work indicated that knowledge of “bush medicine” is fading. The information recorded includes common names of each medicinal plant, uses, and preparations. A systematic list cross-referenced with common names is provided.
42 citations
TL;DR: Although several aspects are being investigated, the research reported focuses mainly on the question of natural variation in Cannabis sativa, with particular emphasis on the cannabinoids the class of compounds responsible for the psychoactive properties of cannabis drugs.
Abstract: The medical and public concern over the use of marihuana in our society strongly reflects the fact that Cannabis sativa is indeed an exceptionally important plant. Apart from its drug and fibre products, it is economically important from yet another aspect: that of being a serious weed in some countries, necessitating costly eradication. Botanists are participating in the accelerated research on Cannabis which began roughly five years ago, and several botanical programs are in progress around the world. The research described here may duplicate to some extent the findings of other researchers. We believe, however, that verification of research findings is necessary for a plant as important as Cannabis, particularly as some of our findings either contradict earlier generalizations or have not yet been recorded in the literature. In Canada, one research project on Cannabis is being conducted jointly between the Plant Research Institute of the Canada Department of Agriculture, and the Health Protection Branch of the Canada Department of National Health and Welfare. The senior author is directly responsible for the botanical aspects, and the second author for chemical analysis. Although several aspects are being investigated, the research reported focuses mainly on the question of natural variation in Cannabis sativa, with particular emphasis on the cannabinoids the class of compounds responsible for the psychoactive properties of cannabis drugs. A
39 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate transformation of CBD to delta-9-THC to CBN, and bivalent ions: Mg, Mn, and Fe of leaf tissue could have regulated enzyme systems responsible for cannabinoid synthesis.
Abstract: Marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) was sampled at nine progressive growth stages in Riley County, Kansas, and analyzed for four major cannabinoids: cannabidiol (CBD), della-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), and cannabinol (CBN). Seasonal fluctuation in cannabinoids were related to stage of plant development. Cannabinoids were lowest in seedlings, highest prior to flowering and at an intermediate level thereafter until physiological maturity. Cannabinoids were highest in flowers and progressively lower in leaves, petioles, stems, seeds, and roots. Cannabinoid content of male and female flowers was not significantly different.
38 citations
TL;DR: Examination of the biological nature of the wild stands of these three cereals and actual seed collection from them might provide some clues as to the superiority of wheat and barley as a food source.
Abstract: The Middle-East is the homeland of the wild progenitors of wheat, barley and oats, the three main cereals of the Old World. Plant remains of wild and cultivated types of wheat and barley in the same stratum at several prehistorical sites of the Middle East (for reference see Renfrew 1969), indicate that this area was the domestication center for these two cereals. By contrast, cultivated oats have not been recorded from such archeological sites. In fact, evidence of oat domestication comes from Europe, far away from the natural distribution area of the wild oats and about 6 thousand years after the domestication of wheat and barley (Helbaek 1960). Was it an accident that in the Middle East the neolithic man neglected a potential crop such as oat, or was it deliberately done? If the latter is the case, man differentiated wheat and barley from oats, most probably already in the wild and long before he had domesticated them. Since wild cereals have hardly changed in the last 10000 years, examination of the biological nature of the wild stands of these three cereals and actual seed collection from them might provide some clues as to the superiority of wheat and barley as a food source.
33 citations
TL;DR: Guggul, the oleo-resin ofCommiphora mukul Hook ex Stock is a crude drug widely used in the indigenous system of medicine and its distribution, cultivation, tapping and collection, marketing and grading are discussed.
Abstract: Guggul, the oleo-resin ofCommiphora mukul Hook ex Stock is a crude drug widely used in the indigenous system of medicine. The distribution, cultivation, tapping and collection, marketing and grading of the drug presented are discussed. In India, Kutch Division located in Gujrat State produced 400 to 500 metric tons (valued atRs 2 to 2.5 million) of guggul each year.
33 citations
TL;DR: The cool-season grasses mature in early summer, a critical time of year for the hunter-gatherer and the agriculturalist as mentioned in this paper, when stored food supplies descend to their lowest annual level.
