Showing papers in "Ekoloji in 2008"
TL;DR: In this article, the proximate composition and three trace elements level of Liza ramada which were caught from military seaport of Mersin Gulf were determined, and the average protein, fat, moisture and ash contents of muscle tissue are 16.02-17.28 %, respectively.
Abstract: In this study; proximate composition and three trace elements level of Liza ramada which were caught from military seaport of Mersin Gulf were determined. The average protein, fat, moisture and ash contents of muscle tissue are 16.02-17.66, 0.25-0.47, 80.70-82.19, 1.25-1.28 %, respectively. In addition, the average trace metal concentrations in the muscle and liver tissues varied in the following ranges respectively: Cu, 1.25-1.65; Fe, 11.78-12.92; Zn, 21.72-27.30; Cu, 875-2066; Fe, 1491-1825; Zn, 161-198 μg/g dry weight.
According to the age, muscle tissue protein levels showed a decrease, while fat levels increases. Also tissue moisture levels increase in some quantity according to the age. There were no statistical difference between the age groups according to the Cu, Fe and Zn levels of muscle tissue. This state can be explained by the muscle tissue being less active in trace element cycle. Element levels of the liver tissue demonstrated an increase according to the age. The Cu level in the liver was especially high. Variations in liver tissue element levels can be explained by the liver tissue being more active in trace element metabolism.
25 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted to determine pre-service science teachers' misconceptions, knowledge level and the ways of gaining knowledge in relation to ozone layer and ozone layer depletion, which is one of the global environmental problems.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine pre-service science teachers' misconceptions, knowledge level and the ways of gaining knowledge in relation to ozone layer and ozone layer depletion, which is one of the global environmental problems. In order to get relevant data, the questionnaire comprising 30 items on a five point Likert type scale and seven multiple choice questions were administered to 308 pre-service science teachers. Statistical procedures were performed in order to interpret the data obtained through the questionnaires. The findings revealed that the pre-service science teachers participated in the study have insufficient knowledge as well misconceptions regarding ozone layer depletion. In addition, it was also found out that they had the information about the ozone layer not only through formal education but also through other sources such as media, peers etc. The differences and similarities of the results compared to the other research studies are emphasized and implications of the results for deeper understanding as well as for better teaching are discussed.
19 citations
TL;DR: During the study period, the pollen concentration reached its highest level in April and was monitored in the atmosphere of Savastepe (Balikesir) during 2002 by using gravimetric method.
Abstract: In this study, pollen concentrations were monitored in the atmosphere of Savastepe (Balikesir) during 2002 by using gravimetric method. 28 taxa and unidentified pollen grains were recorded. From these taxa, 17 of them belong to arboreal plants (AP), 11 to non arboreal plants (NAP). A total of 4750 pollen grains/cm2 counted in the sampling, of these 4163 pollen/cm2 pertain to arboreal plants (87.64%), 542 pollen/cm2 to non arboreal plants (11.41%) and 45 pollen/cm 2 (0.95%) to unidentified. Dominating taxa were: Pinus spp. (58.20%), Cupressaceae/Taxaceae (21.33%), Gramineae (8.19%), Quercus spp. (1.59%), Olea spp. (1.31%), Fraxinus spp. (1.26%) and Abies spp. (1.06%). During the study period, the pollen concentration reached its highest level in April.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors determined how carbon mineralization of acacia (Acacia cyanophylla, Fabaceae) soil are affected by the different temperature (23°C and 28°C) and humidity (80% and 60% of their field capacity) conditions in the laboratory.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine how carbon (C) mineralization of acacia (Acacia cyanophylla, Fabaceae) soil are affected by the different temperature (23°C and 28°C) and humidity (80% and 60% of their field capacity) conditions in the laboratory. The acacia soils were collected from Cukurova University campus in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. C mineralization of all soils was determined using CO 2 respiration method. The microbial activity increased together with temperature increases. The microbial activity in the soils humidified to 80% of field capacity was significantly different from field capacity and 60% of field capacity at both 23°C and 28°C temperatures (p<0.001). The ratios (%) of C mineralization of 80% of field capacity at 23°C and 28°C were also significantly higher than all of the others (p<0.001). These findings might suggest that 80% of field capacity of acacia soil is better humidity for microbial activity at both 23°C and 28°C temperatures into 30 days.
18 citations
TL;DR: It is obvious that Cernek lake has given important losses in zooplankton diversity by depending on eutrophication.
