Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

About: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University is a education organization based out in Çanakkale, Turkey. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Cyclic voltammetry. The organization has 2542 authors who have published 5520 publications receiving 70709 citations. The organization is also known as: Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University & COMU.

Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk Among Friends

Abstract: Preface 2004 1. Introduction 2. Conversational Style: Theoretical Background 3. The Participants in Thanksgiving Dinner 4. Linguistics Devices in Conversational Style 5. Narrative Strategies 6. Irony and Joking 7. Summary of Style Features 8. The Study of Coherence in Discourse 9. Coda: Taking the Concepts into the Present Appendix 1: Key to Transcription Conventions Appendix 2: Steps in Analyzing Conversation Appendix 3: Participants in Thanksgiving Dinner Appendix 4: Flow of Topics in Thanksgiving Conversation REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and southeastern Europe linked to cattle herding

Abstract: The use of the 'secondary' products of domesticated animals — the milk, wool and traction power that can be had without having to kill the animals — was an important advance in the development of farming. It's not clear, though, whether these products were exploited soon after animals were first farmed to be eaten, or whether as some experts believe, it took another few thousand years to emerge. Cattle, sheep and goats were farmed by the eighth millennium BC. Until now the first clear evidence for milk use was the late fifth millennium. Now an analysis of organic residues from more than 2,200 pottery vessels excavated from archaeological sites across the Near East and the Balkans, puts the first known use of milking back to the seventh millennium, with milking being of particular significance in what is now north-west Turkey where the environmental conditions were probably particularly favourable to cattle. The domestication of cattle, sheep and goats had already taken place in the Near East by the eighth millennium bc1,2,3. Although there would have been considerable economic and nutritional gains from using these animals for their milk and other products from living animals—that is, traction and wool—the first clear evidence for these appears much later, from the late fifth and fourth millennia bc4,5. Hence, the timing and region in which milking was first practised remain unknown. Organic residues preserved in archaeological pottery6,7 have provided direct evidence for the use of milk in the fourth millennium in Britain7,8,9, and in the sixth millennium in eastern Europe10, based on the δ13C values of the major fatty acids of milk fat6,7. Here we apply this approach to more than 2,200 pottery vessels from sites in the Near East and southeastern Europe dating from the fifth to the seventh millennia bc. We show that milk was in use by the seventh millennium; this is the earliest direct evidence to date. Milking was particularly important in northwestern Anatolia, pointing to regional differences linked with conditions more favourable to cattle compared to other regions, where sheep and goats were relatively common and milk use less important. The latter is supported by correlations between the fat type and animal bone evidence.

Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea by 2012. A contribution to the application of European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Part 2. Introduction trends and pathways

Abstract: More than 60 marine non-indigenous species (NIS) have been removed from previous lists and 84 species have been added, bringing the total to 986 alien species in the Mediterranean [775 in the eastern Mediterranean (EMED), 249 in the central Mediterranean (CMED), 190 in the Adriatic Sea (ADRIA) and 308 in the western Mediterranean (WMED)]. There were 48 new entries since 2011 which can be interpreted as approximately one new entry every two weeks. The number of alien species continues to increase, by 2-3 species per year for macrophytes, molluscs and polychaetes, 3-4 species per year for crustaceans, and 6 species per year for fish. The dominant group among alien species is molluscs (with 215 species), followed by crustaceans (159) and polychaetes (132). Macrophytes are the leading group of NIS in the ADRIA and the WMED, reaching 26-30% of all aliens, whereas in the EMED they barely constitute 10% of the introductions. In the EMED, molluscs are the most species-rich group, followed by crustaceans, fish and polychaetes. More than half (54%) of the marine alien species in the Mediterranean were probably introduced by corridors (mainly Suez). Shipping is blamed directly for the introduction of only 12 species, whereas it is assumed to be the most likely pathway of introduction (via ballasts or fouling) of another 300 species. For approximately 100 species shipping is a probable pathway along with the Suez Canal and/or aquaculture. Approximately 20 species have been introduced with certainty via aquaculture, while >50 species (mostly macroalgae), occurring in the vicinity of oyster farms, are assumed to be introduced accidentally as contaminants of imported species. A total of 18 species are assumed to have been introduced by the aquarium trade. Lessepsian species decline westwards, while the reverse pattern is evident for ship-mediated species and for those introduced with aquaculture. There is an increasing trend in new introductions via the Suez Canal and via shipping.

A massive binary black-hole system in OJ 287 and a test of general relativity

Abstract: Black holes are firmly established in astronomy and in the public imagination. Yet the concept still depends on the assumption that Einstein's general theory of relativity is the correct theory of gravitation. Tests of general relativity in a strong gravitational field are best conducted in systems containing black holes. Valtonen et al. report such a test in a close binary system of two proposed black holes in the quasar OJ 287. This quasar shows quasiperiodic optical outbursts at 12-year intervals, with two outburst peaks per interval. The latest outburst in September 2007 was within a day of the time predicted by the binary black hole model and general relativity. Tests of Einstein's general theory of relativity in a strong gravitational field may be best conducted in systems containing black holes. Such a test in a close binary system of two proposed black holes in the quasar OJ287 is reported. This quasar shows quasi-periodic optical outbursts at 12 year intervals, with two outburst peaks per interval. The latest outburst occurred in September 2007, within a day of the time predicted by the binary black hole model and the general relativity. Tests of Einstein’s general theory of relativity have mostly been carried out in weak gravitational fields where the space-time curvature effects are first-order deviations from Newton’s theory1,2,3,4,5,6. Binary pulsars4 provide a means of probing the strong gravitational field around a neutron star, but strong-field effects may be best tested in systems containing black holes7,8. Here we report such a test in a close binary system of two candidate black holes in the quasar OJ 287. This quasar shows quasi-periodic optical outbursts at 12-year intervals, with two outburst peaks per interval9,10. The latest outburst occurred in September 2007, within a day of the time predicted by the binary black-hole model and general relativity11. The observations confirm the binary nature of the system and also provide evidence for the loss of orbital energy in agreement (within 10 per cent) with the emission of gravitational waves from the system12. In the absence of gravitational wave emission the outburst would have happened 20 days later13.

Impact of COVID-19 on the food supply chain

Abstract: A pandemic is not a new event encountered in the history of humanity because mankind has faced various pandemics in history The common point of pandemics is their serious negative effects on the global economy Considering the food supply chain, one of the most important sectors of the economy, it has been seen that COVID-19 has an impact on the whole process from the field to the consumer In the light of recent challenges in food supply chain, there is now considerable concern about food production, processing, distribution, and demand COVID-19 resulted in the movement restrictions of workers, changes in demand of consumers, closure of food production facilities, restricted food trade policies, and financial pressures in food supply chain Therefore, governments should facilitate the movement of workers and agri-food products In addition, small farmers or vulnerable people should be supported financially Facilities should change the working conditions and maintain the health and safety of employees by altering safety measures Food protectionist policies should be avoided to prevent an increase in food prices In conclusion, each country must realize the severity of the situation and sometimes should tighten or loosen the measures according to the spread of the pandemic The supply chain also should be flexible enough to respond to the challenges in the food supply chain The purpose of this review is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the agriculture and food sector and to summarize the recommendations required to reduce and control the effect of the pandemic