Showing papers in "Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal in 2019"

Medicinal mushrooms as a new source of natural therapeutic bioactive compounds

Abstract: In the ancient books of traditional medicines, medicinal mushrooms were occupying the headlines, and the main topics were confirming to their miraculous therapeutic powers. The presence of various phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and terpenoids and other compounds, is the reason for their potent biological activities as anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiaging, hepatic protective, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, and much more biological activities are discovered every day. Many mushroom genera are famous for their promising therapeutic capabilities. One of the mushrooms genera attracting attention is Cordyceps which has long been used in Asian countries for maintaining long and healthy life. Numerous studies on different metabolic activities of Cordyceps have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. This review describes the importance of medicinal mushrooms with focus on Cordyceps as an example of globally commercialized mushrooms.

Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)

Abstract: Background There is a great interest in the discovery of novel natural bioactive compounds in today’s world. Plants, in particular, from different ecological niches and taxonomic groups are known to produce a high number of naturally occurring secondary metabolites, many of them with unique pharmacological activities. Therefore, the primary aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise. Materials and methods The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of different solvent extracts (ethanol and water) prepared from two parts (seeds and aerial parts) of Pimpinella anisum were evaluated. The antioxidant capacity was studied through the evaluation of the free radical-scavenging effect on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed using the well diffusion method, where zones of inhibition were used as indicators of antimicrobial activity. Results and conclusion The highest percentage of radical-scavenging activity (91.3±1.8%) was recorded for the ethanolic extract of seeds at a concentration of 0.3 mg/ml, followed by the aqueous extract of seeds (82.0±1.2%), whereas the aqueous extract of aerial parts demonstrated the lowest frequency of radical-scavenging activity (39.0±1.7%) at the same tested concentration. The largest inhibition zones were determined to be 21.0±1.2, 18.3±1.5, 9.7±1.2, and 7.0±1.2 mm for Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli, respectively. On the whole, the results demonstrated the superiority of seed extracts over aerial part extracts. The results also indicated the stronger activity of ethanolic extracts compared with aqueous extracts. These results offer insights into the antioxidant and the antimicrobial potency of this Egyptian local plant and provide a basis for further phytochemical and pharmacological research.

In-vitro propagation of the multipurpose Egyptian medicinal plant Pimpinella anisum

Abstract: Background and objective Plant tissue culture technology offers a solution for meeting the increasing commercial demand for medicinally important plants, especially cross-pollinating species, whose genetic heterogeneity presents difficulties when using traditional propagation methods. Herein, we describe an effective, rapid, andq simple protocol for the micropropagation of anise (Pimpinella anisum). Materials and methods We investigated the effect of the type of explant and the type and concentration of plant growth regulator, either individually or in combination, on plant micropropagation. Results and conclusion Although multiple shoot formation rate was higher for nodal than for shoot tip explants, there was no significant difference in rooting response between shoots arising from either of them. Maximum shoot response, number of shoots per explant, and shoot length were observed in nodal explants grown on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 5 μmol/l 6-benzylaminopurine, 1 μmol/l kinetin, and 0.5 μmol/l naphthalene acetic acid. The most effective medium for root regeneration contained 3 μmol/l of either indole-3-butyric acid or naphthalene acetic acid. Interestingly, there was no evidence for hyperhydricity, which is commonly found in cultured anise, using our method. Plantlets were successfully hardened and transferred to the greenhouse, with an 85% survival rate. This protocol provides an efficient means for large-scale production of anise, as well a basis for further research aimed at genetic improvement of this plant.

Pomegranate peels ameliorate renal nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β, and kidney injury molecule-1 in nephrotoxicity induced by acrylamide in rats

Abstract: Background and objectives Acrylamide (AA) is considered a toxic intermediate product of the Millard reaction and liberated in high-carbohydrate foods exposed to high temperatures. AA formed during baking, frying, roasting, or grilling of such food. Various studies have recorded the toxic effects of AA on many biological functions. The aim of our study is to determine such toxic effect on the kidney and the prophylactic role of pomegranate peels (PP) as a waste portion of the fruit. Materials and methods In this study, 60 male albino rats were administered 40 mg/kg body weight AA orally for 17 consecutive days. To evaluate the nephrotoxic effects of AA, some biochemical parameters were measured. Also, 200 mg/kg body weight PP were administered orally as a prophylaxis for 31 consecutive days. Results and conclusion In the AA group, alterations in renal function were observed, which was evident from significantly high levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Estimation of serum and urine electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl−) showed electrolyte imbalance as well. AA-induced renal oxidative stress was expressed as low levels of renal antioxidants (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) and high levels of renal oxidants (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide). To clarify the Pathogenesis of AA nephrotoxicity, estimation of renal nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-1β is carried out showing high significant level. Direct damage in renal tissue is resembled in high level of renal kidney injury molecule-1. As stated before, the administration of AA resulted in acute nephrotoxicity, whereas PP played a vital role in reducing this toxicity. Lower levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid were observed in the AA+PP group and electrolyte balance was achieved, indicating the prophylactic effect of PP. PP showed antioxidant activity as higher levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase recorded and also lower levels of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde controlling oxidative stress of AA. The levels of kidney injury molecule-1, interleukin-1β, and nitric oxide synthase improved significantly. Finally, we can state that PP could ameliorate the nephrotoxic effect of AA.

