Showing papers in "IEEE Industry Applications Magazine in 2019"
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study on power quality and voltage profile was conducted using a 1.1MW ac grid-connected PV power plant in Miami, Florida, where power quality analysis, total harmonic distortion (THD) was explored, and high power and high energy ramp rate analyses were made.
Abstract: More People are Turning to Photovoltaic (PV) technology to supply energy needs as concerns rise about greenhouse gases. Thus, installed PV capacity across the smart grid distribution systems has been rising. However, the high penetration of PVs could affect the operation and planning of distribution networks. To evaluate the impact of PVs connected to the grid, a case study on power quality and voltage profile was conducted using a 1.1-MW ac gridconnected PV power plant in Miami, Florida. As part of the power quality analysis, total harmonic distortion (THD) was explored, and high-power and high-energy ramp rate analyses were made.
18 citations
TL;DR: Efforts to conserve energy and advances in technology are assisting producers in making strides in the design and powering of ac electric-arc furnaces (EAFs) used in steelmaking.
Abstract: Efforts to conserve energy and advances in technology are assisting producers in making strides in the design and powering of ac electric-arc furnaces (EAFs) used in steelmaking. In the past, furnace operators relied on analog meters for power, energy, voltage, current, and limited strip-chart recordings. Currently, with digital data acquisition systems and abundant computer memory, a wealth of information that extends beyond power quantities is available to operators for real-time application and postprocessing during each and every heat. Although operators use these data to track furnace performance and make minor adjustments, all significant changes are reserved for a period, typically once a year, when a furnace is tuned.
10 citations
TL;DR: Five successful case studies of rotor cage and four cases of reactor starting defects are presented in this article to demonstrate the advantages of starting current analysis for induction motor monitoring.
Abstract: The failure of Medium Voltage (MV) induction motors is a major concern in the steel industry since it can cause an unplanned outage resulting in significant economic consequences. Predictive maintenance based on offline and online testing of the induction motors is critical for maintaining reliable, efficient, and safe plant operations. Many years of experience has indicated that the MV induction motor failure rate can be reduced with periodic motor testing, resulting in improved plant reliability and productivity. It has been observed that false fault indications are commonly produced by commercially available test equipment. Considering that the application of multiple types of tests can improve outcome reliability, the effectiveness of a new test approach based on the analysis of the motor starting current was investigated for detecting defects in the rotor cage and reactor starting. An analysis of the starting data obtained from 614-MV induction motors operating at a steel mill over the past 10+ years showed that these two types of faults were present in 45-MV motors. Five successful case studies of rotor cage and four cases of reactor starting defects are presented in this article to demonstrate the advantages of starting current analysis for induction motor monitoring.
10 citations
TL;DR: This article is a guide to drive isolation techniques and major types of converters for various topologies of MV ASDs and briefly explores the theory, advantages, and disadvantages of each configuration and application with considerations for selecting the optimal drive isolation technique.
Abstract: Compression and pumping applications represent a majority of all rotating machinery in modern industrial plants. In the past two decades, electric motors have been replacing turbines as the prime mover of choice for large rotating equipment at an increased rate. The use of electrically driven equipment is widespread even for critical applications. As semiconductor technology evolves, adjustable speed drives (ASDs) gain favor as the best option for both motor starting and speed control. Volume, pressure, and flow are adjusted by varying the speed of electric motors, even in motors that are larger than 50,000 hp. Multiple medium-voltage (MV) ASD topologies exist today that offer excellent motor performance. One of the key topics of discussion among specifiers and end users concerns the effects of ASDs on the utility line. Several methods for improving line-side performance use incoming isolation transformers, but some do not. It is often not clear when drive isolation transformers (DITs) should be used and which converter topology should be employed. This article is a guide to drive isolation techniques and major types of converters for various topologies of MV ASDs. It briefly explores the theory, advantages, and disadvantages of each configuration and application with considerations for selecting the optimal drive isolation technique.
9 citations
TL;DR: Risk management, risk assessment, and the hierarchy of risk control are slowly gaining acceptance in the electrical community as an effective and sustainable approach to improve workplace electrical safety in the petrochemical industry as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Risk management, risk assessment, and the hierarchy of risk control are slowly gaining acceptance in the electrical community as an effective and sustainable approach to improve workplace electrical safety. What are risk management, risk assessment, and the hierarchy of risk control? How can they be applied in a practical way to electrical safety in the petrochemical industry?
9 citations
TL;DR: A case study involving the installation of five new adjustable-speed drives (ASDs) to regulate flow for a high-volume water spray system installed on a steel mill runout table (ROT) is presented in this article.
