Showing papers in "Fruits in 2005"

A new Bactrocera species in Benin among mango fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species

Abstract: Introduction. Les Tephritidae ont une importance economique majeure dans les regions tropicales. Au Benin, nous n'avions que tres peu d'informations disponibles sur les especes de mouches des fruits infeodees au manguier si ce n'est la manifestation de leurs degâts. Nous avons donc effectue des observations preliminaires dans le Nord du Benin durant la campagne de mangues en 2005 afin d'identifier les especes en cause, de suivre leurs fluctuations de populations et d'estimer les pertes qui leur sont imputables. Materiel et methodes. Ces experimentations ont ete effectuees dans la region de Parakou (departement du Borgou). Les populations mâles de Tephritidae ont ete suivies toutes les semaines dans deux types de vergers de manguiers grâce a des pieges a parapheromones. Les fruits de 17 cultivars de manguiers ont ete echantillonnes d'avril a juin 2005; ils ont ete ensuite rapportes au laboratoire pour l'identification des especes de mouches responsables des infestations lors de l'emergence des adultes. Pour evaluer les pertes, un echantillonnage de fruits appartenant a differents cultivars a ete realise dans les memes vergers. Les fruits infestes ont ete comptabilises et elimines; les fruits potentiellement infestes ont ete disseques. Resultats et discussion. Parmi huit especes de mouches des fruits issues des mangues au Benin, quatre peuvent etre considerees comme ayant une importance economique: Ceratitis cosyra, C. quinaria, C. silvestrii et Bactrocera invadens. Pendant la saison seche, C. cosyra a ete la plus abondante tandis que B. invadens a ete largement dominante des le debut de la saison des pluies, en correlation avec les stades de pre-maturite et maturite des fruits. Ainsi, a partir de la mi-mai, B. invadens a ete de plus en plus abondante par rapport a C. cosyra dans les pieges de detection et parmi les adultes emergeant des mangues infestees. Les degâts fluctuent en moyenne de 12% en debut avril a 50% en juin, toutes especes de Tephritidae confondues. Conclusions. La plupart des especes de Tephritidae trouvees sur mangues au cours de nos experimentations avaient deja ete observees precedemment dans d'autres pays ouest-africains a l'exception de B. invadens, espece invasive nouvellement decrite. Des etudes ecologiques et de comportement seront necessaires afin de planifier et d'appliquer des methodes de lutte optimales vis-a-vis de ce nouveau ravageur d'importance economique majeure en Afrique de l'Ouest. (Resume d'auteur)

Colorant and antioxidant properties of red-purple pitahaya (Hylocereus sp.)

Abstract: Introduction. Red-purple pitahaya (Hylocereus sp.) is a promising crop grown commercially in dry regions of Central America. Both its skin and flesh are characterized by being a glowing, deeply red-purple color. Materials and methods. The main physicochemical characteristics of three commercial cultivars of red pitahaya were assessed, including total phenolic compounds contents, total betacyanins, vitamin C and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Thermal stability of betacyanins at different temperature and pH was also assessed. Results and discussion. Pitahaya fruit has a low vitamin C content ranging from (116 to 171) µg·g–1 of fresh pulp without seeds, but it is rich in betacyanins [(0.32 to 0.41) mg·g–1] and phenolic compounds [(5.6 to 6.8) µmol Eq gallic acid·g–1]; it has a high antioxidant ORAC value of (8.8 to 11.3) µmol Eq Trolox·g–1. Visible spectra of aqueous fruit extracts were very similar to that of pure betacyanin. Indeed, the characteristic color of juice diluted to 1% presents a high hue angle (H° = 350o ± 3) and high chroma values (C* = 79 ± 2). Thermal stability of pitahaya betacyanin decreases with pH, but it remains compatible with industrial utilization as a colorant (half-time = 22.6 min at 90 °C at pH = 5 of the fruit) and was found to be very similar to that previously reported for beetroot. Conclusions. Pitahaya juice combines the functional properties of a natural food colorant with high antioxidant potency.

Caractères morphologiques et production des capsules de baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) au Bénin

Abstract: Introduction . Adansonia digitata L. est une espece a usages multiples en Afrique qui presente une forte variabilite morphologique. Nos travaux ont cherche a caracteriser et a mesurer cette variabilite morphologique dans differentes zones climatiques prospectees au Benin, puis a construire des modeles predictifs de variables de production a partir de caracteres de la capsule. Materiel et methodes . Les analyses ont porte sur une caracterisation biometrique de 1200 capsules groupees en quatre differentes formes reparties dans l’ensemble de trois zones climatiques ; ces donnees ont ete completees par une evaluation et une modelisation de leurs productions. Resultats et discussion . Les variables les plus discriminantes de la forme des capsules de baobab et des zones climatiques prospectees ont ete la longueur de la capsule, le poids de la pulpe, le poids total de la capsule, le poids de l’amande, l’epaisseur de la capsule et le rapport [longueur / largeur]. En moyenne, une capsule pese 275 g en zone guineenne, 273 g en zone soudano-guineenne et 204 g en zone soudanienne ; elle produit dans chacune de ces zones 54 g, 51 g et 32 g de pulpe, ainsi que 37 g, 28 g et 23 g d’amande. Les productions moyennes en graines, amande et pulpe ont ete modelisees et ajustees a des fonctions racine carree et/ou logarithmique suivant les differentes zones climatiques. Conclusion . Les variables morphometriques ont permis non seulement de faire une typologie assez precise des differentes formes de capsules mais aussi d’estimer leur production a partir de modeles predictifs. La variabilite de la production des capsules de baobab suivant differentes zones climatiques pourrait etre un parametre utile a une amelioration genetique de l’espece repondant aux besoins et aux moyens des populations rurales.