Abstract: The Navajo Indian, always an astute observer of the natural world, called Festuca octoflora "the grass that feared the summer." We recognize this species and others as cool-season grasses, or ones that utilize winter and spring moisture to promote their growth. In the grasslands and the pinyon-juniper woodlands of the Southwest many people accept the sparsity of cool-season grasses as a condition of long standing. The present obscurity of the cool-season grasses belies a time when deer, antelope, and buffalo grazed on the more abundant blades, and people depended on the grain for sustenance. The cool-season grasses mature in early summer, a critical time of year for the hunter-gatherer and the agriculturalist. For each, stored food supplies descend to their lowest annual level. New crops are immature. The cool-season grass grain provides a ready source of abundant calories that can be immediately consumed and also stored. Harvested grain bridges the growing season until the first of the wild fruits mature in the summer. Both cliff shelters and caves in the Southwest preserve evidence of prehistoric utilization of cool-season grasses. The dry interior of Tularosa cave in westcentral New Mexico saved mutton grass (Poa fendleriana) from decay. Large amounts of chaff, piles of panicles with grains missing, and knotted bundles of
31 citations
TL;DR: The pollen of Cannabis sativa L. was rich in cannabinoids and particularly in THC and THCA, the latter being able to be transformed into physiologically active THC, and the optimum content was given by plants cultivated at 24° C 16 h.
Abstract: The pollen ofCannabis sativa L. was rich in cannabinoids and particularly in THC and THCA, the latter being able to be transformed into physiologically active THC. Climatic factors and particularly temperature played an important role, since the THC content at 24° C 16 h was 30 times as great as at 22° C 12° C 16h.
28 citations
TL;DR: Microscopical pollen analyses of 54 commercial honey samples collected from the major beekeeping areas of Louisiana during 1967–68 showed six dominant pollen types (a dominant type considered as one contributing over 45% of the total grains counted per sample and denoting a unifloral honey) and the “ bee plant ” species associated with each pollen type are identified and described.
Abstract: Microscopical pollen analyses of 54 commercial honey samples collected from the major beekeeping areas of Louisiana during 1967–68 showed six dominant pollen types (a dominant type considered as one contributing over 45% of the total grains counted per sample and denoting a unifloral honey). The dominant pollen types and the “ bee plant ” species associated with each pollen type are identified and described. The pollen types are illustrated with light photomicrographs. The pollen types are in order of importance:Trifolium repens, white clover;Rubus spp., blackberry and/or dewberry;Berchemia scandens, rattan vine;Salix spp., willow; Asteraceae, Sunflower family; and Sapiumsebiferum,Chinese tallow tree.
TL;DR: This note reports on the examination of the genetic affinities between the cultivated artichoke and C. syriaca, and it reviews the available information in the relation-
Abstract: Students of the origin of cultivated plants still know very little about the mode or origin of the cultivated artichoke Cynara scolymus L. De Candolle (1886), in his classic book, came to the conclusion that this vegetable was derived from the cardoon, C. cardunculus L., a wild and weedy Cynara that is widespread in the west Mediterranean countries. But until recently no cytogenetic analysis was attempted in Cynara, and virtually no information was available on the genetic affinities between the cultivated crop and the wild species of Cynara. Taxonomically Cynara is recognized as a relatively small genus, confined to the Mediterranean region. In addition to the cultivated vegetable, botanists conventionally place in the genus Cynara three closely related wild species: C. cardunculus L., which is widely distributed in the western and central parts of the Mediterranean Basin, C. sibthropiana Boiss. et Heldr., which occurs mainly in the Aegean islands (including Crete and Cyprus), and C. syriaca Boiss., distributed in the Levant and south Turkey. This note aims at a preliminary assessment of interrelationships within Cynara. It reports on our examination of the genetic affinities between the cultivated artichoke and C. syriaca, and it reviews the available information in the relation-
TL;DR: The genus Madhuca (Sapotaceae) comprises of economically important plants and is represented by five species in-the Indian sub-continent and is commonly known as mahua or mowrah in north and illipi in south India.