Abstract: A case study involving the installation of five new adjustable-speed drives (ASDs) to regulate flow for a high-volume water spray system installed on a steel mill runout table (ROT) is presented in this article. This energy project retrofitted an existing system at an integrated steel mill in the central United States. Best practices and lessons learned will be reviewed, and outline processes justifying the new technology upgrades, mill alignment with the serving electric utility to leverage the available energy credits, equipment selection and installation, and metrics demonstrating that the project delivered the desired payback will be examined.
8 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that the automobile fire-detection and control system, devoid of false alarms, detects and extinguishes fire in under 20s.
Abstract: Despite the immense benefits of fire detection in road transport, more than 2,000 vehicles are damaged by unexpected fires on a daily basis. On a global scale, incendiary-based losses for the automobile and insurance industries have run in to the billions of dollars in the past decade. One contributing factor is the lack of a sophisticated fire safety system in automobiles. This has been addressed by designing and implementing fuzzy logic control systems with feedback over an Arduino microcontroller system. The automatic system, consisting of flame, temperature, and smoke sensors as well as a re-engineered mobile carbon dioxide (CO2) air-conditioning unit, was tested on a medium-sized physical car. Results suggest that the automobile fire-detection and control system, devoid of false alarms, detects and extinguishes fire in under 20s. An innovative, very promising modular solution for hardware implementation in fire detection and control for automobiles has been developed by using new algorithms and fuzzy logic.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a selection of online and offline testing methods to provide the user with practical guidance on procedures and acceptance criteria to effectively quantify rotor turn-to-turn insulation.
Abstract: Synchronous motors play a key role in the operation of a large cement and aggregate facility. Advancement in operating practices tends toward predictive maintenance and increased time between planned outages. As end users extend the continuous duty cycle of synchronous motors to intervals of more than one year, the ability to accurately predict motor condition becomes critical. Although significant literature exists on stator testing, little information is available to quantify the life of a synchronous rotor. Synchronous motors with salient poles operate reliably for 25 years or more with proper care, but even the most durable motor will suffer rotor winding insulation breakdown after extended operation. As weak short circuits in pole windings develop, increased excitation is required to maintain a given power factor (PF), and this additional rotor current increases heating, which accelerates the cumulative damage. This article presents a selection of online and offline testing methods to provide the user with practical guidance on procedures and acceptance criteria to effectively quantify rotor turn-to-turn insulation. These methods provide a predictive tool to plan necessary repairs while maximizing the operational life of a synchronous motor.
7 citations
TL;DR: Results show that the efficiency of a DT decreases with PQ degradation, and the proposed fuzzy system is able to make accurate diagnoses.
Abstract: Power Quality (PQ) is a major factor for utilities to consider when meeting customer demands. Poor PQ can damage sensitive equipment and lead to costly repairs, resulting in lost time, corrupt data, and lower productivity. It also increases losses, raises electricity bills, and reduces the life expectancy of electrical equipment. In this article, a fuzzy system is used to determine PQ for various operating conditions and study its effect on the performance of distribution transformers (DTs). Experiments are performed on a three-phase, 15-kVA, 400/400-V DT. The input supply voltage to the DT is intentionally disturbed by means of a motor-alternator-variacs-triacs assembly to obtain different PQ conditions. A fuzzy system is developed with offline and online approaches. This system has five measurable inputs-supply voltage, load current, frequency, harmonics distortion, and winding temperature-and one output variable, PQ. Offline and online experimental results are compared. Results show that the efficiency of a DT decreases with PQ degradation, and the proposed fuzzy system is able to make accurate diagnoses.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a brief description of selection criteria used for evaluation and their pros and cons, making the choice of the appropriate one dependent on the application and the application requirements.
Abstract: Neutral grounding of industrial power systems has always been a controversial topic. Historically, systems with ungrounded neutral were dominant because of the service continuity with a ground fault on the system. This resulted in high system availability because there was no need to trip after the first ground-fault inception. However, as industrial power systems became more complex, transient overvoltage during a ground fault became more severe, making ungrounded-neutral systems less attractive. On the contrary, the ability of grounded-neutral systems to limit overvoltages made them more popular. Over time, ungrounded systems in North America started to disappear, except legacy systems, and almost all new industrial systems are designed with grounded neutral. With myriad grounding methods, the question is which is the most appropriate method to use? Each method has its pros and cons, making the choice of the appropriate one dependent on the application. For each grounding method, this article presents a brief description of selection criteria used for evaluation and their pros and cons.
5 citations
TL;DR: The modern pulp, paper, and forest industries still have applications powered by dc equipment; however, the most recent installation trend is toward ac machines.