Abstract: Cernek lake is one of the most important lakes of Kizilirmak delta that also recognized as a Ramsar Site. During 1996, in zooplakton collected monthly, 10 cladocerans, 3 copepods and 18 rotifers, totally 31 species, have been identified. Of identified species, Diaphanosoma lacustris, Daphnia longispina, Moina micrura, Pleuroxus aduncus, Alona rectangula, Leydigia leydigi, Acanthocyclops robustus and all Rotifera species are first records for Cernek lake. Determined species have been compared with previously studies. It is obvious that lake has given important losses in zooplankton diversity by depending on eutrophication.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used factor analysis to determine the environmental attitudes and sensitivity levels of the farmers in Torbali district by the New Environmental Paradigm, thirteen expressions are provided to the farmers and their agreement degrees are obtained using likert scale.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the environmental attitudes and sensitivity levels of the farmers in Torbali district by the New Environmental Paradigm. thirteen expressions are provided to the farmers and the their agreement degrees are obtained using likert scale. The environmental attitude of the farmers in the district is calculated as 3,62. The result shows that the farmers consider natural environment moderately. Factor analysis is used for the variables of the new environmental paradigm to determine the environmental attitudes of the farmers in the same groups. Four different groups were elicited regarding the environmental attitudes as "ecological balance", "environment and living things", "natural resources" and "nature". Factor analysis scores were used in the cluster analysis which refers to three different groups. 49,5 of the farmers were named as "sensitive", 21,5% "moderate" and 29% "less sensitive". Two different models were estimated for discerning the effects of the factors on the environmental attitudes. The more the farmers are educated, the more sensitive attitudes they have. Furthermore, the farmers having more land are more sensitive to the environment. Risk lover farmers are less sensitive to the environment.
15 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this study was to determine the commercial Satureja (Sivri kekik) species, gathered amounts, social networks in trade, gathering style, their vernacular names, and local usages in Turkey, and threat factors and solution for long term concervation were determined.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the commercial Satureja (Sivri kekik) species, gathered amounts, social networks in trade, gathering style, their vernacular names, and local usages in Turkey. The survey was carried out in 17 provinces, 20 towns and 40 villages where the Satureja species have large population. Commercial Satureja was collected from the mentioned fields, along with the information regarding local names, usage, sorting and grading methods obtained questioning the local people. The amount of total commercial Satureja species gathered from Anatolia is around 700-800 tones in a year. The Aegean and Mediterranean regions are the main areas of Satureja collection in Turkey. S. cuneifolia, S. thymbra, S. hortensis and S. spicigera are gathered for trade. Also, S. boissieri, S. coerulea, S. pilosa, S. icarica, S. wiedemanniana, and S. cilicica are gathered only as spices and herbal tea for the local people. Trade of Satureja is an important source of income for people in local region. Satureja species are gathered directly by the local villagers, especially, unemployed people with financial difficulties. Local middlemen coordinate the Satureja collection and then sell the material to companies in the province, and from there it is processed and distributed throughout the country and abroad. Also, threat factors and solution for long term concervation of the commercial Satureja species were determined in this study. Prohibitions or restrictions on their collection are needed.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the residue levels of heavy metals, which are located in the main substance of the pesticides, in waters were investigated in Mersin Province, where samples were collected from total 32 unit water sources (river and water canal) near the fields and green houses in four different agricultural regions (Kazanli, Adanalioglu, Homurlu, Kocahasanli) at three periods: after the sowing period, growing period and harvesting period.
Abstract: In this study the residue levels of the heavy metals, which located in the main substance of the pesticides, in waters were investigated in Mersin Province. For this aim, samples were collected from total 32 unit water sources (river and water canal) near the fields and green houses in four different agricultural regions (Kazanli, Adanalioglu, Homurlu, Kocahasanli) in Mersin Province at three periods: after the sowing period, growing period and harvesting period. Heavy metal (Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo) level of these samples, which may be caused by pesticides, and some other chemical and physical parameters like pH, salinity and conductivity were analysed. At the end of the study, although pH, salinity and conductivity parameters weren't changed with agricultural chemicals, it was determined that the heavy metal levels were changed up to regions and sampling periods.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the clay minerals utilization in the wastewater treatment, and the chemical treatability studies were carried out by the refined packing type of kaolinite (hydrate aluminum silicate), and the optimum doses were determined, and on the basis of treatment efficiencies, results were compared with the chemicals such as alum, lime and ferric chloride which are widely used.
