Showing papers in "Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice in 1995"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors link three pre-founding entrepreneurial action set variables: (1) size, (2) degree, and (3) frequency (a measure of how often entrepreneurial action sets members Interact with each other) to first year new organization growth.
Abstract: The emerging literature on entrepreneurial networks suggests that entrepreneurial action sets may be organizational in nature and may be investigated in organizational terms. We link three pre-founding entrepreneurial action set variables: (1) Size, (2) Degree (a measure of inter-connectivity within the entrepreneurial action set), and (3) Frequency (a measure of how often entrepreneurial action set members Interact with each other) to first-year new organization growth. Data were gathered through structured interviews with 44 entrepreneurs and analyzed with multiple regression. The hypotheses were strongly supported by the data.
548 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe four core theories regarding the careers of entrepreneurs, including four core concepts from theory and research regarding entrepreneurship and careers, as well as four core principles of entrepreneurship.
Abstract: Parallel streams of theory and research regarding entrepreneurship and careers has led to a dearth of comprehensive theories regarding the careers of entrepreneurs. This article describes four core...
526 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report on an analysis of whether or not the terms of bank credit differ between men and women business owners, based on a large sample of borrowing experiences, and find that men and...
Abstract: This paper reports on an analysis of whether or not the terms of bank credit differ between men and women business owners. Based on a large sample of borrowing experiences, it is found that men and...
221 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of career progression or trajectory, which would permit analysis of the self-employed as well as others, is developed using six variables, including hierarchical, function, and centrality.
Abstract: Studying entrepreneurship longitudinally is in effect a study of entrepreneurial careers, but there is little vocational theory specific to self-employment, much less entrepreneurship. Using Edgar Schein's Career Anchor Theory as a starting point, the existing anchors of autonomy and entrepreneurship are adapted to facilitate secondary analysis using existing longitudinal datasets. A model of career progression or trajectory, which would permit analysis of the self-employed as well as others, is developed using six variables. The first three come from Schein's “career cone” model of vocational movement–-hierarchy, function, and centrality. Three new variables are derived from a diverse literature on entrepreneurship–-employment duration, job multiplicity, and self-employment emergence. One approach to the operationalization of these six variables Is shown using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and implications for future research and theorizing on entrepreneurial career progression are given.
196 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an exploratory study attempts to provide a theoretical and empirically informed judgment about entrepreneurial activities in a small sub-Arctic Alaskan town, based on an interdisciplinary literature review.
Abstract: This exploratory study attempts to provide a theoretical and empirically Informed Judgment about entrepreneurial activities In a small sub-Arctic Alaskan town. An Interdisciplinary literature revie...
173 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared successful and failed new product ventu- ture models and found that internal ventures and a firm's core competencies are mutually constitutive, since each both contributes to and builds on the other.
Abstract: Internal ventures and a firm's core competencies are mutually constitutive, since each both contributes to and builds on the other. This field study compared successful and failed new product ventu...
171 citations
TL;DR: The authors Integrates three major traditions of economic thought into a model of entrepreneurial decision making, and several testable hypotheses are formulated, and the model is estimated using a 33-year model.
Abstract: This paper Integrates three major traditions of economic thought into a model of entrepreneurial decision making. Several testable hypotheses are formulated, and the model Is estimated using a 33-y...
160 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine performance differences between different types of owner-managed high-technology businesses, and identify four distinct types of firms: "technically qualnled spln-out founders" were identified.
Abstract: This paper examines performance differences between “types” of owner-managed high-technology businesses. Four distinct types of firms are Identified. Technically qualnled spln-out founders“ were th...
141 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors develop the beginnings of a grounded theory of entrepreneurship based on the idea that entrepreneurship, in terms of a changing opportunity structure, is a process of opportunity detection, opposition detection, and opposition detection.
Abstract: We develop the beginnings of a grounded theory of entrepreneurship based on the idea that entrepreneurship, in terms of a changing opportunity structure–-consisting of opportunity detection, opport...
136 citations
TL;DR: The notion of locus of control was introduced by Rotter (1954) and has been studied extensively in the literature as discussed by the authors, where the internal anchor of the I-E scale has remained relatively intact, while the external orientation has been split theoretically into the two (arguably) discrete dimensions of Chance and Powerful Others.
Abstract: Since Rotter (1954) first introduced his theory of social learning, there has developed an extensive body of research surrounding the central construct of locus of control. Perceived internal locus of control is defined as the personal belief that one has influence over outcomes through ability, effort, or skills; whereas external locus of control is the belief that external forces control outcomes. Some of that research has linked a belief in the internal control over the events in one's life to an individual's propensity to engage in entrepreneurial activity (e.g., Berlew 1975; Shapero 1975; Rupke 1978; Brockhaus 1982; Gartner 1985; Perry 1990; Shaver and Scott 1991).
The initially posited unidimensionality of the locus of control construct (i.e., internal vs external control) has been questioned repeatedly, giving rise to more elaborate conceptualizations (Lefcourt 1981). While the internal anchor of the I-E scale has remained relatively intact, the external orientation has been split theoretically into the two (arguably) discrete dimensions of Chance and Powerful Others (Levenson 1974).