Abstract: The genus Madhuca (Sapotaceae) comprises of economically important plants and is represented by five species in-the Indian sub-continent. These species viz. Madhuca longifolia, M. latifolia, M. butyracea, M. neriifolia and M. bourdillonii have been well known for their wide variety of uses since ancient times (1-3). Madhuca is commonly known as mahua or mowrah in north and illipi in south India. The name is derived from the sanskrit word madhu, meaning honey. The exceptionally sugar-rich (66-72 per cent of dry weight) mahua flowers are used in folk medicine and for the preparation of strong intoxicating liquor. The economic importance of Madhuca is also apparent by its mention in ancient sanskrit literature (Vedas, Ayurveda) and travellogues of foreign travellers (Ibn Batuta, 1334 A.D.). The tree was named Darakht-i-gulchakan by the Persian invaders due to the deciduous nature of its flowers (3).
TL;DR: Yield of seed per unit area was positively and significantly correlated with plant height, number of primary branches, numberof capsules per plant,Number of seeds per capsule, seed weight, seed yield per plant and number of capsules per unit Area.
Abstract: The objective of this investigation was to study (a) the yield components of sesame under different population densities and (b) their association with seed yield per unit area.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors observed plant response to vegetable oil sprays and learned if vegetable oils can replace petroleum oil as an herbicide adjuvant as an alternative to petroleum oil.
Abstract: The objectives of this research were to observe plant response to vegetable oil sprays and to learn if vegetable oils — sunflower, soybean, linseed, or camelina — can replace petroleum oil as an herbicide adjuvant.
TL;DR: Anderson believed that perhaps man's earliest domesticates were non-food plants, and emphasized the need to study man's attitude towards ornamental plants for a better understanding of the stages involved in crop plant domestication.
Abstract: Man has been fascinated by nature since he evolved from his primitive ancestor. To start with, he may have obtained his food mainly by killing wild animals, but it was only on plants that he could depend with confidence. It was not so much because many plants gave him food but because they could be put to a wide variety of other usages that man developed a very close relationship with plants around him. Though we really have no idea regarding the temporal sequence of origin of different groups of plants, Burkill (3) proposed that the sequence had been cereals, then pulses, short-lived greens, and oil-seeds, followed by root crops, herbaceous fruits, fibre and dry plants, woody plants, industrial plants, etc. Primitive peoples in various parts of the world, however, use plants for body paints, adornment, living stockades to protect themselves from each other and from wild animals, poisons, chewing, stimulants, medicines, and ritual purposes. This led Anderson (1, 2) to believe that perhaps man's earliest domesticates were non-food plants. He emphasized the need to study man's attitude towards ornamental plants for a better understanding of the stages involved in crop plant domestication.
TL;DR: The law of homologous series, which showed that a variability of intraspecific genes is controlled by the genotype of species, must be extended, including also a parallel variability of similar homologueous characters in taxonomically remote species.
Abstract: The law of homologous series was formulated by N. I. Vavilov in 1920. TheJournal of Genetics published Vavilov’s paper in 1922. This law established a parallel variability of homologous characters in taxonomically near species. Now it must be extended, including also a parallel variability of similar homologous characters in taxonomically remote species. Each similarity among biologic species is a cause of homologous parallel variability in corresponding characters. Vavilov showed that a variability of intraspecific genes is controlled by the genotype of species. This genotype is composed of stable species radical (interspecific genes) and of labile intraspecific genes. Vavilov’s basic concept of homologous variability retains its viability. The law of homologous series is one of the fundamental laws of genetics.
TL;DR: Dr. Martin-Leake’s account of indigo production in Bihar during the early years of this century is based on his personal experience as Biologist to the Bihar Indigo Planters Association from 1901 to 1904.
Abstract: Since graduating from Cambridge in 1900, Dr. Martin-Leake has had a distinguished career as an agricultural scientist in India, Egypt, Sudan, and Trinidad. In Trinidad he served as Principal of the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture (now the Agricultural Faculty of the University of the West Indies). His publications includeThe Foundations of Indian Agriculture (1923);Land Tenure and Agricultural Production in the Tropics (1927);Recent Advances in Agricultural Plant Breeding (with Dr. H. H. Hunter) (1933);Things not Generally Said (1949); and numerous papers in scientific journals. Dr. Martin-Leake’s account of indigo production in Bihar during the early years of this century is based on his personal experience as Biologist to the Bihar Indigo Planters Association from 1901 to 1904.