Abstract: The aim of presented study is the investigation of clay minerals utilization in the wastewater treatment. The chemical treatability studies were carried out by the refined packing type kaolinite (hydrate aluminum silicate). By testing kaolinite as coagulant and flocculant separately within the experimental studies, optimum doses were determined, and on the basis of treatment efficiencies, results were compared with the chemicals such as alum, lime and ferric chloride which are widely used. The removal of organic matter was determined according to Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) parameter. Higher treatment efficiencies were obtained when kaolinite was used as flocculant. For the domestic wastewater, 82% organic matter, 70% suspended solids matter, and 23% oil- grease removals were achieved when alum was used as coagulant and kaolinite was used as flocculant. The turbidity of wastewater was removed completely, and insignificant differences were observed in pH parameter. For industrial wastewater samples, the highest efficiency was obtained when ferric chloride was used as coagulant and kaolinite was used as flocculant. In this case, 99% organic matter, 83% suspended solids matter, and 85% oil-grease removals were obtained. For the industrial wastewater treatment, the usage of kaolinite as coagulant yielded also efficient results, 96% COD removal was obtained.
13 citations
TL;DR: BOI 5 is the most effective parameter on the biodiversity of epilithic algae.
Abstract: On the chosen six sampling points on Aksu River, 80 taxa belong to Bacillariophyta, 40 taxa belong to Chlorophyta, 15 taxa belong to Cyanophyta, 2 taxa belong to Euglenophyta and 1 taxon belong to Rhodophyta, total 138 taxa were determined. The ephilitic algae biodiversity is parallel to the water quality on Aksu River. BOI 5 is the most effective parameter on the biodiversity of epilithic algae. Ammonium nitogen, ortophosphate, nitrate nitrogen, sulphate, and chloride fallow this. The dominant species differ according to sampling points. On the I. sampling point the dominant takson was Achnanthes lanceolata on the II. and III. sampling points the dominant takson was Nitzschia palea and A. lanceolata was not found on this sampling points. On the IV sampling point Cocconeis pediculus, V sampling point Navicula gracilis and on the VI. sampling point Diatoma vulgare were dominant species.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Passeriformes has been determined to be the most dominant order while Pelecaniformes, Cuculiformes and Caprimulgiformes have been the least dominant order in the research area.
Abstract: 178 birds species from 39 families belong to 17 order defined in the research, carried out between 2001-2003 in Lake Acarlar in northeastern Marmara region. Passeriformes has been determined to be the most dominant order while Pelecaniformes, Cuculiformes, Caprimulgiformes have been to be the least dominant order in the research area. In two years 73632 individuals have been defined at Lake Acarlar, having a diversity index of 36,41. The Lake which is a rich ornithological area, faces various problems due to increasing population. Some of these problems are unauthorized hunting, damage to the forest ecosystem, attemps to create agricultural fields and Silk Road Free Zone Project.
TL;DR: In this article, the use of land in forest villages is the main factor for the increase in rural poverty and degradation of forests, and therefore it is necessary to intervene to end this misuse of land.
Abstract: A major part of the Anatolian mountains, are located in the coastal belt of Anatolia, and are rich in terms of biodiversity. Some species of plants have vanished or were destroyed due to human interference since the neolithic period which started 9 000-10 000 years ago. When the Celali Rebellion began between the years 1550-1600 during the Ottoman Empire, many people wanted to settle in safe regions, so they selected the forest areas for settlement. The forest areas were cleared for building small houses as well as for agricultural use and raising domestic animals and grazing them in the forests. Due to an increasing population and indiscriminate cultivation of agricultural land, most of the land became less productive. This kind of pressure on forestland resources threatens the stability of forest land and land use management. Misuse of land in forest villages is the main factor for the increase in rural poverty and the degradation of forests. Problems are encountered when it comes to the use of natural resources in the forest villages of Turkey. And therefore, it is necessary to intervene to end this misuse of land. An intervention should be made under the following headings to prevent further misuse: problems regarding in-forest settlements should be solved; practices providing income generation and food security should be carried out; farm forestry and community forest applications should be developed; and undamaged forest resources should be protected with buffer zone forest management applications.
TL;DR: In this paper, the vegetation structure of land uses in Aydin urban area by means of vegetation cover analysis was determined by using the variables of vegetation ratio, vegetation cover naturalness level, and vegetation cover structural diversity.