Abstract: To paraphrase the son of lady macduff in william Shakespeare's Macbeth, "DC is not dead, for all your saying!" When the paper industry was first electrified, the only type of machine capable of variable-speed operation was powered by dc. There were numerous manufacturers and users who knew how the machines worked and how to maintain them. Over time, the control of these machines has changed from relatively simple analog to complex digital systems. Those whose task it was to keep the machines healthy have since moved on to other things. The modern pulp, paper, and forest industries still have applications powered by dc equipment; however, the most recent installation trend is toward ac machines.
TL;DR: In this article, a direct power control (DPC) scheme for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy systems is proposed, which employs hysteresis-based controllers (HBCs) for the stator active and reactive power.
Abstract: A direct power control (DPC) scheme for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy systems is a simple control structure and has fast dynamic response in comparison with other well-developed control approaches, such as field-oriented control (FOC). The simplicity of this method comes from employing hysteresis-based controllers (HBCs) for the stator active and reactive power. However, the controller is nonlinear, and the converter has a nonconstant switching frequency.
TL;DR: This article analyzes the different evolutionary scenarios that characterize faults in primary distribution circuits versus branch distribution circuits and illustrates a case study of the fire ignition that affected two fabric storage rooms and an adjacent transformer substation.
Abstract: In power systems that comply with best practices, electrical ignition theoretically remains possible only when there is an accident. Generally, if there is a fire, it is not easy to identify its origin because everything is destroyed. In an effort to assist fire investigations, this article suggests a deductive approach in testing possible hypotheses on electrical ignition. It analyzes the different evolutionary scenarios that characterize faults in primary distribution circuits versus branch distribution circuits. As an application, we illustrate a case study of the fire ignition that affected two fabric storage rooms and an adjacent transformer substation.
TL;DR: Practical design principles to follow for networked protection and control systems and the risks and proper mitigations for many common problems, such as human error, malicious malware, and advanced nation-state zeroday attacks are explained.
Abstract: This article explains practical design principles to follow for networked protection and control (P&C) systems. Proven cybersecurity best practices, system architectures, monitoring methods, and defense-in-depth techniques are described. The risks and proper mitigations are explain ed for many common problems, such as human error, malicious malware, and advanced nation-state zeroday attacks. This article references and summarizes several industry standards.
TL;DR: An overview of the associated design process and technical solutions to address critical load needs is provided and a methodology that evaluates whether a load should be classified as critical is discussed.
Abstract: Every facility, regardless of its size, has process loads that are considered to be critical. However, what does the term critical mean? A process engineer's definition of a critical load may differ from that of an electrical engineer; a health, safety and environmental engineer; or a plant engineer. This article defines critical loads and discusses a methodology that evaluates whether a load should be classified as critical. The methodology considers personnel and equipment safety, process immunity time, and electrical system reliability. We provide an overview of the associated design process and technical solutions to address critical load needs.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe methods to identify hazards and assess the risks associated with capacitor stored energy, including shock, arc flash, short circuit heating, and acoustic energy release.
Abstract: This article describes methods to identify hazards and assess the risks associated with capacitor stored energy. Building on previous research, we establish practical thresholds for various hazards that are associated with stored capacitor energy, including shock, arc flash, short circuit heating, and acoustic energy release. It also discusses the combination of engineered safeguards and safe work practices that qualified personnel can use for various configurations, such as hard versus soft grounding and discharge wait times.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on efforts to design and produce lithium-ion batteries that offer the greatest safety for the products they support, and present some examples of such efforts.
Abstract: Reports on efforts to design and produce lithium-ion batteries that offer the greatest safety for the products they support.
TL;DR: The fundamentals of how the plant performs isochronous load sharing in an islanded power system with various makes and sizes of generators are revealed and the decentralized generation control system interface methodology with automatic speed governors and voltage regulators is detailed.
Abstract: A liquefied natural gas facility in the United States is being expanded to allow the liquefaction of natural gas and exportation of liquefied natural gas while keeping intact its existing import facilities. This means it will add more loads and steam-based generation to its existing gas turbine generator (GTG ) portfolio. The upgraded system will feature six GTG s and two steam turbine generators (STGs) in an islanded plant with no grid connection. This article reveals the fundamentals of how the plant performs isochronous load sharing in an islanded power system with various makes and sizes of generators (steam and gas turbines) and details the decentralized generation control system interface methodology with automatic speed governors and voltage regulators. Also presented are some topics that are crucial for industrial power systems-particularly in islanded configurations-as well as the transient simulations performed in a controlled lab environment that analyze system stability and help finalize the generator modes of operation.
TL;DR: This article provides the opportunity to further optimize motor efficiency by discussing issues with existing test-standard loss models and describing model methods that better characterize motor losses.