High-yielding and quality banana production through plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation

Abstract: Introduction. Rhizobacterial inoculation in low fertilizer-N conditions, viz., 33% fer- tilizer-N of the total N requirement, could produce similar plant growth to the 100% N-fertilization of banana plantlets grown under hydroponic conditions. Thus, we tested PGPR inoculation in com- bination with fertilizer-N application to study the role played by strains of rhizobacteria in nutrient accumulation, nitrogen fixation and, consequently, improvement in yield and fruit quality of bana- nas. Materials and methods. Two PGPR strains were used in the experiments, namely, Sp 7 (Azos- pirillum brasilense) and UPMB 10 (Bacillus sphaericus). The design of the experiment was completely randomized with three replications. Eight treatments were applied: control without fer- tilizer-N application (N0%) and without PGPR; N0% + Sp 7 ; N0% + UPMB10; N33% without PGPR; N33% + Sp 7 ; N33% + UPMB10; N100% without PGPR and N100% + UPMB10. One tissue-cultured banana (cv. 'Berangan') plantlet was planted in a plastic pot (4 L) for 45 days and thereafter trans- ferred to a larger polyethylene tank (1000 L) until maturity. A 100-mL broth culture of Sp7 or UPMB10 was added to the respective tanks after the transplanting process and repeat inoculations were per- formed monthly. The fruits were harvested at the maturity stage after 80-90 days of flowering. After ripening, yield and fruit quality parameters were assessed. Results. Inoculation with 33% fertilizer- N increased the total nutrient accumulation (N, P, K, Ca and Mg). PGPR inoculation along with 33% fertilizer-N significantly increased the bunch yield and fruit physical attributes, namely, finger wei- ght, length and diameter, and (pulp / peel) ratio, besides inducing early flowering by 3 weeks. Con- clusion. The results suggested that PGPR strains Sp 7 and UPMB 10 could be used as bioenhancer and biofertilizer for early, high-yielding and improved banana fruit production in 33% fertilizer- N conditions. Malaysia / Musa / plant nutrition / bacteria / nitrogen fertilizers / growth / yields / fruit quality Production de bananes de qualite, avec de forts rendements, par inoculation avec des rhizobacteries favorisant la croissance des plants (PGPR).

Improved model for the non-destructive estimation of strawberry leaf area

Abstract: Improved model for the non-destructive estimation of strawberry leaf area. Abstract -- Introduction. Non-destructive estimation of leaf area saves time as compared with geometric measurements. For this reason, several leaf area prediction models were produced for some plant species such as grape, avocado and kiwifruit in previous studies. In this research, we attempted to offer a reliable equation that predicts strawberry leaf area non-destructively by linear measurements of leaf geometry. Materials and methods. An equation was developed by using Sweet Charlie and Camarosa strawberry cultivars and by measuring lamina width, length and leaf area. Results and discussion. It was found that the relationships between the actual leaf area and the predicted leaf area given by the equation developed were significant at a level of 0.1% and that r 2 was 0.993. In addition, the model was validated by measurements of new leaf areas of seven other strawberry cultivars. Conclusions. The model developed could be used for strawberries in relevant studies. Turkey / Fragaria / leaf area index / methods / evaluation / mathematical models

Some endangered plants producing edible fruits and seeds in Southeastern Nigeria

Abstract: Introduction . Although some of the non-formal food items consumed in Southeastern Nigeria are exotic, the indigenous products are becoming increasingly popular. There is also a growing interest among scientists in various disciplines to conduct research on nutritional, medicinal, industrial and other uses of the less studied and largely indigenous plants. Unlike the exotic fruits and seeds literature on the purely indigenous species is scanty. This paper is aimed at the documentation of some of the readily identified species producing fruits and seeds, which are considered to be endangered. Materials and methods . Selected plants producing edible fruits and seeds and considered to be endangered in Southeastern Nigeria were compiled in a list. Mature forms of the fruits and seeds were covered by means of color photographs and further categorized according to their families, growth habits, state of domestication, local names and methods of utilization. Results and discussion . Thirty plant species belonging to 19 families were recorded. The list includes 19 trees, 3 shrubs, 4 climbers and 2 rhizomatous monocots. About 27% of the species listed enjoy some degree of cultivation, while about 70% may still be found protected or wild. Up to 16% are still harvested only from the wild plants. The factors predisposing most of the species to extinction would be: loss of habitat due to deforestation and other forms of population pressure on the ecosystem; lack of interest in tree planting due to rather long gestation periods of existing genetic stock; increasing pressure and demand from few surviving stands; unsustainable harvesting methods. Conclusion . Ex situ conservation strategies, genetic and other tree improvement studies, encouragement of home garden and village forest settlement practices, and the introduction of incentives for tree planting are recommended strategies for conservation and sustainable production of the highly prized indigenous edible fruit and seeds in the area.

Tunisian fig (Ficus carica L.) genetic diversity and cultivar characterization using microsatellite markers

Abstract: Introduction. Ficus carica L., well adapted to the Mediterranean climate, is ubi- quitous in Tunisia. In spite of the large possibilities of its adaptation to the Tunisian climate, its cultivation remains traditional. In Tunisia, this species is represented by a large number of varieties which are facing genetic erosion. To save these genetic resources, we studied some of the Tunisian varieties using molecular markers. The aim of this analysis was to study the genetic diversity of some cultivars and to characterize them. Materials and methods. Six microsatellites were used to characterize 16 cultivars (Ficus carica L.) belonging to two fig tree collections in the south of Tunisia. Results. The molecular markers used appeared highly polymorphic in common fig trees since 4-12 alleles per locus and a mean of heterozygoty of 0.656 were scored. The resolving power (Rp) of the six microsatellites tested ranged from 2.12 to 3.87 for the 16 cultivars studied, showing a significant genetic diversity (Ht = 0.762). Gene- tic differentiation between geographical groups was low (Gst = 0.032). The factorial corres- pondence analysis showed no well-defined relation between the 16 cultivars and their geographical origin. The genotype patterns allowed us to discriminate all of the cultivars. Conclusion. The characterization of the accessions belonging to different varieties was possi- ble, showing the power and efficiency of the molecular tools used. Tunisia / Ficus carica / genetic resources / identification / microsatellites / genetic markers

Effects of citrus rootstocks on fruit yield and quality of Ruby Red and Marsh grapefruit