Optimization and purification of cellulase produced by Penicillium decumbens and its application

Abstract: Background and objectives Cellulases are an enzyme group based on catalytic action. They include endocellulase, exocellulase, beta glucosidase, cellulose phosphorylases, and oxidative cellulases. This work was aimed at the production of cellulase by fungal strains from Penicillium sp. Selection of the best organism that gives the highest productivity of the enzyme, examination of the cellulase production under the optimum conditions, purification of cellulase, identification by high-performance liquid chromatography, and its application in clarification and yield increase of apple juice were also studied. Materials and methods Three strains of Penicillium sp. were examined using the method of Congo red for cellulase production. The factors affecting cellulase production by fungus Penicillium decumbens were identified. Cellulase produced by P. decumbens was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitate (80% saturation) followed by ion exchange chromatography by Sephadex G-200. High-performance liquid chromatography technique was used to measure the purity of cellulase produced from P. decumbens. The cellulase enzyme was used to increase the yield of apple juice and apple juice clarification, as examples of its application in the food industry. Results and conclusion The P. decumbens colony proved to have the largest decolorization zone, and the cellulase produced was a large amount (21.5 U/ml). The highest activity of cellulase was seen in the media containing 50% carboxymethylcellulose and 50% dates molasses waste (Dibs) as carbon source after incubation for 6 days, and the optimum pH and temperature for the production cellulase were pH 4.0 at 30°C. Utilization of 80% ammonium sulfate gave pure enzyme cellulase (38.25 U/ml) and has a high degree of specific activity (25.5 U/mg protein). Cellulase activity of 42 U/ml and the degree of specific activity of 46.6 U/mg protein, with a 4.3-fold purification of cellulase, with 42% recovery from the crude cellulase, was obtained with Sephadex G-200. The results revealed an increase in the quantity of produced apple juice treated by cellulase enzyme.

Winter weeds and its control in the medicinal plants in Egypt: a survey study

Abstract: Weed control is the main obstacle in the production of medicinal plants, especially in organic farming where the growers cannot use synthetic herbicides. For understanding the impact of weeds on the productivity of medicinal plants, the common weeds and weed control practices of more than 20 cultivated medicinal plants were evaluated in eight regions in Egypt with several of climatic conditions and soil types. All tested farms that have applied the organic farming systems and their products are mainly for export. The large-scale weed surveys have shown that the most problematic weed species in medicinal plant crops is Senecio desfontainei because it is content of pyrrolizidine alkaloid plants. The dominant weeds associated with the medicinal plant fields were Malva parviflora (16.8%), Chenopodium album (12.4%), Medicago intertexta (8.8%), Anagallis arvensis (8.8%), Sonchus oleraceus (6.2%), Beta vulgaris (5.3%) Brassica kaber (5.3%), Cichorium pumilum (3.5%), Melilotus indica (3.5%), Euphorbia geniculata (3.5%), S. desfontainei (1.8%), Emex spinosus (0.9), Solanium nigrum (0.9%), and Conyza linifolia (0.9%). The narrow-leaf weeds are Lolium multiflorum (7.1%), Avena fatua (6.2%), Phalaris minor (2.7%), and Polypogon monspeliensis (1.0%). The perennial broad-leaf and narrow-leaf weeds were Convolvulus arvensis (3.5%) and Cyperus rotundus (0.9%). The results of the survey indicated that the crop type and location had a significant effect on weed species and their frequencies and abundances. The common practice for weed control in the medicinal plants is hand weeding, mulch, acetic acid, presowing false irrigation, and mechanical weeding (in limited area). The efforts must be taken regarding search for safe, new, and nontraditional weed control methods to apply in the medicinal plant fields.

Influence of two extraction methods on essential oils of some Apiaceae family plants

Abstract: Background Renewed interest in natural materials as food flavors and preservatives has led to the search for suitable essential oils. One factor that influences the essential oil content (%) is the extraction method used. Carum carvi (caraway), Anethum graveolens L. (anise), and Pimpinella anisum L. (dill) are well known plants from Apiaceae family widely spread in Egypt, where they have good climatic and soil conditions for high yield and good quality. Essential oil content is the main criteria for determining the quality of the fruits of these plant species. The aim of the study was to choose the best method for essential oil extraction. Objective The present research was conducted to evaluate the possible impacts of two types of distillation methods − hydrodistillation and hydro-steam distillation on essential oil content (%) and its main constituents of caraway, anise, and dill fruits. Materials and methods Seeds of the three species were subjected to two types of distillation methods − hydrodistillation and hydro-steam distillation. The essential oil content (%) of the three plants were determined and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses was carried out to identify the chemical constituents of the oil samples and their percentage were calculated in order to clear the effect of the two extraction methods applied. Results and conclusion It was established that while hydrodistillation gave higher essential oil yields for caraway and dill seeds (3.14 and 2.36%, respectively), hydro-steam distillation gave the maximum mean values of essential oil content of anise seeds (0.76%). The maximum values of the main components such as carvone (54.45%), transanethole (98.97%), and carvone (57.71%) were obtained as a result of hydrodistillation method for caraway, dill, and anise seeds, respectively.

Molecular characterization of alkaline protease-coding gene from Bacillus licheniformis MK90 mutants with biofilm inhibitory activity

Abstract: Background Enzymes are organic materials that accelerate biochemical processes without themselves undergoing change. They can be produced by plant, animal, fungi, and bacteria. Bacterial proteases are much favorable than any other sources, because bacteria can grow quickly and can be easily cultivated in laboratory. Objective To isolate and screen bacteria from soil samples for their ability to produce alkaline protease, and to improve the alkaline protease production followed by evaluation of its antimicrobials and antibiofilm activity. Materials and methods Sample collection was carried out from different locations in Egypt. Isolation of bacteria from soil samples was done using serial dilution method on skim milk agar. All isolated bacteria were screened for their ability to produce protease enzyme. The bacterial isolate showing maximum alkaline protease activity was identified using 16 S rRNA genetic identification. To induce mutations, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was used. The most active mutant strains were selected for production, purification, and characterization of alkaline protease followed by evaluation of alkaline protease antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. Results and conclusion Three UV mutants (MT2, MT4, and MT26) out of 48 displayed proteolytic activity more than other mutants and wild type (WT). Bacillus alkaline extracellular protease gene was genetically characterized through isolation of the genomic DNA of Bacillus licheniformis MK90 WT, and the best protease-producing UV mutants were followed by amplification, sequencing, and analyses. WT strain and best protease-producing mutants were compared at proteomic level through sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for total cellular proteins. Then protease enzyme of WT and mutants was purified and characterized. This study reports that the B. licheniformis protease was active at an alkaline pH and wide range of temperatures (40–60°C), reflecting its potential application in detergent and laundry industries. On the contrary, the antibiofilm activity of the protease enzymes was evaluated toward four pathogenic bacterial strains, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis, and the results showed that proteases from B. licheniformis MK90 may be useful for controlling biofilm formation by some pathogenic bacteria.