Abstract: In urban areas, each land use type possesses its own vegetation characteristics. The purpose of this study is to determine the vegetation structure of land uses in Aydin urban area by means of vegetation cover analysis. Vegetation cover analysis is an indicator of different land uses' contribution to wildlife habitat value. In the analysis, the variables of 1) vegetation ratio, 2) vegetation cover naturalness level, and 3) vegetation cover structural diversity have been used. Results of the analysis indicated that in terms of sum of all variables, natural areas (93%) obtained the highest value followed by highways (76%), and low-density residential areas (67%). Riverbeds (45%), commercial areas (39%) and industrial areas (34%) received the lowest value. The results shows that natural areas are critical in maintaining the ecological qualities of urban environments; improvement of the open spaces in the increasing residential developments contribute to the urban open space system significantly; and ecological corridor alternatives such as roads and waterways presents opportunities in improving the urban ecosystems.
TL;DR: Results showed that the distribution patterns of Al, Fe, Ti, Co, and Li were similar in the study area, and the highest concentrations of these five elements were determined in Balikesir-Balya region.
Abstract: Ozet Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni ve Ti elementlerinin likendeki (Cladonia rangiformis) konsantrasyonlarýný ve Canakkale cevresindeki daðýlýmlarýný belirlemek amacýyla 10 istasyonda ornekler toplanmýþtýr. Liken orneklerinin mineralizasyonu icin mikrodalga cozme sistemi kullanýlmýþtýr. Elementlerin konsantrasyonlarý ICP-OES ile belirlenmiþ ve her bir elemente ait bolgesel daðýlým haritalarý cizilmiþtir. Sonuclar, calýþma alanýnda Al, Fe, Ti, Co ve Li'un daðýlýmlarýnýn benzer olduðunu gostermiþtir. Bu beþ elemente ait en yuksek konsantrasyonlar Balýkesir-Balya cevresinde olculmuþtur. Ayrýca Na, Mg, Ca ve Sr daðýlýmlarýnýn benzer olduðu ve en yuksek konsantrasyonlarýnýn denize yakýn ornekleme istasyonlarýnda olduðu belirlenmiþtir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Biyoindikator, Canakkale, Cladonia rangiformis, ICP-OES, liken. Concentrations of some elements in the Bioindicator Organism Cladonia rangiformis Collected at the Vicinity of Canakkale
TL;DR: The aim of this study is to evaluate some important environmental problems caused by festival activities in Artvin-Kafkasor area in terms of conservation-usage and damage to the festival area.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate some important environmental problems caused by festival activities in Artvin-Kafkasor area in terms of conservation-usage. For this purpose, an inventory was carried out in the festival area and surrounding region. Physical carrying capacity of study area was estimated between 3432 (min.) and 5750 (max.). During the festival, a total of 8607 people made entrance to the festival area. In the last day of the festival, 6400 people made entrance, which was more then the maximum carrying capacity of the festival area. During the festival, 2454 motor vehicles were registered and 360 tents were pitched, 60 of which belonged to tradesmen. The usage density of pitched tents and number of motor vehicles exceeded capacity and caused damage to the festival area. The average number of people per fountain and restroom (toilet) was recorded as 150 and 600 (1600 in the last day of festival), respectively. The average amount of garbage per person was calculated as 1.053 kg/day. Therefore, because of insufficient facilities and unplanned usage of the festival area, damage to the festival area was observed
TL;DR: Kelimeler et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the Environmental Noise Pollution in Sivas City Centre and found that Sivas is the most polluted city in the world, with 65% of the air pollution coming from Gurultu.
Abstract: Ozet Bu calýþmada Sivas þehir merkezinin cevresel gurultu kirliliði araþtýrýlmýþtýr. Bu kapsamda Sivas þehir merkezinin deðiþik yerlerinde 20 adet gurultu olcum yeri belirlenmiþ ve bu yerlerde gurultu seviyesini belirlemek icin 1 yýl sure ile 5 saatlik aralýklarla sabah 8.00'ten akþam 24.00'e kadar olcumler yapýlmýþtýr. Elde edilen gurultu deðerleri LAeq (dBA) olarak hesaplanmýþtýr. Ayrýca elde edilen gurultu deðerlerinin mevsimsel deðiþimi de gozlemlenmiþtir. Sonuclara gore olcum noktalarýnda olculen gurultu duzeylerinin %100'nun gurultu limit deðeri olan 65 dBA (Cevresel Gurultunun Deðerlendirilmesi ve Yonetimi Yonetmeliði) ve 55 dBA (WHO)'dan yuksek cýktýðý gorulmuþtur. Sonuc olarak Sivas ili þehir merkezinde cevresel gurultu kirliliðinin onemli bir seviyede olduðu saptanmýþtýr. Anahtar Kelimeler: Gurultu, cevresel gurultu, gurultu kirliliði, Sivas. Investigation of The Environmental Noise Pollution in Sivas City Centre
TL;DR: In this article, the concentrations of the elements Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn and Zn measured in PM 2 5 and PM 10 particles collected in Buyukcekmece lake basin during one year period are evaluated and their yearly mean values for both of the groups are found as; 0.96 ng m -3, 18.7 ng m-3, 28.8 ng m −3, 21.9 ng m−3, 54.1 ng m ≥ 0.