Abstract: Introduction. Generally, in Iran, citrus cultivars are grafted on Sour orange rootstocks. However, susceptibility of this rootstock to tristeza (CTV) has required a research program to replace Sour orange trees with other rootstocks. Materials and methods. Yield performance and fruit quality of Ruby Red and Marsh grapefruits were assessed for 5 years (1999 to 2003) in the Agricultural Research Station in Dezful (Southern Iran) according to the eight different rootstocks used: Carrizo citrange, Citrus amblycarpa, Cleopatra mandarin, King mandarin, Sour orange, Swingle citrumelo, Troyer citrange and Volkamer lemon. Results and discussion. For the 5 years studied, cumulative yields per tree and yield per trunk cross-section area were the highest on Cleopatra mandarin, Sour orange, Swingle citrumelo and Volkamer lemon, whereas trees on Citrus amblycarpa, Carrizo citrange, King mandarin and Troyer citrange were the least productive. The results showed that individual fruit wei- ght, size and skin thickness were significantly higher for both cultivars on Volkamer lemon, compared with the other rootstocks. Fruits on the Cleopatra mandarin rootstock had the lowest weight and fruit diameter. The rootstock type also affected the fruit juice amount and soluble solid content. Fruits from cultivars which were grafted on Sour orange rootstock had total soluble solids of 9.93% and 51% of juice content, whereas on Volkamer lemon rootstock, they had 7.81% of total soluble solids and 45.3% of juice content. Total acid of the fruits from cultivars grafted on Volkamer lemon had the significantly smallest amount (1.33%). In both cultivars of grapefruits, no significant differences were observed except in the size of the fruit, fruit juice and vitamin C contents. Interactions between rootstock and cultivar were significantly different. Conclusion. Our results indicated that the yield and fruit quality of grapefruit are strongly influenced by the rootstock used. Also, the interaction between cultivars and rootstocks may be an interesting strategy for the adaptation of cultivars to different climatic areas. Iran Islamic Republic / Citrus paradisi / rootstocks / fruits / quality / yields

Processing and food uses of bananas and plantains in Cameroon

Abstract: Introduction . In Southern Cameroon, bananas and plantains (Musa ) play an important role in the population’s diet. There are many food uses of these crops relative to the eating habits of consumers. Our study was carried out in order to list the varieties of bananas and plantains mostly used by housewives and restaurant dealers and to describe the various culinary preparations used for their transformation. Methods . The processing and culinary methods of bananas and plantains, including the estimation as well as the measurement of the quantities of ingredients used, and the traditional utilisations of these foodstuffs, were investigated in two Cameroonian towns (Bafoussam and Yaounde). Results . Some culinary preparations using different varieties are common in Southern Cameroon such as roasted or fried plantain, plantain chips, boiled plantain or banana and pounded plantain. They are eaten with various sauces, vegetables and other food complements. Other preparations found in these regions include stuffed plantain or banana, plantain or banana porridges and traditional recipes called kondre and malaxe. Preparation of chips, fried and roasted plantain are mainly carried out by women and young boys on the streets in an effort to diversify sources of income. These various transformation and uses of bananas and plantains contribute to the reduction of post–harvest losses as well as the valorisation of these perishable food stuffs. Conclusion . The evaluation of their nutrient composition (macro- and micronutrients) as well as the effects of culinary preparations and the bio-availability of those nutrients are being conducted at the CARBAP Post–Harvest Technology Laboratory in order to appreciate their contribution in the fight against malnutrition in some regions of Cameroon.

Detailed study of the juice composition of noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruits from Cambodia

Abstract: Introduction. Le noni (Morinda citrifolia) a une longue histoire liee a ses utilisations medicales dans les pays du sud-est de l'Asie. Aujourd'hui, la plante croit dans la majorite des regions du Pacifique Sud, en Inde, dans les Caraibes, en Amerique du Sud et aux Antilles. L'un des defis de ces dernieres annees a ete de traiter le jus de fruit de M. citrifolia, pour utiliser en pharmacopee moderne ce produit traditionnel. Pour mieux comprendre les caracteristiques medicinales du fruit de noni cultive au Cambodge, les compositions biochimiques et minerales du jus brut extrait de fruits de M. citrifolia ont ete determinees. Materiel et methodes. Des fruits frais entiers de M. citrifolia echantillonnes au Cambodge ont ete achemines en France et conserves a -20°C pendant toute la duree de l'experimentation. Du jus commercial de noni de Tahiti, pasteurise, a ete achete pour etre utilise comme reference. Une extraction a ete effectuee sur deux series de fruits cambodgiens a l'aide d'une presse hydraulique. Les taux en huile, acides gras, proteines, acides amines, sucres et elements mineraux des jus ont ete analyses. Resultats. La composition du jus de nonis des differentes origines a ete determinee, comparee, puis discutee par rapport a la composition biochimique et minerale d'autres huiles vegetales. Conclusion. La composition biochimique du jus qui a montre une presence forte en molecules anti-oxydantes n'est pas suffisante pour expliquer les effets medicinaux reputes du jus de noni. Certaines molecules et en particulier les alcaloides restent encore a etudier. (Resume d'auteur)

Water stress and crop load effects on vegetative and fruit growth of ‘Elegant Lady’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batch] trees

Abstract: Introduction . Vegetative and fruit growth in fruit trees are differentially sensitive to water deficit during the season depending on the stage of fruit growth. Attempts have been made to evaluate the possibilities of using regulated deficit irrigation to control vegetative growth and save water in the fruit industry. Materials and methods . Effects of water stress (WS) and crop load (CL) on fruit growth and carbon assimilation rates were evaluated in a 7-year-old ‘Elegant Lady’ peach orchard. A completely randomized block design with 2 × 3 factors [irrigation with two levels (control and WS) and CL with three levels (light, commercial and heavy)] was used. Results and discussion . Both WS and CL affected fruit growth during the last stages but not early on. CL did not affect trunk water potential which was, however, significantly reduced by WS throughout the day and the season. Trunk water potential of water-stressed trees was lower than that of control trees throughout the day and the season regardless of CL. The magnitude of WS increased as the season progressed. Stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and CO2 assimilation rate were not affected by CL but were reduced by WS. The trees responded (acclimated) to stress by progressively reducing their transpiration rate as the severity of stress increased. For each irrigation regime, assimilation rates were similar for all three crop levels. This indicated the existence of alternate sinks for assimilates when CL was low, which compensate for the reduction of fruit sink activity resulting from fruit thinning. Conclusion . Water deficit reduced trunk water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis in ‘Elegant Lady’ peach trees. However, CL had a limited effect on these functions. There were good correlations between trunk water potential and either stomatal conductance or assimilation rate in water-stressed trees but not in control trees. This indicates a poor coordination between leaf functions in peach trees under optimal conditions. However, these relationships were stronger under WS conditions. Thus, water use efficiency appeared to increase under water deficit conditions.