Phytochemical investigation of Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis (Family Tiliaceae) that grow in Egypt

Abstract: Background and objective Corchorus (Family Tiliaceae) is a genus of annual herbs. Nearly 40 species are known to occur in nature and distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres. Because of the wide medicinal applications of compounds isolated thereof, the present investigation deals with the isolation and structure elucidation of some phytochemicals from Corchorus olitorius (molokheya) and Corchorus capsularis that grow in Egypt. Materials and methods Phytochemical investigation of the seeds and different plant organs of both C. olitorius and C. capsularis was achieved applying different separation techniques. Petroleum ether extraction followed by saponification of the extract led to the isolation of phytosterols, hydrocarbons and fatty acids. Essential oils were obtained from the leaves by extraction with methylene chloride. Methanolic extraction led to the isolation of cardiac glycosides. Identification of isolated compounds was realized through Rf values, shift reagents and spectroscopic tools such as ultraviolet and nuclear magnetic resonance. The fatty acids were identified using gas liquid chromatography. Results and conclusion A study of the lipid contents (fatty acids, phytosterols and hydrocarbon components) of seeds, roots, leaves and stems of C. olitorius as well as the seeds and vegetative part of C. capsularis, which grow locally in Egypt, was carried out. The identification of the lipid content was achieved by comparing the retention time of their peaks in gas liquid chromatography with those of authentic samples. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry study of the chemical constituents of the essential oils of the leaves of C. olitorius and C. capsularis led to the identification of 11 and 21 compounds with a total concentration of 24.7 and 62.9%, respectively. Cedrane-5-one (17.7%) and γ-terpinene (12.1%) represent the major compounds in each plant, respectively. Phytochemical investigation of C. olitorius led to the isolation of raffinose I, coroloside II, glucoevatromonoside III, erysimoside IV and olitoriside V and gluco-olitoriside VI. Meanwhile, the study of the vegetative parts of C. capsularis led to the isolation of 3-O-glucopyranosyl-β-sitosterol VII. The isolated compounds were identified by spectral tools (hydrogen-1, carbon-13-nuclear magnetic resonance, electron ionization mass spectrometer).

Natural phenolics: a source of anticancer agents

Abstract: Cancer is a worldwide scourge, which affects people of all ages, and is rapidly becoming a global pandemic. It is one of the main leading causes of death especially in developing countries. Mankind has been trying hard to find better and cheaper treatments with fewer side effects to reduce the incidence of the disease and its consequent mortality. Natural phenolics play an important role in cancer prevention and treatment. Phenolics from medicinal plants are responsible for their chemopreventive properties and also contribute to their activity as apoptosis inducers. For many years, phenolic compounds have been intensely studied, in vitro and in vivo, for their antitumor effects. In recent years, the use of these compounds has increased considerably. In this regard, this article provides an overview of some natural phenolic compounds with approved anticancer activities.

Optimization and characterization of l-asparaginase production by a novel isolated streptomyces spp. strain

Abstract: Introduction and purpose Microbial l-asparaginase (l-asparagine amino hydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) has been applied as the most important chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of certain human cancers, especially in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Actinomycetes are recognized as a comparatively less explored source for l-asparaginase and therefore act as candidates for the production of l-asparaginase. The possibility of using novel actinomycete as a source of production of some industrially important microbial l-asparaginase was investigated in this study. Materials and methods Genomic DNA of the actinomycetes isolate from soil samples was extracted using the Gene JET Genomic DNA purification kit (Thermo scientific #k0721). The actinomycete isolate was identified by 16S rDNA. The identified actinomycete isolate was inoculated on starch casein agar slants and incubated for 7–10 days at 28°C, and then it was maintained at 4°C until further use. Inoculum was prepared from a 7-day old culture of the strain. Production of l-asparaginase was initially tested in four different media. The actinomycete strain was used further for the optimization of cultural conditions, namely, l-asparagine substrate concentrations, pH, temperature, and incubation conditions. The pH of the medium was varied from pH 3.0 to pH 9.0; the incubation temperature was varied from 30 to 50°C. The effect of carbon source and nitrogen source on l-asparaginase production was studied. Modified Czapex Dox broth was supplemented with different carbon and nitrogen sources such as starch, mannitol, mannose, sucrose, cellulose, and fructose at a concentration of 1% (w/v) and ammonium sulfate, beef extract, yeast extract, and peptone at a concentration of 0.2% (w/v), respectively, keeping other components constant. The properties of Streptomyces spp. l-asparaginase were also studied such as pH, assay temperature, and thermal stability. Results and discussion Genotypic characterization of the most promising unknown actinomycete isolate showing the maximum production was identified by 16S rDNA. PCR amplified the 16 s rDNA region using primers. Genotypic characterization of the most promising unknown actinomycete isolate showing the maximum production was identified by16S rDNA. The 16 s rDNA region was amplified by PCR (about 1000 bp) using primers. According to sequencing similarities and multiple alignments, the isolate was found to be closely related to Streptomyces griseoplanus strain NRRL-ISP 5009 16 s ribosomal RNA gene with 85% identity. Higher enzyme activity was observed in modified Czapex Dox broth as compared with other media used. Modified Czapex Dox broth was supplemented with different concentrations of l-asparagine; the enzyme production was maximum at 1.5% l-asparagine (126.20 U/ml). Analysis of the culture supernatant showed that the enzyme activity rise from 126.20 U/ml on the fifth day to 141.11 U/ml on the 10th day which its peak enzyme production activity. Different carbon sources such as starch, mannitol, lactose, sucrose, and glucose were amended in asparagine-modified Czapek Dox broth to determine their impact on l-asparaginase production. Biosynthesis of l-asparaginase by S. griseoplanus strain has been reported to be higher when the basal medium was supplemented with starch. For the production of l-asparaginase by S. griseoplanus strain, yeast extract has been reported as a good nitrogen source. According to the properties of the enzyme, the maximum activity was achieved at 45°C. The half-lives of the free enzyme were calculated to be 521 min (8.5 h) at 50°C, 312.6 min (5.2 h) at 55°C, and 195.2 min (3.25 h), at 60°C.