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TL;DR: The distribution, the ecology and the genetics of these weedy oats of Ethiopia are the tetraploid forms of series Eubarbatae and the wild hexaploids of subsection Denticulatae, which are successful weeds in the Mediterranean region and in other agricultural belts of the world with similar conditions.
Abstract: Introduct ion of Mediterranean crops to Ethiopia took place in the early days of history. Some of them, such as wheat, barley and chick-pea, became major crops there and acquired t remendous genetic diversity. This led Vavilov (1951) to consider Ethiopia as a secondary center of these crops. In spite of its being a Mediterranean genus, oats were not domesticated in the Middle-East (Helbaek 1960) and were no t introduced as such to Ethiopia. Even today, the cultivated hexaploid oat A. sativa is no t a crop there. Individual plants of this oat, however, can be found as contaminants in fields of newly introduced wheat varieties. Nevertheless, oat does grow in Ethiopia as a weed. It is found in cereal fields together with other Mediterranean weeds, such as Lolium temulentum, Ammi majus and Medicago hispida. These weeds were most probably introduced to Ethiopia with the cultivated plants and have established themselves there as the crops. The weedy oats of Ethiopia are the tetraploid (2n=28) forms of series Eubarbatae and the wild hexaploids (2n=42) of subsection Denticulatae. These oats are successful weeds in the Mediterranean region and in other agricultural belts of the world with similar conditions. In Ethiopia, these oats are confined to cultivated fields at elevations of 2200-2800 m, but they are absent, as well as any other oat species, from the natural vegetation at this altitude. The distribution, the ecology and the genetics of these weedy oats are as follows.
TL;DR: Recognition features of two male and six female cultivars of Chinese gooseberry are provided, finding characters that are sufficiently distinctive and consistent to separate the cultivars.
Abstract: The lack of detailed descriptions of the cultivars of Chinese gooseberry (Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. chinensis Li) grown commercially in New Zealand for export as kiwi fruit to United States has led to some confusion in naming. This paper provides recognition features of two male and six female cultivars. The plants studied were grown near Auckland at Oratia Research Orchard of the Plant Diseases Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Auckland. It is believed that all the cultivars grown commercially in New Zealand came from one line of seed and that the first vine from this seed fruited in 1910 (Mouat 1958). The subsequent development of cultivars is a reflection of the variability of Chinese gooseberry, a feature so prominent that it creates difficulties in finding characters that are sufficiently distinctive and consistent to separate the cultivars. The following characters, taken in combination, give adequate separation of the cultivars at flowering and fruiting.
TL;DR: Studies of flowering in sesame under different photoperiods revealed that cultivars Glauca, Venezuela-52 and Oro were short day strains while a fourth cultivar, Aceitera, proved to be day length neutral, suggesting sensitivity to varying photoperperiods does not seem to be a universal characteristic of all sesame cultivars.
Abstract: Studies of flowering in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under different photoperiods revealed that cultivars Glauca, Venezuela-52 and Oro were short day strains while a fourth cultivar, Aceitera, proved to be day length neutral. Sensitivity to varying photoperiods, then, does not seem to be a universal characteristic of all sesame cultivars. Also, no correlation was found between photoperiodic class and latitude of origin in the cultivars studied. Inheritance studies involved crosses between the day neutral cultivar and two of the short day cultivars. In all cases, the F2 populations demonstrated continuous variation. Most of the F2 variability was of genetic origin and heritability values ranged from 86 to 96%. Additionally, transgressive segregation was observed for both early and late flowering. It is proposed that a minimum of three loci are involved in the inheritance of photoperiodic response in the sesame cultivars studied.
TL;DR: The major difficulties in obtaining ethnomedical information from interior New Guinea arise from the improper preparation of specimens and inadequate botanical knowledge of this area rather than from problems in eliciting information from indigenes.