Identification et comparaison des composés volatils des fruits de huit variétés de dattes marocaines

Abstract: Introduction. L'identification des composes d'arome des dattes permet d'apprecier leur qualite organoleptique; elle revet en outre un interet technologique en guidant les industriels dans certains processus de transformation du fruit et de production d'extraits d'aromes a partir des varietes de faible qualite, augmentant ainsi leur valeur marchande. Notre etude a eu pour objectif d'identifier des composes volatils responsables de l'arome de huit varietes de dattes marocaines. Une classification statistique des varietes etudiees, basee sur leurs profils aromatiques, et une comparaison avec les resultats de travaux anterieurs effectues sur les composes d'arome des dattes ont ete egalement realisees. Materiel et methodes. Les composes volatils ont ete analyses par la technique de piegeage dynamique de l'espace de tete et par desorption au micro-onde, puis ils ont ete conjointement identifies par chromatographie en phase gazeuse-spectrometrie de masse. L'etude statistique des donnees a ete realisee par analyse factorielle des correspondances et par classification hierarchique ascendante. Resultats et discussion. Quarante-sept composes ont ete identifies dont vingt-trois non identifies auparavant dans la datte. Cinq composes: la 2,3-pentanedione, le 2-methyl-butanal, l'hexanal, le n-pentanol et le limonene se sont reveles etre communs a toutes les varietes, tandis que certains composes ont ete caracteristiques d'une variete particuliere. La variete 'Aziza' s'est distinguee par la presence de cyclobutanol, de p-cymene et de 1,3-dimethyl-benzene. Le cyclopentadecadien-1-one, l'ethanol et le geraniol ont ete identifies respectivement dans les varietes 'Najda', 'Mejhoul' et 'Boufeggous'. En revanche, les varietes 'Bouskri' et 'Iklane' ont presente une grande similarite de leurs profils aromatiques. Conclusion. Des differences de profils aromatiques entre les huit varietes etudiees ont ete mises en evidence et des composes volatils "specifiques" ont pu etre identifies. (Resume d'auteur)

Pruning intensity and fruit load influence vegetative and fruit growth in an early-maturing peach tree (cv. Alexandra)

Abstract: Introduction. The distribution of shoots and fruits in the tree is an important con- sideration to improve peach cropping. Therefore, the effects of intensity of pruning were inves- tigated for two years in trees with the same fruit load and, the following year, in trees with different fruit loads. Materials and methods. In an early-maturing peach orchard (cv. Alexandra), three pruning intensities were applied for three years: light, medium and severe. The first two years, the same fruit load was applied for the different pruning treatments; in the last year, three fruit loads per tree were tested: low, intermediate and high. Results and discussion. Increasing seve- rity of pruning stimulated average fruit weight and fruit diameter, limiting (2nd year) or not (3rd year) fruit yield. Severe pruning also tended to enhance young shoot growth on the shoot bearing fruit and on the scaffold branch. Fruit diameter improvement with severe pruning might be therefore explained by the increase in vegetative growth likely to enhance available assimilates for fruit growth. However, severe pruning could favor an alternation in flower setting, as observed in the 2nd year. Increasing fruit load stimulated fruit yield, but, with the highest fruit load, no significant fruit yield enhancement was detected compared with the intermediate fruit load. On the contrary, average fruit weight and fruit soluble solids always decreased with increasing fruit load. Conclusion. Intensity of pruning and fruit load must be well adapted to ensure an appro- priate peach production; excessive pruning and fruit load of an early-maturing peach cultivar should be avoided in order not to limit fruit yield and quality, respectively. France / Prunus persica / pruning / growth / production / fruit / quality

Potentialités de la microfiltration tangentielle sur membranes minérales pour la clarification du jus de pomme de cajou

Abstract: Introduction. La pomme de cajou, souvent consideree comme un sous-produit de l'industrie de la noix de cajou, reste tres peu valorisee. Parmi les diverses options technologiques possibles pour la clarification des jus de fruits pulpeux, la microfiltration tangentielle sur membrane minerale est un procede particulierement prometteur. L'objectif de notre travail a donc ete d'evaluer l'interet de ce procede pour la production de jus de pomme de cajou clarifie. Materiel et methodes. Des essais de filtration ont ete realises a 30°C sur une installation pilote de laboratoire munie de diverses membranes tubulaires en alumine. Quatre membranes ont ete testees, differenciees par le diametre moyen de leurs pores [(0,1; 0,2; 0,8 et 1,4) [mu]m]. Les performances (densite de flux de permeat) et la composition du jus clarifie obtenu (tannins condenses, acidite titrable, acide ascorbique, pH, turbidite, couleur et extrait sec soluble) ont ete comparees pour chacune de ces membranes. L'utilisation d'un pretraitement enzymatique de liquefaction couple a la microfiltration a egalement ete abordee. Resultats et discussion. Les densites de flux de permeat obtenues ont ete comprises entre (36 et 79) L.h-1.m-2. Dans les conditions testees, les membranes de diametre de pores de (0,1 et 0,2) [mu]m ont conduit aux meilleurs resultats. Le couplage de la microfiltration avec un pretraitement enzymatique de liquefaction a ameliore les performances de la filtration de (30 a 60%). Toutes les membranes ont permis d'obtenir un jus parfaitement limpide dont la teneur en acide ascorbique a ete tres voisine de celle du jus frais. En revanche, les composes phenoliques presents en grande quantite dans le jus de pomme de cajou brut ont ete presque totalement elimines au cours de l'operation permettant ainsi de diminuer considerablement l'astringeance du jus. Conclusion. Nos travaux ont verifie le potentiel du procede de microfiltration tangentielle sur la production de jus clarifie de pomme de cajou. Neanmoins, avant d'envisager une future application industrielle, les conditions de traitement devront etre optimisees et les qualites nutritionnelle et sensorielle du jus clarifie devront etre mieux caracterisees. (Resume d'auteur)

