Showing papers in "Estudios Atacamenos in 2002"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors contribute to the existing knowledge on pastoralist architecture in the Andes by describing a settlement structure related to the pastoralist activities of Huancar, and analyzing the cultural meanings that space has for pastoralists.
Abstract: El objetivo del trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento de la arquitectura del pastoreo en los Andes El foco regional del estudio es Huancar en el Departamento Susques (Jujuy, Argentina) En primer lugar se describen los sistemas de asentamientos vinculados con las actividades pastoriles de Huancar y luego se presentan los esquemas del uso del espacio por parte de los pastores Finalmente, se analizan los significados que el espacio tiene para los pastores Palabras claves: Puna de Atacama – pastoreo – sistema se asentamientos – uso del espacio This paper aims to contribute to the existing knowledge on pastoralist architecture in the Andes The regional focus of the study is put on Huancar, Department of Susques (Jujuy, Argentina) We describe first the settlement structure related to the pastoralist activities of Huancar; then, we present the pastoralists’ spatial patterns of use Finally, we analyze the cultural meanings that space has for pastoralists Key words: Puna de Atacama – pastoralism – settlement structure – spatial patterns
44 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a revision of the cultural and temporal problematics of the Atacama Desert's late prehistory is presented, according to a systematic and comparative study of mortuary pottery from San Pedro and Loa river basins, both located in the Circumpunean western slope of South Central Andes.
Abstract: En este articulo se somete a revision la problematica cultural y temporal de la prehistoria tardia del desierto de Atacama de acuerdo a un estudio sistematico y comparativo de la alfareria funeraria de las dos cuencas, San Pedro y el Loa, que componen este territorio de la vertiente occidental circumpunena de los Andes Centro-Sur. En particular, a partir de una evaluacion tipologica y cronologica de los sitios-tipo y secuencia maestra de San Pedro-fases Yaye, Solor y Catarpe-, y su consiguiente confrontacion con la ceramica funeraria e informacion de sitios habitacionales del Loa, ofrecemos un marco temporal de cinco momentos ubicados entre fines del Periodo Medio y comienzos del Periodo Colonial, durante los cuales se habria configurado la cultura atacamena que conocieron incas y espanoles. Abstract This paper undergoes a revision of the cultural and temporal problematics of the Atacama Desert's late prehistory, according to a systematic and comparative study of mortuary pottery from San Pedro and Loa river basins, both located in the Circumpunean western slope of South Central Andes. Particularly, a typological and chronological evaluation of the type-sites and the ceramic master secuence of San Pedro _Phases Yaye, Solor and Catarpe_, are correlated with Loa river's funerary ceramic and settlement sites' information. Finally, a temporal framework of five moments, from Late Middle to Early Hispanic Colonial Periods, is proposed. During that time, the Atacama Culture/s was/were shaped, and its result met by Incas and Spaniards.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an ethnographic and linguistic study of maternal mortality in Bolivia is presented, where the authors analyze the parallelism established between the early formation of the person and the mythohistorical origins of society.
Abstract: On the basis of an ethnographic and linguistic study of maternal mortality in Bolivia, this ethno‐obstetric research deals with conception, gestation and childbirth in a Quechua‐speaking community near Potosi. It analyzes the parallelism established between the early formation of the person and the mytho‐historical origins of society. Prehispanic pagan substance flows constantly into a society of “converts” (conversos), thereby giving reality to the juridical concept of the “originary indian” ( indio originario). The article aims to transcend the opposition between “essentialist” and “hybridist” interpretations of indian society by showing that the originario is necessarily constructed by indian commoners as “essential” without therefore denying his/her constant historical transformation. The rites of separation of the “aggressive foetus” from the mother also pose questions to psychoanalysts concerning the influence that perinatal experiences can have on the formation of the individual person in different historical and cultural contexts.
25 citations
TL;DR: Agarwal et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed that Condorhuasi-Alamito, with contributions from Cienaga, in Campo del Pucara, set the basis for the birth of Aguada in Ambato valley during the Formative Period.
Abstract: This work proposes that Condorhuasi-Alamito, with contributions from Cienaga, in Campo del Pucara, set the basis for the birth of Aguada in Ambato valley during the Formative Period. Interaction networks were interwoven between various communities in the Argentine Northwest at that time, generating forms of regional integration with specific characteristics. Symbolic manifestations that are frequently represented in the iconography appear to have been agglutinant elements of this process. The need to consolidate emerging social complexities accentuated the centralization of power, reinforcing ritual aspects and their accompanying paraphernalia.