GC-MS analysis and in-vitro hypocholesterolemic, anti-rotavirus, anti-human colon carcinoma activities of the crude extract of a Japanese Ganoderma spp

Abstract: Background and objective Medicinal mushrooms are mines of various biologically active compounds. Therefore, chemical analysis and in-vitro evaluation of some biological activities of the Japanese originated mushroom Ganoderma spp. were conducted. Materials and methods Extraction of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma spp. was accomplished using 80% methanol. This extract was investigated for its in-vitro cholesterol-lowering activity, anti-rotavirus effect, and anti-human colon cancer influence. Moreover, a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis for this extract was performed. Results and conclusion The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis resulted in the detection of 39 compounds, which were generally saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and alkenes. The crude extract exhibited a promising in-vitro cholesterol-lowering activity (100±0%) after 96 h of incubation at room temperature. The same crude extract showed a moderate anti-rotavirus SA-11 strain effect with a therapeutic index of 9.3. Moreover, Ganoderma spp. extract displayed a strong activity toward HCT116 human colon carcinoma cell line, resulting in a cytotoxicity of 84.03±0.93% on HCT116 cell line monolayers. Ganoderma spp. crude extract represents a promising source of biologically active compounds that could by further investigations represent support and/or alternative to the currently used drugs.

Potential effects of silver nanoparticles, synthesized from Streptomyces clavuligerus, for controlling of wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum

Abstract: Background Fusarium oxysporum causes wilt disease, which is considered a destructive disease, leading to decreased growth and death of most infected plants. Materials and methods After 7 days of incubation of Streptomyces clavuligerus on starch nitrate medium, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done by using the supernatant from the microorganism. The color changed to dark brown, proving the formation of AgNPs. The size of AgNPs was analyzed using transmission electron microscope. Various concentrations of AgNPs (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μl) were investigated against F.‏oxysporum by using agar well diffusion method. Disease symptoms, disease index percent, phytochemicals, and metabolic indicators of resistance in plant, such as the reaction to induction of systemic resistance, were recorded in tomato plants. Results and conclusion The resultant AgNPs had size from 4 to 38 nm and were oval to spherical in shape. The observed inhibition zones were 12, 18, 19, 23, and 27 mm in diameter correspondingly. The growth of Fusarium has been reduced by 60, 40 ppm, and followed by 20 ppm. Treatment with different concentration of nanoparticles resulted in different responses regarding the total phenol content, proline content, and total protein of Fusarium-infected plants. Applications of 60 ppm by foliar shoot+root immersion and root immersion methods were the best treatments and reduced percent disease indexes by 8 and 11%, respectively. Therefore, it could be suggested that the application of tested treatments could be commercially used for controlling Fusarium wilt disease of vegetable plants, as they are effective against this disease, are less expensive, and are safe.

Fomitopsis officinalis mushroom: ancient gold mine of functional components and biological activities for modern medicine

Abstract: Polypore mushrooms have been used medicinally for thousands of years. Agarikon (Fomitopsis officinalis) is a medicinal polypore mushroom containing a host of pharmacologically active compounds that beneficially affect human health. Agarikon is known for its capability of producing various biologically active compounds with medical applications such as antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory agents. This review describes the importance of medicinal mushrooms, with a specific focus on Agarikon as an example of a globally commercialized medicinal mushroom.

Biochemical studies and biological activities on L-glutaminase from rhizosphere soil Streptomyces rochei SAH2_CWMSG

Abstract: Background and objective L-glutaminase (L-GLUNase) is a potential anticancer enzyme that hydrolyzes amide bond of L-glutamine to give glutamate and ammonium ion. It is used as an antioxidant, a flavor enhancing agent and a biosensor for glutamine level measurement. The aim was to produce L-GLUNase in high yield from a promising local Streptomyces isolate for many pharmaceutical applications. Materials and methods A total of 20 Streptomyces isolates for their capacity of L-GLUNase production were screened. A potent L-GLUNase producer, SAH2_CWMSG isolate, was identified by phenotypic and phylogenetic analysis. L-GLUNase was purified using ammonium sulfate followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The purified L-GLUNase was characterized, and its application as an antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant agent was investigated. Results and conclusion The phylogenetic analysis of SAH2_CWMSG strain confirmed that the SAH2_CWMSG strain was most similar to Streptomyces rochei (99%). It produced L-GLUNase activity of 58 U/ml under shake flask submerged fermentation. The purified L-GLUNase has the molecular weight of 55 kDa and Km and Vmax value of 1.314 mmol/l and 95.24 μ Me/min, respectively. Of the various physiochemical parameters tested, pH 7.5 and temperature 40°C were optimal for the enzyme activity. On the contrary, 10 mmol/l of Mn+2 showed a slight increase in L-GLUNase activity. A promising Streptomyces sp. fully identified as S. rochei SAH2_CWMSG (Gen Bank ID: KU720627) is an efficient source of L-GLUNase production. Therefore, it can be potentially used as enzyme supplement, which has many industrial and pharmaceutical applications.