Variabilité de la durée de vie verte des bananes en conditions réelles de production

Abstract: Introduction. La duree de vie verte (DVV), qui indique l'etat physiologique des bananes a la recolte, est un critere de qualite majeur pour l'exportation des fruits. Afin d'evaluer et de comprendre la variabilite de la DVV existant en exploitation, une enquete diagnostic a ete menee chez trois producteurs de bananes en Martinique utilisant la methode des sommes thermiques comme outil de decision de recolte. Materiel et methodes. Pour chaque producteur, des fruits ont ete preleves en sortie de station d'emballage sur 10% des regimes recoltes pendant une semaine. Ces bananes ont ensuite ete conservees a 14°C dans des sacs perfores en polyethylene jusqu'au stade de maturite "tournant vert". La DVV a ete definie par le temps ecoule en jour entre la recolte et ce stade de maturite. Resultats et discussion. La DVV a varie entre (18 et 69) jours avec une moyenne de 42 jours pour l'ensemble des producteurs. Pres de 80% de la production a eu une DVV entre (25 et 50) jours et moins de 4% en dessous de 25 jours. La variabilite de la DVV a ete liee principalement a l'âge des fruits a la recolte, exprimee en somme thermique (R = -0,74). Celle-ci a varie entre (600 et 1150) degres-jour pour l'ensemble des exploitations. Les fruits contamines par l'anthracnose de blessure et les pourritures de couronne ont presente une DVV plus courte que les fruits sains et cela independamment du stade de recolte (p < 0,001). L'origine de cette contamination a ete discutee. A meme somme thermique, des differences significatives de DVV ont ete mises en evidence selon le lieu de production (parcelle) (p < 0,001). Des ecarts de plus de 7 jours en moyenne ont ete observes entre des parcelles provenant du meme producteur et situees a meme altitude. L'origine de ces differences a egalement ete discutee. (Resume d'auteur)

Physicochemical characterisation of the mature-green Golden apple (Spondias cytherea sonnerat)

Abstract: Introduction. Mature-green Golden apples (Spondias cytherea Sonnerat) are used in the French West Indies for the preparation of a nectar. With the aim of improving the fruit processing conditions for a better quality of this beverage, morphological and compositional characteristics of the mature-green fruits were determined. Materials and methods. Mature- green fruits were harvested in Martinique (French West Indies) and characterised: diameter, length, mass, and colour were determined; pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, sugars, proteins, starch, fibre, vitamin C, phenols and green pigments were measured. Results and discussion. Average fruit length, diameter and weight were 71 mm, 54 mm and 116.4 g, respectively. With a low pH (2.6) and a high titratable acidity (1.3 g citric acid Eq·100 g -1 fresh material), mature- green Golden apple is an acidic fruit comparable to the lemon. The fruit is rich in vitamin C (52.0 mg·100 g -1 ), phenols (349.5 mg gallic acid Eq·100 g -1 ) and starch (7.1 g·100 g -1 ). The pale green colour of the pulp is due to pheophytins a and b. Conclusion. Our study provided a detailed analysis of mature-green Golden apples, which will be taken into account for the impro- vement of nectar processing conditions. France / Guadeloupe / Spondias cytherea / Anacardiaceae / fruits / chemical composition / ascorbic acid / starch / phenols / chlorophylls / phaeophytins

Transferability of SSR markers from lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) to pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake L.)

Abstract: Introduction. Pulasan and lychee are from the same family and closely related, therefore the SSR markers are expected to be highly transferable between these two taxa. We investigated the transferability of 12 lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci to pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake L.). Materials and methods. Genomic DNA was extracted from 20 accessions of pulasan for the PCR amplification of the SSR loci using 12 pairs of SSR primers derived from lychee. The PCR products were resolved on dena- turing polyacrylamide gels. Results. The percentage of SSR transferability from lychee to pulasan was 58.3% and the percentage of polymorphic SSR markers was 25%. Discussion. The moderate transferability and low polymorphism rates suggest the possibility of interrup- tions within the repeat motif and mutations in the flanking sequences of SSR repeat motifs. Our results did not reveal a high rate of transferability between lychee and pulasan. However, this study showed that the SSR markers developed in lychee are a good source of molecular markers for pulasan. Malaysia / Litchi chinensis / Nephelium ramboutan-ake / molecular biology / genetic markers / PCR / genetic polymorphism

Vegetative growth of citrus nursery trees related to the container volume

Abstract: Introduction. The determination of an adequate container volume that combines rational use of substrate with maximization of vegetative growth is very important to optimize citrus nursery tree production. This experiment aims to evaluate the influence of container volumes on vegetative growth of citrus nursery trees. Materials and Methods. Pera sweet orange nursery trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] budded on Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) were produced in six container volumes [(3.0, 3.8, 4.5, 4.6, 5.0 and 5.8) L], with the respective container dimensions of [(20 × 32, 20 × 35, 22 × 32, 22.5 × 35, 25 × 32 and 25 × 35) cm]. Another 5.0-L container studied had the dimensions of 20 cm x 40 cm. Commercial substrate was composed of Pinus bark and a controlled-release fertilizer was used. Parameter evaluation started after moving the rootstocks from seedling trays, 3.5 months after sowing, to plastic containers and continued until nursery trees reached one year old. The studied parameters were shoot height, diameter and leaf area of rootstocks and nursery trees, bud take percentage and scion and root dry matter of nursery trees. Results and discussion. The development of Rangpur lime plants was not affected by any treatment until budding. The largest container volumes induced faster and more vigorous vegetative development of Pera sweet orange nursery trees budded on Rangpur lime. A 5.0-L container volume could be indicated as a technical and economical option for the production of containerized citrus nursery trees.