131 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present views on the small enterprise financial objective function that are sympathetic to existing financial thought, but which capture complexities arising in small enterprises that frequently receive minimal attention in the mainstream finance literature.
Abstract: This paper presents views on the small enterprise financial objective function that are sympathetic to existing financial thought, but which capture complexities arising in small enterprises that frequently receive minimal attention in the mainstream finance literature. It is argued that the small enterprise financial objective function should reflect the kinds of enterprise-specific risk that typically exist in small enterprises arising from liquidity, diversification, transferability, flexibility, control, and accountability considerations. A conceptualization of the small enterprise financial objective function by extension of conventional utility theory is presented. It is believed the resulting utility function holds promise as an explanatory framework for financial behavior in small enterprises in that it provides valuable insights into owner-manager decision making and small enterprise development. Consideration is also given to asset pricing model, which consequently might be used in small enterpr...
TL;DR: This paper used open-ended interviews and focus groups to construct a composite model of activities constituting the entrepreneurial process for seven retirees from a Fortune 100 corporation who started their own businesses, and used this model to identify the most successful companies.
Abstract: We use open-ended interviews and focus groups to construct a composite model of activities constituting the entrepreneurial process for seven retirees from a Fortune 100 corporation who started sec...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the problem of "the rules, procedures and structure to delimit members' response that seek to constrain behavior to a predetermined response" in entrepreneurship activities.
Abstract: Entrepreneurial activities fit poorly with traditional organizational approaches–-the rules, procedures and structure to delimit members’ response that seek to constrain behavior to a predetermined...
TL;DR: The legitimizing symbols of status in the field of organizations can be traced back to the emergence of entrepreneurship as an area of study in the 1990s as discussed by the authors, and one only has to look at the legitimizing symbol of status to see that this is true.
Abstract: Entrepreneurship has come into its own as an area to study. One only has to look at the legitimizing symbols of status in the field of organizations to see that this is true. Entrepreneurship has i...
TL;DR: Contradiction is the home of creativity as discussed by the authors and creative breakthroughs most often result from the juxtaposition of widely divergent bodies of knowledge and experience, which is why it is called the "home of creativity".
Abstract: Contradiction Is the home of creativity. Creative breakthroughs most often result from the juxtaposition of widely divergent bodies of knowledge and experience. This article develops a model of cor...
TL;DR: Work flow entrepreneurship was recognized in post-World War II field research, but by the 1970s this work was outdated as mentioned in this paper, and by the 1990s, it was outdated.
Abstract: Recent trends, such as reengineering, require work flow entrepreneurship. Important principles about these practices were recognized in post-World War II field research, but by the 1970s this work ...
TL;DR: This paper used canonical correlation analysis to examine the relationship among balance sheet accounts for 190 small, publicly traded corporations and found that small, public corpora are more likely to be correlated with large, private corpora.
Abstract: This study uses canonical correlation analysis to examine the Interrelationships among balance sheet accounts for 190 small, publicly traded corporations. The results suggest that small, public cor...
TL;DR: The recently passed North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) includes important provisions for U.S. unemployed workers who are interested in becoming self-employed as discussed by the authors, and the provisions of this act al...
Abstract: The recently passed North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Includes Important provisions for U.S. unemployed workers who are interested in becoming self-employed. The provisions of this act al...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the recognition of anomaly in organizations is socially organized through the formation of virtual entrepreneurial groups, and the process of group formation and incorporation is social organized.
Abstract: This article argues that the recognition of anomaly in organizations is socially organized through the formation of virtual entrepreneurial groups. The process of group formation and incorporation ...
TL;DR: This paper examined the authors' epistemological and teleological choices, which affect the types of data gathered, the ways In which the data are analyzed, and the kinds of Interpretations formed about the data.
Abstract: Entrepreneurship researchers operate from various paradigms that embrace a wide range of methods from quantitative to qualitative. The studies in this special issue offer an interesting mixture of field methods. We examine the authors’ epistemological (“How do we know?”) and teleological (“Why do we know?”) choices, which affect the types of data gathered, the ways In which the data are analyzed, and the kinds of Interpretations formed about the data. By placing these studies in their methodological context, we believe the truthfulness and credibility of the conclusions drawn by the authors will be better appreciated and more fully understood.
TL;DR: From the perspective of normal science, this summary overview highlights the contribution to corporate entrepreneurship theory made by each article in this special issue and makes suggestions for how to apply it in the real world as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: From the perspective of normal science, this summary overview highlights the contribution to corporate entrepreneurship theory made by each article In this special issue. It then makes suggestions ...
TL;DR: The authors used field studies as a basis for knowledge cumulation in the post-World War II field studies and found that field studies could avoid the fate of their post-world war II predecessors.
Abstract: Contemporary field studies could avoid the fate of their post-World War II predecessors (the first article In this issue), by being used as a basis for knowledge cumulation. This could be achieved ...