Genetic identification and optimization of novel β-glucosidase-producing Lysinibacillus sphaericus QS6 strain isolated from the Egyptian environment

Abstract: Background and objective β-Glucosidase-producing bacteria are potential sources for biotransformation of lignocellulose biomass and agricultural wastes into biofuels. The aim was the isolation, screening, molecular identification, and optimization of highly efficient β-glucosidase-producing bacteria under different growth conditions. Materials and methods Cellulose-degrading bacteria were isolated and screened for β-glucosidase enzymes. Then, they were identified by phenotypic and genotypic identification. Optimization for β-glucosidase production was studied under different culture conditions. Results and conclusion Highly efficient β-glucosidase-producing strain QS6 was selected and identified morphologically and biochemically as Lysinibacillus sp. using 16 s rDNA gene sequencing approach and bioinformatics analysis. Strain QS6 was most similar to Lysinibacillus sphaericus, with similarity of 98%. Phylogenetic analysis was done to determine the relationship of strain QS6 with different strains of genus Lysinibacillus sp. It indicated that the suitable culture conditions of producing β-glucosidase were the culture temperature of 35°C, the initial pH of 7.0, the incubation time of 24 h, and 1% inoculum size. While studying the effect of carbon sources on β-glucosidase production, it was found that cellobiose (1%w/v) was the best carbon source for inducing β-glucosidase production. Moreover, the nitrogen source peptone at 0.5% w/v was optimum for β-glucosidase production by this bacterium. L. sphaericus QS6 was found to be sensitive to antibiotics (amoxicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, cefadroxil, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, erythromycin, and tobramycin). Moreover, in-vitro antibacterial bioassay of the most potent β-glucosidase-producing strain (QS6) showed high antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (1.9 cm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1.0 cm). A promising Lysinibacillus sp. completely identified as L. sphaericus QS6 (GenBank MN493725.1) is an efficient source of β-glucosidase production.

Influence of foliar fertilization on the growth and yield of chia (Salvia hispanica) plant

Abstract: Background Salvia hispanica plant is a new introduced crop to the Egyptian cultivation system to enrich it with new species or varieties of medicinal and aromatic plants. S. hispanica commonly known as chia is an annual herbaceous plant belongs to the mint family (Lamiaceae) and is native to southern Mexico and Northern Guatemala. Chia seeds are a promising source of antioxidants owing to their content of omega-3 and the presence of polyphenols, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acids, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different doses and portions of NPK and/or mixture of biofertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum+Bacillus megaterium+Bacillus subtilis) on the growth and yield of chia (S. hispanica) plant. Materials and methods This investigation was carried out in the Hawareya location, Beheira Governorate, Egypt (North West of the Nile Delta), during the two successive seasons 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. The experimental layout was randomly distributed in a split-plot design with three replicates. The 10 treatments of NPK (1.5, 3, and 4.5 g/l in 1, 2, or three portions and control) were randomly distributed in the main plots, whereas the two foliar applications, namely, control and biofertilizers, were randomly distributed in the subplots to study the influence of foliar application treatments, Nitrophoska foliar fertilizer (1.5, 3, and 4.5 g/l) in 1, 2, or three portions (as control) and a mixture of A. chroococcum 10 g/l+B. megaterium 10 g/l+B. subtilis 10 g/l on the growth and yield of chia plant. Data were recorded for the plant height (cm), number of branches/plant, number of inflorescence/plant, herb fresh weight (g/plant and ton/fed), herb dry weight (g/plant and ton/fed), and seeds weight (g/plant and kg/fed). Results The results showed that different doses and portions of NPK and/or mixture of biofertilizer significantly increased the vegetative growth and yield of chia plant. The results of the 2 years indicated that the highest values of plant height (199.33 cm/plant), number of branches (22.56 branches/plant), number of inflorescence (58.89 inflorescence/plant), fresh herb weight (1053.33 g/plant and 24.58 ton/fed), dry herb weight (352 g/plant and 8.22 ton/fed), seeds weight (24.22 g/plant), and seeds yield (565 kg/fed) of S. hispanica were recorded with NPK 3 g/l (two portions)+biofertilizer. Conclusion From these results, we may conclude that the recommended treatment to obtain the best growth characteristics and yield of S. hispanica are the application of NPK 3 g/l (two portions)+biofertilizer.

Chemical composition of Mentha pulegium L. (Pennyroyal) plant as influenced by foliar application of different sources of zinc

Abstract: Background and objective Mentha pulegium L. is commonly known as pennyroyal and it is highly aromatic than any other mint. The essential oil could be considered as a possible candidate for human cancer chemotherapy. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different sources of zinc (algae extract, zinc sulfate, zinc multi, and zinc chelated) on herb yield, nutrient contents and their uptake, carbonic anhydrase, and essential oil production of M. pulegium plant. Materials and methods A field experiment was carried out under drip irrigated sandy soil at the Experimental Station of National Research Centre in Nubaria district, El-Behira Governorate, Egypt. Macronutrients and micronutrients contents of herb, nutrient uptake, carbonic anhydrase activity, and essential oil content were determined. Essential oil constituents were analyzed by chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results The results showed that algae extract followed by zinc multi significantly increased herb fresh and dry weight yield, nutrients content and their uptake, as well as showed the stimulatory impact on carboxylation enzyme activities. The highest essential oil yield (0.93 ml/plant and 20.67 l/ha) was recorded with algae extract, followed by zinc multi (0.80 ml/plant and 17.78 l/ha) than zinc chelate (0.50 ml/plant and 11.11 l/ha). Chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of the essential oil showed that the essential oil composition was characterized by a high percentage of oxygenated compounds (96.83–97.33%) while the nonoxygenated compounds ranged from 2.48 to 2.89%. The major constituents of oxygenated compounds were found to be pulegone (67.75–74.43%) followed by neomenthone (10.66–17.12%). Algae extract and zinc multi produced the highest relative concentration of neomenthone (17.12 and 16.72%) and the lowest concentration of pulegone (67.75 and 67.97%). In contrast, foliar application of zinc chelated and zinc sulfate increased the biosynthesis of pulegone (74.43 and 73.98%) and decreased the percent of neomenthone (11.39 and 10.66%). Conclusion It might be concluded that the foliar application of zinc as algae extract followed by zinc multi chelated gave remarkable higher increases in herb yield, nutrients content and their uptake, carbonic anhydrase and essential oil production of M. pulegium plant.