Chlorophyll fluorescence emission and its relation to skin color and firmness during ripening of guava fruit

Abstract: Introduction . Chlorophyll fluorescence (chl-fluorescence) has been used in postharvest studies as a non-destructive technique for evaluating fruit ripening. Since there are no available studies using chl-fluorescence in guava fruit, the aim of this work was to verify the relations between chl-fluorescence parameters and fruit quality attributes, such as skin color and fruit firmness, and to measure the chl-fluorescence during ripening of guava fruit. Materials and methods . Firstly, maximal (Fm ), minimal (Fo ), variable (Fv ), and variable to maximal [Fv /Fm ] fluorescence yields, skin color (Ho) and fruit firmness were evaluated in guava fruit harvested at three ripeness stages: dark-green (I), light-green (II) and yellowish-green (III). Secondly, changes in the above chl-fluorescence parameters and Ho were measured during 7 days of ripening. Relations between the evaluated parameters were also studied. Results and discussion . The three ripeness stages were well segregated using the Ho, Fm and fruit firmness parameters. Fo was insensible to early changes in fruit ripening, maintaining relatively stable values until fruit firmness of 20 N. When considering changes in chl-fluorescence and Ho during ripening, there were no significant differences between guava fruit harvested at stages II or III. The [Fv /Fm ] value decline was only evident on the fifth day of ripening, whereas Fv , Fm and Ho began to decrease on the first day. Regardless of [Fv /Fm ], the relations between chl-fluorescence parameters and Ho tended to increase from ripeness stages I to III, with Fm having the highest correlation with Ho. The results show that chl-fluorescence can be used to evaluate the ripening and senescence of guava fruit, with Fm being a good ripening indicator.

Fruit and seed yields in chataigne (Artocarpus camansi Blanco) in Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract: Introduction. The chataigne or breadnut, Artocarpus camansi Blanco, has high nutritive value but it is an under-utilised food source. Yield losses due to tree height and limi- ted information on productivity are constraints to commercial production. Our study was undertaken to determine fruit yield and seed yield, the relationship between fruit size and seed yield, and the response of yield to pruning. Materials and methods. Fruit and seed yield data were collected from 1996 to 2002 from three seedling trees established at the University of the West Indies in Trinidad and Tobago in 1993. The trees were pruned in December 1998. Results. The highest fruit mass per tree (139.7 kg), fruit number per tree (126) and seed mass per tree (59 kg) were obtained in 5-year-old trees. Fruit and seed yields were significantly (P < 0.001) lower in the years after pruning. Fruit mass per tree was positively correlated with fruit number (r = 0.99). Seed mass per fruit was positively correlated with seed number per fruit (r = 0.87) and both variables had strong, positive correlations with mean fruit mass (r = 0.83 and r = 0.77, respectively) and fruit volume (r = 0.63 and r = 0.67, respectively). Discussion and conclusions. Chataigne fruit and seed yield potential is greater than originally estimated. Both are strongly related and selection for high seed number per fruit with more effective pollina- tion, disease control and proper tree height management may further increase productivity. In the field, estimated fruit volume is the most practical indicator of seed yield. Trinidad and Tobago / Artocarpus camansi / fruits / seeds / yield components / pruning / crop management Rendements en fruits et graines du châtaigner des Antilles (Artocarpus camansi Blanco) a Trinite-et-Tobago.

Planting time and mulching influenced vegetative and reproductive traits in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) in India

Abstract: Introduction . Planting time is considered as one of the most important factors for successful strawberry cultivation. Traditionally, under north-Indian plains, strawberry is planted after the second week of October, which results in the availability of fruits for a month or so. With the use of plasticulture techniques, the planting time can be enhanced, which facilitates early and higher production, and enhances availability of the fruit for a longer period. Mulching is the most important cultural practice in strawberry, which influences plant growth, fruit yield and quality. Hence, studies were conducted to determine the influence of planting time and mulching on growth, flowering and fruiting behaviour, yield and quality of strawberry in northern plains of India. Materials and methods . Studies were conducted on ‘Chandler’ strawberry with three planting times (mid-September, mid-October and mid-November) as the main effect and three mulching materials (black polyethylene, clear polyethylene and paddy straw) as the sub-main effect in a split-plot design with three replications. Standard procedures were adopted for making observations on plant growth parameters, flowering and fruiting behaviour, yield and quality parameters under different treatment combinations. Results and discussion . Mid-September planting favoured vigorous growth, enhanced flowering and fruiting, which resulted in the production of the largest fruits and highest yield of the best quality. Among the three different mulch materials, plants mulched with black polyethylene had the best growth, fruit weight, yield and quality compared with those mulched with clear polyethylene or paddy straw mulch. The [planting time × mulching] interaction was also found to be significant for all measured parameters. Conclusion . Our study revealed that, in northern plains of India, to get an early and high yield of the best quality under a micro-irrigation system, Chandler strawberry could be planted in mid-September if mulched with black polyethylene.