Abstract: In this study, the concentrations of the elements Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn measured in PM 2 5 and PM 10 particles collected in Buyukcekmece lake basin during one year period are evaluated and their yearly mean values for both of the groups are found as; 0.96 ng m -3 , 18.7 ng m -3 , 28.9 ng m -3 , 54.8 ng m -3 , 21.9 ng m - 3 and 1.29 ng m -3 , 45.1 ng m -3 , 62.0 ng m -3 , 112 ng m -3 , 33.0 ng m -3 , respectively. Statistical distribution characteristics of the elements are investigated and lower limits of episode values and upper limits of background concentration levels are calculated. Ten different frequency distribution models are tested for each element, best frequency distribution models of each metal are defined by the results of Chi-square test for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn in PM 2.5 and PM 10 as; Weibull, PearsonS, Lognormal, LogLogistic, Weibull and Pareto2, LogLogistic, LogLogistic, InvGauss, Pareto2, respectively. By the help of these obtained models; the numbers of examples in the datasets are increased to 1 year complete data. Finally, recommended limit values of each dataset are calculated based on 98th percentiles. These values for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn in PM 2 5 and PM 10 are found as 10.3 ng m -3 , 213 ng m -3 , 1625 ng m -3 , 494 ng m -3 , 592 ng m -3 and 13.1 ng m -3 , 270 ng m -3 , 2158 ng m -3 , 390 ng m -3 , 1110 ng m -3 , respectively.
TL;DR: Kelimeler et al. as discussed by the authors presented an open-green space effective planning model for sustainable urban conservation: a case study for Konya Urban Conservation Area, Turkey.
Abstract: Ozet Bu araþtýrmanýn amacý, Turkiye'nin metropolitenleþme surecindeki tarihsel kentlerinden Konya kentsel koruma alanýnda kulturel mirasa konu olan deðerlerin surdurulebilir korunmasý ve geliþtirilmesinde acýkyeþil alan kullanýmlarýný etkin kýlacak bir planlama modelinin mekânsal ve iþlevsel ilkelerinin tanýmlanmasýdýr. Bu tanýmlamalar, Konya kentsel koruma alanýna iliþkin 1/1.000 olcekli koruma amaclý imar planý ve raporu ile alan tespit calýþmalarýndan elde edilen acýk-yeþil alan kullanýmlarýna iliþkin niceliksel ve niteliksel verilere dayandýrýlmýþtýr. Araþtýrma sonunda, Konya kentsel koruma alanýnda mevcut acýk-yeþil alan kullanýmlarýnýn gerek niceliksel gerekse niteliksel acýdan kulturel mirasa iliþkin deðerlerin surdurulebilir korunmasý ve geliþtirilmesine yonelik etkin ve verimli kullanýlmadýðý belirlenmiþtir. Bu tespitler eþliðinde surdurulebilir kentsel koruma icin acýk-yeþil alan kullanýmlarýnýn kentsel koruma alaný arazi kullaným duzeni uzerinde mekânsal ve iþlevsel acýdan etkin olduðu bir planlama modeline iliþkin mekânsal stratejiler uretilmiþtir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Acýk-yeþil alan, kentsel koruma alaný, Konya, surdurulebilir kentsel koruma. An Open-Green Space Effective Planning Model for Sustainable Urban Conservation: A Case Study for Konya Urban Conservation Area, Turkey
TL;DR: In this article, a part of Western Black Sea coastal highway located between Bartin and Amasra was investigated, and it was determined that landslides occurred in roadsides having high slopes not only endanger the traffic safety, but also damage the landscape aesthetic.
Abstract: In this study a part of Western Black Sea coastal highway located between Bartin and Amasra was investigated. Landsat 5 TM satellite data of 1987 and 2000 was used for ecological and visual evaluation relating to highway and its close vicinity. PCI Geomatica V9.1 was made use of as the image processing software. Image enrichment was applied with the aim of identifying the terrain groups and increasing the interpretation capability of image. The data belonging to this section were analyzed in geographical information systems and the results were studied in terms of landscape planning. During highway construction, total of 22,03 ha area consisting primarily of beech stands and other species was damaged. 71% of the total road construction area was classified as high sloped. It was determined that landslides occurred in roadsides having high slopes not only endanger the traffic safety, but also damage the landscape aesthetic. The altitude, aspect and climate characteristics of the study area was investigated, and was determined that the current situation of the study area is appropriate for renovation of the vegetation damaged during the highway construction. For this reason, suggestions were presented to protect natural landscape in order that the study area and its vicinity have a close relation with the highway.