17 citations
TL;DR: A base of esos elementos, el trabajo busca dar significado a las luchas de los mineros en el siglo XX as discussed by the authors, a caracter estrategico de la mineria in las economias de los tres paises.
Abstract: Durante gran parte del siglo XX, los mineros fueron actores centrales en la economia, la sociedad y la politica de Bolivia, Chile y Peru. Una vez constituidos los sindicatos a partir de una mano de obra migrante, con raices etnicas profundas, el conflicto laboral asumio caracteristicas estrechamente asociadas al aislamiento geografico de las minas, al caracter estrategico de la mineria en las economias de los tres paises. Asimismo, el impacto de su comportamiento politico fue determinante en algunas coyunturas de su historia. A base de esos elementos, el trabajo busca dar significado a las luchas de los mineros en el siglo XX.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present new evidence on the archaeological ceramic artefacts recovered in the Southern Andean Puna (Province of Catamarca) at 4,000 m.
Abstract: Se presenta nueva evidencia ceramica recuperada en pisos altitudinales de 4000 m.snm de la Puna Meridional catamarquena, adscribiendose a los Periodos Temprano y Medio (Formativo), tanto por estilo como por su caracterizacion tecnologica. El material ceramico se asocia a sitios arqueologicos reclamados en tiempos posteriores y/o a conjuntos de estructuras de planta circular, localizados en la cuenca superior del valle de Chaschuil (Laguna Salada, El Corral, Las Cuevas) y en areas aledanas (Ojo de Las Lozas), respectivamente. Se discuten las relaciones sociales prehispanicas entre el area punena y los valles mesotermales, especialmente el Bolson de Fiambala (1.500 m.snm), a traves de los resultados del analisis por activacion neutronica realizado sobre muestras ceramicas y de fuentes de aprovisionamiento de materias primas ceramicas. Palabras claves: ceramica formativa – contexto produccion – relacion puna y valle. In this paper we present new evidence on the archaeological ceramic artefacts recovered in the Southern Andean Puna (Province of Catamarca) –at 4,000 m.asl–, ascribing, them to the Early and Middle Period (Formative Period), for both their stylistic and technological characteristics. The ceramic material was associated with archaeological sites that were re-utilized in later times, and/or circular stone structures located in the higher basin of the Chaschuil valley (Laguna Salada, El Corral, Las Cuevas) and in Las Lozas basin (Ojo de Las Lozas). We discuss the prehispanic social relations that existed between the Puna area and the mesothermal valleys, especially the Bolson of Fiambala (1,500 m.asl), relying on results obtained through the INAA (neutron activation analysis) of ceramic samples and raw materials. Keywords: formative ceramic – production context – puna and valley relationship.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the results of the zooarchaeological analysis of two archaeological sets of Tiwanaku (AD 4001100) artifacts from Amaguaya, Bolivia, were presented, which provided important information about the relationships of exchange and interaction between Tiwanuku and the eastern cordilleran region of the Andes during the Middle Horizon.
Abstract: In this article I present the results of the zooarchaeological analysis of two archaeological sets of Tiwanaku (AD 4001100) artifacts from Amaguaya, Bolivia. These sets are formed by an important quantity of organic elements (e.g. cases and leather bags, textiles and wool fibers). The identification of the entirety of the studied samples was achieved through the microscopic analysis of the hairs and fibers of the archaeological samples and their comparison with samples derived from a reference faunal collection. Excluding the cases that were made with jaguar leather (Phantera onca), the rest of the artifacts were elaborated with skins and fibers of animal species with a local distribution. The Amaguaya sets provide important information about the relationships of exchange and interaction between Tiwanaku and the eastern cordilleran region of the Andes during the Middle Horizon.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the results of studies made on three Aguada plaques to obtain information on the technological qualities of the materials, so as to gain knowledge about the sociohistorical dynamics of the epoch.