Influence of drying parameters on β -carotene retention in mango leather

Abstract: Influence of drying parameters on β-carotene retention in mango leather. Abstract -- Introduction. Dried mango slices are a common snack product in Southeast Asian countries. Mashing the carotenoid-containing mango flesh and drying the puree to mango lea- ther is a promising alternative to utilise even over-mature or small fruits and fruits with irregular size as low-cost raw materials. Within the study, the impact of blanching and air temperature (40-90 °C) on drying time and quality was investigated. Materials and methods. Drying tests were conducted using a laboratory dryer, which allowed continuous measurement of the drying rate. The quality of the mango leather was evaluated in terms of colour (CIE-Lab) and β-carotene content (HPLC). The formation of 13-cis-β-carotene isomer was used to indicate thermal β-caro- tene degradation. Results and discussion. Blanching degraded the β-carotene content, redu- ced drying time (-20%) and decreased browning reactions. Optimum drying conditions in terms of drying time, colour and β-carotene retention were determined at 80 °C. The all-trans-β-caro- tene content was maintained at 75% and no decrease in colour saturation (C*) was observed. As a result, it is expected that 80 °C is sufficient to inactivate carotenoid oxidising enzymes without showing significant negative thermal effects on β-carotene degradation. Higher tem- peratures led to severe β-carotene losses. Lower temperatures increased drying times, caused discolouration and decreased the β-carotene retention. Conclusion. With a provitamin A activity of (600 to 650) retinol equivalents (RE), mango leather is a promising source of provitamin. Philippines / mangoes / postharvest losses / postharvest technology / fruit pulps / hot air drying / carotenoids / quality

Effet des conditions d’entreposage sur la dégradation de la couleur des dattes tunisiennes de type Deglet Nour

Abstract: Introduction . En Tunisie, les dattes de type Deglet Nour sont reputees pour leur couleur jaune dore et elles presentent une valeur marchande elevee ; elles constituent la majorite des dattes exportees vers l’Europe. L’objectif de nos travaux a ete d’etudier l’effet de l’oxygene et de la temperature sur la degradation de la couleur de ce type de dattes durant la periode d’entreposage. Materiel et methodes . L’evolution de la couleur de dattes du type Deglet Nour stockees sous humidite relative constante (75 %), a trois temperatures differentes [(10, 25 et 37) °C] et en presence de trois concentrations d’oxygene [(0, 20 et 40) %] a ete suivie chaque semaine durant 35 jours a l’aide de la mesure des parametres L* et b* de l’echelle Hunter Lab. Resultats . La temperature a joue un role determinant dans la degradation de la couleur des dattes durant l’entreposage et l’effet de l’oxygene a ete important quoique secondaire. Conclusion . La couleur des dattes au cours de leur stockage se revele pouvoir etre predite a partir du seul parametre b* de l’echelle Hunter Lab. Dans le cas des dattes conditionnees sous differentes concentrations en oxygene et a differentes temperatures, la perte de la couleur initiale du fruit a ete davantage expliquee par une augmentation de la temperature ambiante que par la variation de la concentration en oxygene du milieu de conservation. La degradation de la couleur serait causee par des brunissements non enzymatiques et enzymatiques oxydatifs.

Caractérisation des variétés polyclonales marocaines de figuiers, Ficus carica L.

Abstract: Introduction . Les variations phenotypiques et la multiplicite des denominations des varietes marocaines de figuiers rendent confuse l’identification varietale des accessions de Ficus carica L. Materiels et methodes . Quinze accessions presentes en collection dans la region de Meknes correspondant a cinq denominations differentes ont ete caracterisees en combinant deux approches : pomologique et moleculaire (SSR et ISSR). Resultats . Les resultats obtenus ont permis d’identifier des accessions distinctes et des redondances au sein de chacune des cinq denominations. Conclusion . La complementarite des deux approches se revele utile pour l’etablissement d’une collection de reference.

Evaluation of the banana cultivars Zelig, Grande Naine and Gruesa under different environmental conditions in the Canary Islands

Abstract: Introduction . A study was done to compare Gruesa, a local dwarf Cavendish selection, with two other cultivars of the Cavendish subgroup in the open air or under greenhouse conditions in two localities of the Canary Islands. Materials and methods . The trials were set up with the cultivars Zelig, Grande Naine and Gruesa in four plots on the northern slope: one outdoors and three under three different greenhouse covers (one with polyethylene lamina and the other two with different types of mesh), and in one outdoor plot on the southern slope of the island of Tenerife. Morphological, phenological and production characteristics were studied over three productive cycles. Results . Significant differences were found in both plant height (Grande Naine > Zelig > Gruesa) and pseudostem thickness (Gruesa > Grande Naine = Zelig). Each cultivar showed a stable [height:thickness] ratio, remaining the same in all trial conditions. Gruesa cycle length was longer than those of the other two cultivars, emitting more leaves until bunch emergency. Gruesa produced the most hands per bunch and the most fingers per hand. In all cultivars, finger length was directly related to pseudostem height. All three cultivars produced well, with fruits very similar in organoleptic traits. A reduction in cycle length and a slight increase in productivity were observed in the northern plot under the polyethylene cover compared with the plots under other covers and outdoors. Conclusion . Gruesa appears more recommendable than Zelig and Grande Naine for open-air plantations in windy localities.

Root confinement and irrigation frequency affect growth of ‘Rough lemon’ (Citrus limon) seedlings

Abstract: Introduction. Root restriction occurs when seedlings are grown in increasingly small containers and it reduces plant growth in different ways. Therefore, the objectives of our study were to investigate the effects of varying container sizes and irrigation frequency on growth parameters of 'Rough lemon' (C. limon) plants Maseno, Kenya. Materials and methods. The treatments tested the effect of three container volumes (1.7 L, 2.7 L and 4.5 L) and three irrigation frequencies (every day (W1), every two days (W2) and every 3 days (W3)). The design of the experiment was completely randomized with three replications. Growth parameters studied were plant height, canopy height, shoot and root weight, number of leaves and shoot to root ratio. Results and discussion. Increasing container volumes generally increased the height of plants, height of canopy, weight of whole plants and weight of roots, but it did not affect number of leaves, stem diameter or shoot to root ratio. Irrigation frequency increased number of leaves, height of plants, height of canopy, stem diameter and weight of shoots and roots, but this factor had no effect on weight of whole plants. These findings are explained by reduced root restriction in the largest container volumes. Conclusion. Increasing container volumes from 1.7 L to 4.5 L and irrigation frequency from every 3 days to every day increases plant growth as expressed in the various plant growth parameters. Nigeria / Citrus limon / plant propagation / plant nurseries / planting stock / growth / container planting / irrigation

Comportement de vitroplants de bananiers plantains issus de bourgeons axillaires et apicaux au cours de l’acclimatation et en champ