Abstract: The major difficulties in obtaining ethnomedical information from interior New Guinea arise from the improper preparation of specimens and inadequate botanical knowledge of this area rather than from problems in eliciting information from indigenes. Amongst Bena Bena speaking peoples, illnesses believed due to sorcery are treated by means of countermagic and by techniques for increasing the strength of the patient, including the ingestion and application of a variety of plant substances, recitation of verbal formulae, and venesection. Some plants are regarded as general restoratives while others are antidotes to specific forms of sorcery. Future field research in this area should combine the skills of botanists and anthropologists. Pharmacognostical and phytochemical analyses of specimens should be conducted and the results correlated with informants’ statements as to the rationale for their use.
TL;DR: It is determined that the plant in question is in fact a male of Datisca cannabina L. are remarkable mimics of Cannabis sativa L. (females are less so).
Abstract: In a recent paper in Economic Botany, Quimby et al. (1973) described a peculiar variant of Cannabis, found on a herbarium sheet housed in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois (accession number 1628511). This specimen was identified on the herbarium label as Cannabis indica Lam., and Quimby et al. interpreted it as an unusual example of Cannabis sativa L., with pinnate leaves. Two photographs of this specimen were included in the paper '(figs. 23, 24, p. 127; not fig. 22 as stated in text). The specimen has been cited several times in recent symposia, and I have received a number of inquiries concerning its nature. Dr. John McNeill of this institute and I have determined that the plant in question is in fact a male of Datisca cannabina L. Male plants of Datisca cannabina L. are remarkable mimics of Cannabis sativa L. (females are less so). As noted by Steam (1974): "In the Hortus Cliffortianus, Linnaeus provided a short diagnosis, Cannabis foliis digitatis, to distinguish the true hemp from a then imperfectly known plant diagnosed there as Cannabis foliis pinnatis, but named Datisca cannabina in the first edition of the Species Plantarum." On close examination, a wealth of characters distinguish the two species. Indeed, they are so distant that Cronquist (1968) assigns
TL;DR: The purpose here will be to investigate historical uses and potential future uses of the various Torreyas, with special attention to the western American species T. californica.
Abstract: The genus T6rreya, well known to botanists for its relic distribution pattern, is of ethnobotanical interest on several counts. First, human influence may have figured in reducing the already small local ranges of its two American species, one of which now faces extinction. Second, the several species have seen a number of folk uses, often quite specialized; and a few of these uses traditionally held commercial importance in parts of the Orient. Third, cultivation of Torreyas as ornamentals, though much limited, has in some climates been quite successful; and since these trees are rightly known for their beauties, we might find reason to promote their more widespread use. Finally, in recent years much chemical investigation has been directed at the Japanese species, leading to the discovery that an extract of its leaves and young fruits has "marked estrogenic activity. " Pharmaceutical possibilities may perhaps be contemplated. Our purpose here will be to investigate historical uses and potential future uses of the various Torreyas, with special attention to the western American species T. californica. In so doing, we will discuss wherever possible geographical factors: influences of environmental variables on the ranges of feasible use, and influences of human use on the distributional patterns of the trees.
TL;DR: In this study the electrophoretic banding patterns of nine enzymes from nine species of Polyporus are analyzed, with the aid of a computer, in order to test the feasibility of using such a model to clarify taxonomic relationships between polypores.
Abstract: Electrophoretic separation followed by histochemical staining of isozymes has been found to be applicable to the classification of fungi (1, 2, 3, 4, 6). Preliminary investigation in this laboratory (7, 8)suggests that such techniques are valuable as a tool for the classification of the genus Polyporus (family Polyporaceae), a group o f e c o n o m i c a l l y important Basidiomycetes. In this study the electrophoretic banding patterns of nine enzymes from nine species of Polyporus are analyzed, with the aid of a computer , in order to test the feasibility of using such a model to clarify taxonomic relationships between polypores.
TL;DR: The distribution in Turkey of filbert, pistachio, chestnut, almond and walnut is discussed in relation to their method of propagation and climatic parameters and the range of variability of nut and kernel weight of almonds and walnuts is presented.
Abstract: The distribution in Turkey of filbert, pistachio, chestnut, almond and walnut is discussed in relation to their method of propagation and climatic parameters. The effect of temperature and rainfall severely limits the present production areas of filbert and pistachio, both of which are vegetatively propagated. In contrast, almonds and walnuts are mainly propagated from seed and are more widely distributed throughout the country. Their distribution is discussed in relation to the genetic diversity and the adaptability of local tree populations to varied climatic conditions. Data are presented on the range of variability of nut and kernel weight of almonds and walnuts.