Abstract: Las placas de metal figuran entre los itemes mas caracteristicos de la cultura material de Aguada. Se conocen poco mas de 30 ejemplares, los cuales se encuentran dispersos en colecciones de America y Europa y muy pocos de ellos fueron sometidos a analisis tecnicos. En esta oportunidad se dan a conocer los resultados de los estudios realizados sobre tres placas Aguada, orientados a obtener informacion sobre las cualidades tecnologicas de los materiales, aplicable al conocimiento de la dinamica sociohistorica de la epoca. En tal sentido, los datos son discutidos considerando la composicion de las piezas y los metodos de manufactura puestos en practica, adelantandose hipotesis sobre la trayectoria de la tecnologia metalurgica en el marco de las condiciones sociales, politicas e ideologicas dominantes. Palabras claves: placas de metal – La Aguada – analisis tecnicos – condiciones sociohistoricas. ABSTRACT Metal plaques are among the most characteristic items of Aguada’s material culture. Somewhat more than thirty plaques are known, dispersed in American and European collections, but only a few have been subjected to technical analysis. Here we give the results of studies made on three Aguada plaques to obtain information on the technological qualities of the materials, so as to gain knowledge about the sociohistorical dynamics of the epoch. Data are discussed taking into account the manufacturing methods of metal pieces and their composition in order to advance on hypothesis for the trayectory of metallurgical technology within the the framework of dominating social, political and ideological conditions. Key words: metal plaque – La Aguada – technical analysis – sociohistorical conditions.
14 citations
TL;DR: The most important variable of the C 14 dates is the chronological heterogeneity of the charcoal samples that were analyzed as mentioned in this paper, which is the most relevant variable for the analysis of the dates.
Abstract: Choya 68 is a ceremonial site, with a monticular structure, that is adjacent to ample prepared surfaces and quadrangular and rectangular stone structures. Abundant Aguada Portezuelo ceramic type was recovered from the excavation, and in smaller proportions, painted and blackengraved Aguada types. We present the dates for these structures as provided by three C 14 laboratories. We make observations on the association between the samples and related archaeological events, analyzing the probable causes of the interlaboratory differences. We conclude that the most important variable of the C 14 dates is the chronological heterogeneity of the charcoal samples that we analyzed.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the Early Formative Period rock-art style called Confluencia that was recorded in the mountains of the Salado river sub-region, which is mainly characterized by the detail with which it portrayed animals and the precision with which attitudes and posture reveal certain activities.
Abstract: RESUMENEste trabajo trata sobre un estilo de arte rupestre del Periodo Formativo Temprano registrado en la precordillera de la Subregion rio Salado. El estilo, llamado Confluencia, se caracteriza principalmente por el detalle con que fueron retratados los animales, precisando actitudes y posturas que delatan determinadas actividades. A base de esto se intenta una analogia con un registro de actividades observadas en grupos familiares de vicunas (Vicugna vicugna). El resultado muestra que hay ciertas actividades que fueron representadas, mientras otras fueron dejadas de lado sugiriendo que existe una coherencia interna dentro del estilo, que estaria necesariamente relacionada con el contexto sociocultural en el cual se desarrollaron.Palabras claves: arte rupestre – etologia de camelidos – Periodo Formativo Temprano.ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the Early Formative Period rock-art style that was recorded in the mountains of the Salado river sub-region. The style, called Confluencia, is mainly characterized by the detail with which it portrays animals and the precision with which attitudes and postures reveal certain activities. On this basis, an analogy is made with a range of activities observed in vicuna family groups (Vicugna vicugna). The results show that certain activities were depicted while others were left aside, suggesting there was an internal coherence to the style, which is necessarily related to the sociocultural context in which it developed.Key words: rock art – camelid ethology – Early FormativePeriod.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an ejercicio that intenta, desde la mirada iconologica and el conocimiento arqueologico, una-aproximation a ciertas soluciones formales in el ambito de la representacion plana, sus tendencias temporales,ademas de profundizar en la comprension interpretativa, sobre los aspectos sociales y culturales contenidos in las representaciones that exhibe esta prenda.
Abstract: A partir de investigaciones precedentes2 se caracterizo el atuendo presentado por las pinturas antropomorfas de la cuenca alta del rio Salado, principal tributario del Loa, siendo el faldellin la unica vestimenta textil representada. Desde esta sistematizacion, con claros correlatos cronologicos, se abordan las figuras con faldellines presentes en sitios de Pisagua, Quebradas Aroma y Guatacondo y San Pedro de Atacama. Este es un ejercicio que intenta, desde la mirada iconologica y el conocimiento arqueologico, una aproximacion a ciertas soluciones formales en el ambito de la representacion plana, sus tendencias temporales, ademas de profundizar en la comprension interpretativa sobre los aspectos sociales y culturales contenidos en las representaciones que exhibe esta prenda.Palabras claves: Norte Grande de Chile – representacion – iconologia – faldellines – arte rupestre – textiles. On the basis of previous research, this paper characterizes the attire worn by the anthropomorphic paintings located in the high basin sites of the river Salado (the main tributary of the Loa), the fringed pubiccovering being the only piece of clothing that is represented. Learning on this systematization and its clear chronological correlates, we considered figures from sites in Pisagua, the gorges of Aroma and Guatacondo and San Pedro de Atacama that also have fringed pubic coverings. This exercise is an approximation to certain formal solutions in the field of flat representations from an iconological perspective based on archaeological evidence and its temporal tendencies, in order to deepen our understanding of the social and cultural aspects evidenced by the representations exhibiting this garment.Key Words: Northern Chile – representation – iconology– fringed pubic covering – rock art – textiles.