TL;DR: It was discovered that the aromatic hydrocarbons under the influence of the microorganisms were transformed into phenol and corresponding acids in determining the degradation of the oil products.
Abstract: An ecological analysis (qualitative and quantitative) of the microscopic fungi was conducted in the coastal waters and soil samples of the Absheron Peninsula in the Caspian Sea. Among the seven (7) fungi genera isolated from the water the more common one appeared as the species of Penicillium genus which were detected in 58.3% of the total water samples. The frequently encountered strains belonged to the following genera: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Trichoderma, Cephalosporium and Fusarium. Fungi genera: such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor and Fusarium were actively utilizing crude oil, oil products (diesel, petrol, kerosene) and some aromatic hydrocarbons (benzol, toluene, p- and m- xylene) under laboratory conditions. The analyses were performed using gas-liquid chromatography, liquid adsorption chromatography, IR- and H-N.M.R. spectroscopies in determining the degradation of the oil products. It was discovered that the aromatic hydrocarbons under the influence of the microorganisms were transformed into phenol and corresponding acids.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors classify the cities of Ege Region into similar groups with respect to their agricultural and environmental characteristics by means of Multi Dimensional Scaling Method (MDS) and Cluster Analysis.
Abstract: Success in agricultural and environmental policies is closely related to spatial homogeneity. Identifying homogenous provinces based on their agricultural and environmental characteristics in Aegean region is a prerequisite for a successful policy. The purpose of this study is to classify the cities of Ege Region into similar groups with respect to their agricultural and environmental characteristics by means of Multi Dimensional Scaling Method (MDS) and Cluster Analysis. Two and three dimensional MDS positioned the cities from middle to high sufficiency levels. The 12 cities in the region were found to have different agricultural and environmental characteristics. Particularly the two provinces, Muðla and Afyon, are the ones that are significantly different from the other provinces. It is recommended that these two provinces should be taken into consideration separately.
TL;DR: This study determines the environmental costs that the small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) sacrifice in their manufacturing processes and applies this environmental cost classification to a SME in metal processing sector.
Abstract: In recent years due to integration process to the European Union public awareness of both the citizens and the manufacturing companies in Turkey on environmental issues is growing. Turkish companies initiated using environmental friendly technologies in order to demonstrate their environmental awareness, to satisfy the customers' environmental requests and to fulfill the legal responsibilities. The changes made in the manufacturing systems, material usage and the processes to implement environmental friendly technologies bring additional costs to the companies. In this study we determine the environmental costs that the small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) sacrifice in their manufacturing processes. We classified the environmental costs of SMEs into three categories: "environmental investment costs", "environmental management and operating costs" and "environmental risk management costs". Then we applied this environmental cost classification to a SME in metal processing sector. The results of the study show that additional environmental cost reaches approximately 7 % of the total annual costs of the selected SME in a five year plan.
TL;DR: At the end of the study it's determined that surface temperature is higher in areas covered with asphalt-concrete, while it's lower in gren areas.
Abstract: In contemporary metropolitan cities, as a result of lessening green areas and evaporation surfaces, and increasing asphalted surfaces and built areas with materials which have more heat conveying and storing properties meteorological parameters change and cause local and regional climate changes which makes the cities unhealthy places that have their own climatic properties. Although it is known that in Ankara, the temperature is changing as a result of rapid and dense urbanization. With this study, first the surface temperatures utilizing Landsat satelite image at regional scale in Ankara metropolitan area caused by the changes in land use and land coverage is determined. In three case areas (Migros, Bahcelievler and Anitkabir) having different densities of built up areas and various sizes of green areas determined in the light of the former study, air temperature measurements between 11 July-11 September 2005 has done. At the end of the study it's determined that surface temperature is higher in areas covered with asphalt-concrete, while it's lower in gren areas. Relatedly air temperature is higher in areas covered with asphalt-concrete, while it's lower in gren areas. The simultaneous air temperature difference in conifer and decidious tree groups, and concrete covered surfaces may rise up to 15°C.