Anti-urolithiatic activity of Solanum nigrum hydroalcoholic extract in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats

Abstract: Background and objectives Urolithiasis is a growing public health problem. Asymptomatic kidney stones are kept under observation. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-urolithiatic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Solanum nigrum fruit in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats. Materials and methods Urolithiasis was induced by oral administration of ammonium chloride 1% and ethylene glycol (0.75% v/v) in drinking water for 28 days. Hydroalcoholic extract of Solanum nigrum fruit (200 and 400 mg/kg) and cystone (750 mg/kg) were administered orally from the 15th day as a curative regimen. Results and conclusion Administration of ethylene glycol caused an elevation of serum creatinine, urea, calcium, and malondialdehyde and a reduction of magnesium and glutathione. In addition, renal content of tumor necrosis factor alpha was elevated and adiponectin renal content was reduced in urolithiatic control. Histopathological examination revealed tubular degeneration, dilatation, presence of calcium oxalate crystals in the lumen of renal tubules, and intense interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration in the lithiatic control group. Treatment with both doses of Solanum nigrum reversed all biochemical parameters and histopathological alterations. The results demonstrate that the hydroalcoholic extract of Solanum nigrum has potent anti-urolithiatic activity against calcium oxalate urolithiasis induced by ethylene glycol through tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition and adiponectin stimulation as well as in maintaining balance between stone promoter (calcium) and inhibitor (magnesium).

Production, characterization, and antioxidant activities of bacterial exopolysaccharides extracted from petroleum oil water

Abstract: Backgroundand objective There are large quantities of water produced during the extraction of petroleum oil called ‘produced water’. The aim of this research is to isolate and identify bacteria produced exopolysaccharides (EPSs) present in this water and to evaluate their antioxidant activities as medicinal value. Materials and methods First isolation of Fe, Mn, and biofilm bacteria, next production of of EPSs, then morphological, physiological, and molecular characterization of isolates produced EPSs. Finally, study the characters of EPSs chemically and evaluate the antioxidant activity of EPSs by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging model, reducing power, and by superoxide anion-scavenging activity. Results and conclusion Three bacteria were isolated from water of petroleum oil (produced water).These isolates produced water-soluble EPSs called Fe, Mn, and BF-EPSs and the highest production were 4.5, 7.5, and 5 g/l, respectively. The isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis SMM1, Bacillus pumilus SMM2, and Bacillus tequilensis SMM3. Results showed that the three EPSs were acidic with different compositions of monosaccharide and different molar ratio. Uronic acid and SO3− were estimated. EPSs scavenged superoxide radical (O2−), DPPH radicals, and reducing power property. Fe-EPS was the most effective one in scavenging the superoxide radical and DPPH radicals while the highest reductant is BF-EPS. The obtained results demonstrated that all EPSs that have strong antioxidant activity can be used in medicinal and nutritional applications related to reduction of oxidative stress.

Biosynthesis of alkaline protease by alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. NPST-AK15 cells immobilized in gel matrices

Abstract: Background and objectives Proteases are an important group of hydrolytic enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of various proteins by cleavage of the peptide bonds between the amino acids residues. Proteases have applications in several fields including medical and pharmaceuticals industries. Bacterial cell immobilization by entrapment techniques is one of the most effective approaches used in biotechnology at laboratory and industrial scale. Herein, we report the production of alkaline protease by immobilized halotolerant alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain NPST-AK15 cells in batch and repeated batch fermentation. Materials and methods Alkaline proteases-producing halotolerant alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain NPST-AK15 (accession no. KP295749) was previously isolated from hypersaline soda lakes, located at Wadi El- Natrun Valley (Egypt). Three different matrices were tested for immobilization of Bacillus sp. strain NPST-AK15 whole cells by entrapment technique including alginate, gelatin, and agar gel. Results and discussion Among various matrices tested for whole cell immobilization of Bacillus sp. NPST-AK15, alginate was found to be the best matrix for cell entrapment and alkaline protease production, showing the highest specific productivity (3214.34 U/g wet cells/h) and enzyme production (923.4 U/ml), followed by cells immobilized in agar and gelatin. Furthermore, the production of alkaline protease by Bacillus sp. NPST-AK15 immobilized in alginate gel was enhanced by investigation of the influence of various parameters on alginate beads preparation including alginate concentration, bead size, and biomass loading. Maximum enzyme production (1020.1 U/ml) and specific productivity (4086.9 U/g wet cells/h) were achieved using alginate concentration of 3.0% (w/v), bead diameter of 3.5 mm, and cell loading of 0.50 g wet weight of cell biomass per 0.3 g of sodium alginate. The immobilized Bacillus sp. NPST-AK15 cells exhibited operation stability in repeated batch fermentation, retaining 89.1 and 61.3% of its productivity after five (120 h) cycles and 10 (240 h) cycles, respectively.