TL;DR: The Las Quinas rock shelter, in the Iglesia valley (San Juan, Argentina) confirms the existence of cultural traits that have been defined for the period of La Aguada influence in the preandean valleys of Iguilar and Calingasta, features such as settlements types, cultivated seeds and gathering goods, ceramic and textile as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The study of the Las Quinas rock shelter, in the Iglesia valley (San Juan, Argentina) confirms the existence of cultural traits that have been defined for the period of La Aguada influence in the preandean valleys of Iglesia and Calingasta, features such as settlements types, cultivated seeds, and gathering goods, ceramic and textile. Radiocarbon dating was indicated a high degreee of correspondence with dates previously obtained from similar sites.
TL;DR: In el presente articulo se estudia and realiza un analisis critico de la potencialidad de uso de the Sistemas de Informacion Geograficos (SIG) como herramienta for el estudio arqueologico sistematico de la prehistoria andina.
Abstract: En el presente articulo se estudia y se realiza un analisis critico de la potencialidad de uso de los Sistemas de Informacion Geograficos (SIG) como herramienta para el estudio arqueologico sistematico de la prehistoria andina.
TL;DR: In el valle Quillagua, Loa-San Pedro se presenta bastante abundante, habiendo presencia de tres tipos de industrias diferenciadas in terminos de funcionalidad de los sitios and no como expresiones culturales distintas asignables a distinta areas geograficas.
Abstract: Si bien la materialidad litica disminuye en cantidad y calidad en el Periodo Formativo, en el valle Quillagua se presenta bastante abundante, habiendo presencia de tres tipos de industrias diferenciadas en terminos de funcionalidad de los sitios y no como expresiones culturales distintas asignables a distintas areas geograficas. No obstante, es posible vincular a alguna de estas con la region cultural de Loa-San Pedro, en tanto que otras se visualizan como manifestaciones eminentemente locales.
TL;DR: The presente articulo se ubica en el campo de la metodologia and refiere a sistematización de las experiencias etnograficas del trabajo realizado durante varias temporadas in la Oficina Maria Elena (II Region, Chile), ultimo pueblo de the tradicion salitrera.
Abstract: El presente articulo se ubica en el campo de la metodologia y refiere a la sistematizacion de las experiencias etnograficas del trabajo realizado durante varias temporadas en la Oficina Maria Elena (II Region, Chile), ultimo pueblo de la tradicion salitrera. Destaca como y desde donde se va construyendo por parte de sus habitantes el imaginario y la memoria pampina desde el "ser los ultimos" representantes de esta tradicion laboral, e identificando los ejes de recurrencia en que se apoyan. Asimismo, revela los distintos angulos desde los cuales se construye la mirada antropologica, y como esta va logrando densidad, profundidad y extension en un juego entre la individualidad y la comunidad, en un contexto en el que permanentemente ronda la imagen del cierre del pueblo y con ello el fin de la cultura pampina.
TL;DR: Anthropomorphic figures incised on funerary vessels belonging to La Aguada Orilla Norte burial ground (Catamarca, Argentina) are analyzed and an adjustment to the current classification of the anthropomorphic figures is proposed, based on the recognizable attributes of each representation.
Abstract: Anthropomorphic figures incised on funerary vessels belonging to La Aguada Orilla Norte burial ground (Catamarca, Argentina) are analyzed. These vessels, that form part of the Muniz Barreto Collection (Museo de La Plata), are analyzed contextually with the tombs in which they were found. As a result we propose an adjustment to the current classification of the anthropomorphic figures, based on the recognizable attributes of each representation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the relationships between fiestas, drunkenness and rebellion by considering how these form fields of expression for the subaltern autonomies of the Atacama Province.
Abstract: This article includes an introduction and the transcription of an inquest for rebellion against Ingaguasi in 1775 (Atacama Province jurisdiction). The introduction explores the relationships between fiestas, drunkenness and rebellion by considering how these form fields of expression for the subaltern autonomies. We also note that the colonial arrangements tending to restrict fiestas and drunkenness formed part of a central offensive to recover the control over indigenous populations.