TL;DR: In this paper, Magnesium induced coprecipitation (MAGIC) technique was used to measure inorganic phosphate with a sensitivity of 1 nM at three nearshore stations on Erdemli (Mersin) coastal zone and four off-shore stations in December 2003.
Abstract: Depending on the environmental condition and antropogenic nutrient supply, organic matter production and chemical composition show spatial and temporal variabilities in marine environment. The Eastern Mediterranean is known to be one of the oligotrophic seas, where the surface inorganic phosphate and nitrate concentrations vary in the range of 10 to 20 nM and 0.10 to 0.30 µM, respectively. Primary production is, therefore, mainly controlled by phosphate. The exceptionally low phosphate concentrations have limited reliable estimates of the N/P (nitrate/phosphate) ratio by traditional measurement methods. In this study, we have used Magnesium induced coprecipitation (MAGIC) technique to measure inorganic phosphate with a sensitivity of 1 nM. Changes in nutrient and hydrographic conditions are monitored at three near-shore stations on Erdemli (Mersin) coastal zone and four off-shore stations in December 2003. Nutrient concentrations in the surface water displayed a strong offshore gradient, decreasing from 0.018 to
0.009 µM for phosphate; 0.40 to 0.06 µM for nitrate; 1.76 to 1.69 µM for reactive silicate towards open sea. On the other hand, deep water concentrations exhibited an opposite trend; phosphate rises from 0.024 to
0.214 µM, nitrate from 0.35 to 5.52 µM, reactive silicate from 1.77 to 13.78 µM in the region.
TL;DR: In this paper, an up-to-date method of how to make modeling of the periodic Caspian Sea water level fluctuation impacts on the coastal areas has been developed, where stereo satellite imagery of Absheron Peninsula Shakh-Dili zone were processed by the following sequence of Geographical Information Systems and Geomatics processes: triangulation for the preparation of precise stereo model, automatic digital elevation model generation, interactive editing of digital elevation models and orthorectification for the removal of satellite imagery relief distortions.
Abstract: In this research was conducted the development of the up-to-date method of how to make modeling of the periodic Caspian Sea water level fluctuation impacts on the coastal areas. For the implementation of this research the stereo satellite imagery of Absheron Peninsula Shakh-Dili zone were processed by the following sequence of Geographical Information Systems and Geomatics processes: triangulation for the preparation of precise stereo model, automatic digital elevation model generation, interactive editing of digital elevation model, and orthorectification for the removal of satellite imagery relief distortions. As a result of the photogrammetric processing were prepared high-accurate digital elevation model and digital orthophoto map what was used for the Geographical Information Systems modeling of water flood and drop areas. As a result of this research it was calculated as the prediction what coastal areas of Absheron Peninsula Shakh-Dili zone will be flooded in cases of Caspian Sea water level increase to the levels of -26 and -27m. In addition the development of this method showed that the application of highresolution stereo satellite imagery prepared products was highly suitable for environmental management purposes of coastal zones of Caspian Sea.
TL;DR: It was observed that this species generally prefers the soils which are clayed-loam-textured, neutral in terms of pH, rich in nitrogen, adequate phosphorus and potassium, slightly saline or nonsaline and show varying amounts of organic matter.
Abstract: In this study, the morphological characteristics of the species of Hyacinthella lineata (Liliaceae), which is an endemic species for Turkey; and the anatomical characteristics of its root, scape and leaf have been examined. In the morphological observations, the biometric mesaurements of the plant parts have been carried out. In the root anatomy, the pith region is comprised of metaxylem elements and in the cortex layer crystal sands have been encountered. In the scape anotomy, scleranchyma cells cover a wide part of area. The leaves are hypoamphistomatic and mesophylles are isolateral. As for, ecological studies, it was observed that this species generally prefers the soils which are clayed-loam-textured, neutral in terms of pH, rich in nitrogen, adequate phosphorus and potassium, slightly saline or nonsaline and show varying amounts of organic matter.
TL;DR: In this article, the volume weighted mean pH values were calculated to be 6.09 and 7.27 for normal rain and red rain, respectively, while the dissolution of the calcite in dust has caused an order of magnitude decrease in the volumes weighted mean hydrogen ion concentration of red rain by neutralizing (buffering) the acidity of rainwater.