Abstract: Introduction. Plantain banana contributes to the food safety and incomes of sub- Saharan Africa's inhabitants. The use of healthy plants in banana plantations is an important factor for their establishment. Different methods have been developed to produce plant material free of disease, such as in vivo and in vitro multiplication. In vitro micropropagation by budding allows the production of many plants free of disease. The in vitro multiplication of banana usually takes only one shoot tip (sh t ) per sucker. However, a sucker contains many axillary buds (ax b ), whose potentialities we evaluated. Materials and methods. Our experiments related to the cultivar Big Ebanga (AAB, plantain false horn). During acclimatization under shade and in the field, we compared growth and development parameters of vitroplants resulting from the two types of explants, sht and axb. Plants resulting from suckers were used as control. Results. Parameters measured on the plants resulting from axb did not present significant differences at the end of the acclimatization phase compared with the plants from sht, except for the foliar ratio. In the same way, parameters of vegetative growth in the field and those related to the yield were not significantly different between the two types of plants, axb and sht. The reversion percentages of the type "false horn" towards the type "french" were 0.6% for the sht plants and 1.2% for the axb plants. Discussion and conclusion. Plants resulting from sh t and ax b behaved in the same manner during the acclimatization phase and in the field. The use of axb makes it possible to increase the potentialities of in vitro production of healthy vegetable material. The reversion rate of the plants given by axb was weak. The axb can thus be used like explants for the micropropagation of bananas. The same experiments on other cultivars pertaining to other genomic groups will make it possible to confirm or cancel these results. Cameroon / Musa (plantains) / micropropagation / explants / propagation materials / growth / plant developmental stages / vegetative period / yields Comportement de vitroplants de bananiers plantains issus de bourgeons axillaires et apicaux au cours de l'acclimatation et en champ.

Integrated genetic map of citrus based on RAPD markers

Abstract: Introduction . The citrus industry is one of the main activities of Brazilian agriculture. Several pests and diseases have threatened citrus culture in recent years. Genetic mapping is one of the most efficient strategies for conducting advanced genetic studies by facilitating plant selection guided by markers. The objective of this study was to construct an integrated genetic map between Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. ‘Pera’ and C. reticulata Blanco cv. ‘Cravo’ using two different types of segregation of markers. Materials and methods . The linkage analyses were conducted with segregation data obtained from 256 RAPD markers in a population of 94 hybrids. Analyses were performed through the software JoinMap, LOD ≥ 6.0, θ ≤ 0.25, and the Kosambi function. Results and discussion . The linked map between the two cultivars had 217 markers defined by 15 linkage groups, covering 527 cM. This map had five linkage groups with common markers of ‘Pera’ and ‘Cravo’. The inclusion of new markers would increase the number of linkage groups with markers from both parents, thus making their number equal to the haploid chromosome number. The alterations in the order and in the distances among the markers, due to the presence or absence of bridging markers in the linkage map, are discussed.

Physico-chemical properties of the African pear and Black olive from different agro-ecological zones of Cameroon

Abstract: Introduction. Dacryodes edulis and Canarium schweinfurthii are two tropical multi-purpose trees in Cameroon which produce fruits (African pear and Black olive, respec- tively) for human consumption, which are marketed more and more on the national and international markets. This study aimed at characterising these two fruits starting from their physical and chemical properties. Materials and methods. Fruits were collected during the harvest peak in three agro-ecological zones of Cameroon. The physical properties measured were the weight, the length, the fruit circumference and the pulp thickness, while the chemi- cal analyses included the moisture and protein, lipid and ash contents. Results. The fruits from the humid forest were largest (96 g), whereas the smallest came from the grassland (54 g). The highest pulp per fruit content (69% for the African pear and 57% for Black olive) was observed in fruits harvested in the humid forest zone. The strongest correlation (r = 0.25) between the fruit weight and that of pulp was observed for Black olive produced in the humid forest zone. The crude protein rate was highest (8%) in fruits from the humid forest, whereas that of the lipids (42%) prevailed in the semi-forest zone. Conclusion. The humid forest zone offers the best agro-ecological conditions for commercial production of the fruits of D. edulis and C schweinfurthii. These two fruits contain proteins and lipids in significant quantities and can, consequently, be used as alternative sources for these nutritive elements. Cameroon / multiple-use trees / Dacryodes edulis / Canarium schweinfurthii / fruits / proximate composition

Influence of voltage and electrode type on the yield and quality of fruit juice extracted by ohmic heating

Abstract: Introduction . Extraction of juice from fruit is one of the most important ways of producing fruit drinks, but the extraction rate is hindered by natural factors. This has given rise to exploration of better methods such as ohmic heating to enhance juice yield. Materials and methods . Orange (Citrus sinensis ), pawpaw (Carica papaya) and tomato (Lycopercium esculentum ) were ohmic-heated at 9 V dc and 110 V ac, using different electrode combinations of copper / copper (Cu / Cu) and copper / aluminum (Cu / Al) at time intervals of (5, 10 and 15) min. Juice was pressed out through a muslin cloth, and yield, pH, color and vitamin C content were determined. Structural changes in the electrode were notified, while voltage drops across the system were studied. Results and discussion . There were significant differences in juice yield according to the electrode type, the fruit type and the ohmic heating treatment time. The use of Cu / Cu electrodes at 110 V ac gave the highest juice yield; tomato yielded the highest juice content per fruit, while pawpaw yielded the least. Cu / cu-treated samples gave the worst quality in terms of color and acceptability, with indication of a high electrolysis, which dissolved the electrodes. The pH decreased with the ohmic heating treatment times. The vitamin C content significantly varied with ohmic heating time, electrode type and fruit type, and decreased in pawpaw from (63.3 to 3.91) mg·100 g–1 for Cu / Al electrodes to zero for Cu / Cu electrodes with (10 and 15) min heating. Orange retained more vitamin C irrespective of the treatment. Conclusion . The results showed that enhancement of juice extraction by ohmic heating is feasible. For commercialization of the process, the correct electrodes devoid of electrolysis must be used.