In-vitro adventitious root production of Cichorium endivia L. and antioxidants, total phenolic, and total flavonoids assessments

Abstract: Background and objectives Chicory plant serves as a vegetable with higher nutritional value, having major antioxidant properties. The aim of this work was in-vitro production of adventitious roots from Cichorium endivia subsp., pumelum L. and exploring the capacity of adventitious roots for antioxidant activities as well as determine their contents of total phenolic and flavonoids compounds compared with different parts of C. endivia. Materials and methods For in-vitro adventitious root induction, root segments were cultured on half-strength Murashige and Skoog solid medium supplemented with different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid and 0.1 mg/l α-Naphthalene acetic acid. The cultures were incubated under total darkness and or 16/8 h (light/dark) photoperiod. Murashige and Skoog liquid medium with different carbon sources was used for adventitious root production. Two different solvents (aqueous ethanol and chloroform) were used for bioactive components extraction process. 2, 2′‐diphenyl 1‐Picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging capacity (RSC) as well as total phenolic and flavonoides contents were estimated in produced adventitious roots compared with different plant parts (seeds, leaves, and roots). Results and conclusion Medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l α-Naphthalene acetic acid and 1.0 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid recorded maximum adventitious root induction percentage (100%) in the dark condition. High-yield production of adventitious roots (6.60±0.5 g) was found in the liquid medium that contains sucrose as the carbon source. The aqueous ethanol extracts recorded higher RSC% values than chloroform extracts in all plant parts. Aqueous ethanol extract of seeds recorded maximum RSC% (92.8%) at 2.5 mg/ml of extract. Total phenolic contents showed maximum value with aqueous ethanol extract of seeds (18.17±0.40 mg/g of extract), whereas minimum value recorded with chloroform extract of seeds (0.28±0.05 mg/g of extract). The flavonoids contents showed maximum value also with aqueous ethanol extract of seeds (94.43±1.00 mg/g of extract), followed by aqueous ethanol extract of leaves (93.68±0.1 mg/g of extract), and minimum value with chloroform extract of leaves (2.60±0.18 mg/g of extract).

Association of human microbiome with health and disease states

Abstract: This review deals with microorganisms that are associated with the human body, their types and diversity. The survey also covers the symbiotic and adverse effects of the located flora and how could friendly microbial communities change to vigorous pathogenic enemies. Besides, the study includes special oversight on the natural compounds that may help to overcome serious diseases that are caused by or that result from microbiome alteration or dysbiosis.

Foliar application of selenium and humic acid changes yield, essential oil, and chemical composition of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) plant and its antimicrobial effects

Abstract: Background and objective Plectranthus amboinicus is an indigenous vegetable that can be freshly eaten. This plant is used for medicine to cure common illnesses such as cough, stomachache, headache, and skin infection. Materials and methods This study was conducted to study the effect of both selenium (2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 g/l) and humic acid (1.5 and 3.00 g/l), in addition to control, which was sprayed with water. Results and conclusion Generally, mass production of P. amboinicus (Lour.) plants has significantly increased as a result of application of different levels of selenium and humic acid treatments, compared with the control treatment. Essential oil percentage and yield (ml/plant) increased significantly as a result of selenium and humic acid treatments compared with control (S0H0). For essential oil constituents, the results clear that carvacrol (5.96–15.45%) is the first main compound followed by γ-Terpinene (6.74–11.80 %). The third main component is Limonene (3.23–11.32%), whereas the fourth one is α-Muurolene. Moreover, these treatments had a positive effect on selenium, total carbohydrates, photosynthetic pigments, and total phenolic content. Based on scavenging the stable ATBS [2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] radical, all treatments increased significantly inhibition % especially S4H2 compared with untreated plants. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of P. amboinicus were studied.

Comparative antibacterial study between bioactive glasses and vancomycin hydrochloride against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract: Background This work targets the comparison of the antibacterial activity of different bioactive glasses as particles and those coating the surface of 316 l stainless steel sheet, with that of vancomycin hydrochloride antibiotic, to determine the best efficiency of the aforementioned materials for medical and surgical purposes. Materials and methods Different bioactive glass composites (borate, B, S, and B5), composed of different ratios of oxides, such as SiO2, Na2O, CaO, B2O3, P2O5, and MgO, were prepared. The antimicrobial activity of different synthesized glasses as well as vancomycin hydrochloride antibiotic was carried out against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. The different bioactive glasses (0.05 g) were placed each in wells (1 cm in diameter) of pathogen-seeded nutrient agar, as particles or coated on 316 l stainless steel 1.0×1.5 cm sheets for agar diffusion method. The antibacterial test of vancomycin hydrochloride in different concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/ml in distilled H2O) was carried out. The pathogen cell viability in presence and absence of glass composite was investigated using electron microscopy and cell count method. Nutrient broth (50 ml) was inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus along with 0.05 g of borate particles, incubated at 37°C and 150 rpm for 6 h. Then, the samples were examined under electron microscope, and the final pH was measured. A volume of 0.1 ml of each sample was further inoculated on solid nutrient agar, incubated at 37°C for 24 h, and then colony count was carried out. Results and discussion The borate bioactive glass was effective either as particles or coated on 316 l stainless steel. The other types of bioactive glasses coating the stainless steel produced a better antibacterial activity than the particles. The transmission electron microscope, showed the damaged bacterial cells of S. aureus after incubation with borate bioactive glass. The colony count of S. aureus after bioglass treatment was 18×102, whereas in the control sample was 25×106; the final pH was 10.4.

Biosynthesis of biologically active chitinase utilizing some Egyptian chitinaceous wastes and the properties of the synthesized enzyme

Abstract: Background and objective Chitin-degrading enzymes have an utmost practical importance in many fields such as medicine, agriculture, and industry. These enzymes are used as effective antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive, and antioxidant agents and also as excellent food quality enhancers. The objective of the present article was to formulate the production medium and to pinpoint the proper growth conditions for the chosen microorganism producing highly active chitinase enzymes. The general properties of the crude enzyme preparation were determined to define the proper conditions for enzyme action. Under the specified conditions, the capability of the enzyme preparation for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were decided. Materials and methods Eighteen recommended microbial strains were screened for biologically active chitinolytic enzymes productivity. Chitinase enzyme was determined, and also the important properties of the crude chitinase were duly pinpointed. Finally, biological activities of the crude enzyme were studied. Results and conclusion and conclusion Among all the 18 organisms, Streptomyces halstedii H2 was the most potent producer of an influential chitinase enzyme. The maximum chitinase activity of 49.5 U/ml was obtained from medium contains glucose 6 g/l, ammonium nitrate (0.9 g/l), and urea (0.64 g/l) at 30°C and pH 9.0. The important properties of the streptomycetal chitinase were duly pinpointed as follows: optimum enzyme and substrate concentrations were 1.6 mg/ml and 1.4% (w/v), respectively, and optimum reaction pH and temperature were 7.2 and 45°C, respectively. The crude preparation was stable for 60 min at pH 7.2 and 30°C and retained 92.6% of the original activity. Under the specified conditions, at varying concentrations, the enzyme preparation exhibited considerable 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity accompanied with low antimicrobial activity, pointing out the partial purification necessity of the crude enzyme preparation.