Abstract: North Eastern Mediterranean is under the influence of sporadic dust transportation from desert sources in North Africa (The Great Sahara) and the Middle East (Arabian Peninsula) particularly during the spring and autumn. Mineral dust originated from these arid regions has characteristic reddish yellow-reddish brown color due to its high iron oxide content. Following atmospheric transport, mineral dust settles by either dry or wet (washout or rainout) deposition mechanisms. Precipitation samples collected at Mersin on the Eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey during the period of December 2003-December 2004 have been investigated with respect to their red dust contents, Backward air mass trajectories corresponding to the rainy days were analyzed to determine potential source regions of red dust transported to the Northeastern Mediterranean. Approximately, 1/4 of the total precipitation samples can be evaluated as "red rain". The mean electrical conductivity and the volume weighted mean Al concentration of red rain was found to be approximately seven times and five times higher than normal rain, respectively; while the dissolution of the calcite in dust has caused an order of magnitude decrease in the volume weighted mean hydrogen ion concentration of red rain, by neutralizing (buffering) the acidity of rainwater. Due to dissolution of atmospheric CO 2 in rainwater, natural precipitation is slightly acidic (pH≈ 5.6). In this study, the volume weighted mean pH values were calculated to be 6.09 for normal rain and 7.27 for red rain. Using Al concentration of precipitation samples, wet deposition flux of mineral dust during 2004 was found to be 2.13 g m -2 yr -1 . If dry deposition flux is added to this value, a total flux of 4.84 g m -2 yr -1 is found for atmospherically transported mineral dust.
TL;DR: In this article, daily water quantity data in the Porsuk Dam which is taken from State Hydraulic Works (SHW) 3rd Regional Directorate, reaching during January 1992November 2005 was examined.
Abstract: In this study, daily water quantity data in the Porsuk Dam which is taken from State Hydraulic Works (SHW) 3rd Regional Directorate, reaching during January 1992November 2005 was examined. Then, monthly average values were determined by using these daily data and analyzed through Box-Jenkins method. ARIMA (1,1,1) model was found appropriate to forecast the amount of water in the Porsuk Dam. A forecast related to water quantity which comes to the dam for 12-months is realized. In December 2004, monthly average water quantity reaching to the Dam was 256.000 m 3 and it is forecasted as 360.590 m 3 . In November 2005, monthly average water quantity reaching was 244.270 m3, and it is forecasted to be 206.560 m3.
TL;DR: OMW which was previously treated chemically with lime, alum and ferric (III) chloride, can be co-treated with domestic wastewater at a 1/2 (V/V) ratio and lime could be preferred due to better removal efficiencies of COD, SS and phenol and lower cost.
Abstract: In this study, treatability of olive mill wastewater which had previously been treated physico-chemically together with domestic wastewater has been investigated using respirometric method. Olive mill wastewater (OMW) samples have been taken from a factory which produces olive oil with continuous method in Bursa. Acid cracking and physico-chemical treatability studies of the OMW have been carried out; a variety of coagulants with different dosages have been tested to achieve maximum removals of COD, SS and phenol. At 8000 mg/L alum concentration; 69% COD, 74% phenol and 87% SS whereas at 8000 mg/L ferric(III) chloride concentration; 80% COD, 79% phenol and 91% SS and whereas at 6000 mg/L Ca(OH) 2 concentration; 80% COD, 85% phe-nol and 86% SS removals were achieved. When OMW was mixed with activated sludge (SS= 3200 mg/L) at 1/1 (V/V), 1/2 (V/V) and 2/1 (V/V) ratios, decreases in respiration activity of 67%, 79% and 75% have respectively been observed. Among the three, only for the 1/2 (V/V) ratio of OMW/AS mixture in which OMW had previously been treated by lime, alum and ferric (III) chloride showed increases in respiration activities of 81%, 9% and 25%, respectively. Therefore, it can be said that OMW which was previously treated chemically with lime, alum and ferric (III) chloride, can be co-treated with domestic wastewater at a 1/2 (V/V) ratio. Among the three chemicals, lime could be preferred due to better removal efficiencies of COD, SS and phenol and lower cost.
TL;DR: In this paper, the changes in the physical and chemical properties of soil caused by the land preparation applications, which were performed as a requirement of restoration practices, were investigated in Ardic district within the borders of Bartin.
Abstract: Abstact This study was carried out in a forest restoration zone in Ardic district within the borders of Bartin. The aim of this research is to determine the changes in the physical and chemical properties of soil caused by the land preparation applications, which were performed as a requirement of restoration practices. 60 samples of soil were taken from different places in the zone before the land preparation applications were practiced (in 2000) and six years later (in 2006). When compaired the physical and chemical analyses values of these samples, it was determined that the amount of sand, pH, organic elements, azote, phosphorus and potassium decreased; but, the amount of dust and clay increased.