TL;DR: The termwisakon, recorded among Southeastern Algonquian Indians in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, frequently has been iden tified as one of several plant species but appears to have referred to a general category of substances that included both plant and nonplant materials.
Abstract: The termwisakon, recorded among Southeastern Algonquian Indians in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, frequently has been iden tified as one of several plant species. However, it appears thatwisakon referred not to any particular plant species but to a general category of substances that included both plant and nonplant materials. The misunderstanding illustrates some of the problems and procedures involved in the exchange and integration of botanical information by Europeans and Indians in the early culture contact situation.
TL;DR: The use of snuff has been widely used in the United States since the late 19th century by women and men as discussed by the authors, and it has been shown to be an attractive alternative to smoking a fat cigar.
Abstract: As we approach the last quarter of the 20th Century in the United States, we look askance at the cigarette. That onceu b i q u i t o u s and advertising-glamorous accessory to masculinity and the Beautiful People now seems relegated to the background, following other once-popular forms of tobacco use. In recent years, the fat cigar has all but disappeared from widespread use. Chewing tobacco and its at tendant spit toon are part of a more distant past. What , then, about the future of tobacco? Man in the New World has used tobacco for untold centuries -at first magicoreligiously and ceremonially, then for pleasure. Columbus, when he made his first landfall, was presented with tobacco leaves, and threw them away because he did not know what to do with them. Later, his men learned to smoke "cigars" of rolled-up tobacco leaves as the natives did (34). Past history might let us assume that the use of tobacco in some form will continue in the future. In this connection, the question of snuff has been raised. There is nothing novel about snuff; tobacco companies have never s topped manufacturing it to meet a small but constant demand. 2 Snuff is a commonplace in some sections of the United States and for some people with specialized occupations or env i ronmen t s : e.g., the Appalachian mountain people and the lumberjacks of the Pacific Northwest. Recently, people in various walks of life have been trying out snuff. There seems no reason why snuff could no t appear in the living rooms of Westchester and Keokuk alike. Indeed, snuff did just that about a century ago. This is not the snuff elegantly inhaled by 18th-Century dandies; this is taken by "dipping", as the mountain people and the lumberjacks do it -by placing a small quanti ty between the gum and cheek or rubbing it onto the gum with a "snuff stick". This type, however, may be taken elegantly -as indeed it was taken in the late 19th Century by ladies as well as gentlemen. Billings (10) relates his experience with young ladies of fashion in Virginia:
TL;DR: Callen was recognized as the world's leading authority in the area of prehistoric human coprolite analysis, and his complete collection is stored and maintained by the Laboratory of Anthropology at Texas A&M University as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: From the early 1950's until his untimely death in Ayacucho, Peru, in August of 1970, Dr. Eric 0. Callen was recognized as the world's leading authority in the area of prehistoric human coprolite analysis. During his nearly 20 years of coprolitic research Dr. Callen completed and published the analyses of samples recovered from archeological sites in many areas of the world including coprolites from Huaca Prieta de Chicama in Peru (Callen and Cameron, 1955, 1960); from Tamaulipas, Mexico (Callen, 1963, 1965, 1967a); from Tehuacan, Mexico (Callen, 1967b); from Lazaret, France (Callen, 1969); and from the Glen Canyon in Utah (Callen and Martin, 1969). In addition to these studies Dr. Callen examined but had not yet published the analyses of prehistoric human coprolites recovered from archeological sites in Florida, Kentucky, Egypt and Peru. Dr. Callen was one of the pioneers in the field of coprolitic analysis, and his research set the standards for others to follow. His colleagues therefore felt that it was essential that his many notes, records and reference materials not become lost, scattered, or accidently discarded. Those of us who had seen and used his collections knew of its important value and of the contributions it could continue to make in the field of human coprolite analysis. Fortunately, his complete collection was saved and is now catalogued and available for use. The Eric 0. Callen Collection is stored and maintained by the Laboratory of Anthropology at Texas A&M University. The collection consists of 15,213 micro-