Dimeric naphtho-γ-pyrones and further diverse bioactive metabolites from the marine-derived Aspergillus flavus Af/MMA 2018

Abstract: Background and objective Sponge-associated fungi are known for their production of structurally diverse secondary metabolites, many of which exhibit different pharmacological activities. Materials and methods Isolation and identification of fungal isolate from the marine sponge Echinodictyum flabelliforme collected from the Red Sea coast of Hurghada, Egypt, was done. Working up and purification with the ethyl acetate extract produced by the marine-derived Aspergillus flavus Af/MMA 2018 afforded nine bioactive compounds. Structure of the isolated compounds was determined on the basis of NMR (1D and 2D) and mass (EI, ESI, HRESI MS) spectra and by comparison with the corresponding literature studies. Biologically, the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities (using Ehrlich cells) of compounds were studied in comparison with the original extract. Results and conclusion Working up and purification of the ethyl acetate-extracted residue produced by the marine-derived A. flavus Af/MMA 2018 afforded nine diverse bioactive compounds: five dimeric naphtho-γ-pyrones, that is, aurasperone A (1), aurasperone B (2), aurasperone D (3), aurasperone F (4), and aurasperone E (5), along with β-sitosterol glucoside (6), cerebroside C (7), glyceryl linoleate (8), and linoleic acid (9). Cerebroside C showed strong antimicrobial activity against different test organisms, whereas aurasperone E showed maximum DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) scavenging activity (67.41%) after 1 h, and by using different concentrations, giving 98.99% at 1000 μg/ml. The maximum antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (70.9%) was attributed to the dimeric naphtho-γ-pyrone aurasperone E.

Does glycogen synthase kinase-3 β signaling pathway has a significant role in date palm pollen cancer therapy?

Abstract: Background and objective Palm pollen (PP) has attracted much attention for its wide applications as an anticancer natural product due to their high phenolic and flavonoid contents. In the current of PP to inhibit the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma was assessed in a rat model. Materials and methods First, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed to identify the active constituents in PP. Diethyl nitrosamine as a hepatocarcinogenic agent was administered at a dose of 4 gm/kg body weight intraperitoneally for 4 months sequenced by PP treatment orally (200 mg/kg) daily for 3 weeks. Biochemical and molecular analyses were estimated. Results and discussion HPLC analysis showed the presence of chlorogenic acid, quercetin, coumaric acid, caffeine, vanillin, and ferulic acid in PP. Diethyl nitrosamine significantly elevated serum lipid peroxide, nitrite/nitrate levels, and decreased glutathione level. In addition to an obvious alternation of tumor necrosis factor-α1, nuclear factor kappa-β, cellular oncogene-Fos, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β genes expression. Meanwhile, PP improved all the previously deviated biochemical parameters reflecting great antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory index. These findings were confirmed histopathologically.

Chemical and biological evaluation of olive leaves as a waste by-product of olive oil industry

Abstract: Background and objectives Finding new uses for by-products of cultivated plants is of great value economically and to the environment. Leaves represent about 10% of the total weight of olives yield. It is worth to obtain value-added products from this material. In this article, the leaves were evaluated chemically and biologically for phenolics and flavonoids as well as for microelements and macroelements and fatty acids. Also, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were carried out. Materials and methods Air-dried powdered olive leaves were defatted with hexane and the marc was then soaked in 80% methanol and successively extracted with CH2Cl2, EtOAc, and n-BuOH. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined as chlorogenic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Microelements and macroelements were detected in addition to fatty acids. The antioxidant effect was determined in vitro using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and antimicrobial activity was carried out using in-vitro agar well diffusion method. Results and conclusion Total phenolics were found to be highest in the 80% methanolic extract and the lowest in water and ethyl acetate fractions. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-free radical scavenging activity of olive leaf extracts were in this order: 80% methanolic extract, water extract, ethyl acetate fraction and butanol fraction. Also, the calcium : potassium value was 15: 1. Fatty acid profile revealed that linolenic acid was the major fatty acid in terms of percent (49.45%). Ethyl acetate fraction showed positive antibacterial activity and negative antifungal activity whereas water, 80% methanol, and butanol fractions have positive antifungal and negative antibacterial activity. Conclusion Olive leaves could be considered as a potential inexpensive source for food supplements for human health.

Effect of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) aqueous extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Abstract: Background Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) has a significant role in curing diseases and maintaining health through its antioxidant capacity. The aim of this study was to evaluate antidiabetic effect of lemon balm aqueous extract (LBAE) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods The extract was administered to STZ-induced diabetic rats in low and high doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively) for 4 weeks. Serum insulin, glucose, lipid profiles, alkaline phosphatase, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine and urea levels were determined, whereas total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, Na+/K+ ATPase activity (ATPase), tumor necrosis factor-α, and cluster of differentiation 4 levels were evaluated in liver and kidney tissue homogenates. Results and conclusion Oral administration of LBAE significantly decreased glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cluster of differentiation 4 levels. However, insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total antioxidant capacity levels significantly increased with respect to diabetic control group. These findings revealed that LBAE possesses antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects against STZ-induced disorders in diabetic rats. Hence, it can be used in the management of diabetes mellitus.