Abstract: For many years, industry standards, including IEEE Standard 112, have characterized the component losses of three-phase induction motors as primary and secondary conductor or (I2R) core, friction and windage, and stray load loss (SLL). The definition of each, as epitomized by IEEE 112, guarantees that part of the losses will be characterized as SLL. It also ensures that the secondary I2R loss will be underestimated and that the core loss associated with field distortions resulting from load current are not properly identified. This article provides the opportunity to further optimize motor efficiency by discussing issues with existing test-standard loss models and describing model methods that better characterize motor losses.
TL;DR: A new adaptive controller for energy efficiency in industrial WNCSs is presented, reducing the frequency of wireless transmission allows for a reduction in the power expenditure of wireless devices in a W NCS.
Abstract: A major concern in practical applications of wireless networked control systems (WNCSs) is the energy expenditure of wireless devices. There must be a tradeoff between the control performance requirement for fast updates and the battery lifetime of wireless sensors. This article presents a new adaptive controller for energy efficiency in industrial WNCSs. Reducing the frequency of wireless transmission allows for a reduction in the power expenditure of wireless devices in a WNCS.
TL;DR: This work details a specific UPS topology chosen for a floating production platform with high reliability requirements and space constraints, and identifies particular reliability concerns associated with that topology and outlines different solutions, with their associated advantages and disadvantages.
Abstract: Industrial Uninterruptible Power Systems (UPSS) on floating offshore oil and gas platforms supply power to critical loads and require extremely high reliability and uptime. UPS configuration or topology can have a major impact on reliability and uptime, and although several UPS topologies are available on the market, space constraints can limit the options. It is important to understand topology and how the components that make up a UPS operate and impact reliability. We detail a specific UPS topology chosen for a floating production platform with high reliability requirements and space constraints. We also identify particular reliability concerns associated with that topology and outline different solutions, with their associated advantages and disadvantages.
TL;DR: This article describes how the proposed methodology permits the identification of zones at risk of a cascade tripping, and an inference system analyzes the deformation in power quality to predict the new topology after clearing an abnormal electrical system event.
Abstract: This investigation presents a new methodology for identifying break-point relays in protection coordination by way of electrical power quality analysis. This article describes how the proposed methodology permits the identification of zones at risk of a cascade tripping. An inference system analyzes the deformation in power quality to predict the new topology after clearing an abnormal electrical system event. New adjustment estimates required during temporary disruptions can anticipate topological changes via protection operations.
TL;DR: The proven advantages of digital technology for power system protective relays are now commonplace in the power producing and delivery industry, providing unsurpassed reliability and extended capabilities at an economical cost.
Abstract: The proven advantages of digital technology for power system protective relays are now commonplace in the power producing and delivery industry. Digital relays provide unsurpassed reliability and extended capabilities at an economical cost. Keeping pace with the testing and commissioning requirements of these devices has proven to be a challenge for both protective relay engineers and technicians. Although testing procedures have been well defined for single-function electromechanical (EM) protection devices, modern relay test procedures have been left to the utility to develop, creating possible shortcuts that may compromise the protection system operation.
TL;DR: In this article, the upgrading of a large natural gas field to improve the field production profile of the nonassociated gas recovery rate of the existing wells is discussed, and the technical challenges for designing and ensuring power delivery to these locations without sacrificing quality, reliability, and safety are reviewed.
Abstract: In this article, we detail the upgrading of a large natural GAS field to improve the field production profile of the nonassociated gas recovery rate of the existing wells. Several gas compression plants (GCPs) with nearly 20 large, high-voltage (HV) motors will be optimally located based on thermohydraulic modeling results. This requires a power system network that provides a reliable and stable power supply to critical operations, delivering over 3 billion standard cubic feet per day of compressed gas. These GCPs are located in remote areas with severe Middle East weather conditions. The technical challenges for designing and ensuring power delivery to these locations without sacrificing quality, reliability, and safety are reviewed. Analyzing the design, planning, installation options, construction techniques, safety requirements, and logistical methods used in the design are discussed. It also addresses the interface with the utility, HV transmission line configuration, selection of substation equipment, and motorstarting methods to distribute power from the bulk supply point (BSP) to the GCPs.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a description of AVTs and their use, listing requirements, and application considerations, as defined in Underwriters Laboratory (UL) 1436, and a discussion of how AVTs can be used to support National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70E work practices.
Abstract: This article provides a description of absence-of-voltage testers (AVTs) and their use, listing requirements [as defined in Underwriters Laboratory (UL) 1436], and application considerations. It includes is a discussion of how AVTs can be used to support National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70E work practices, and the advantages and limitations of AVTs are addressed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors predicted that the sun will no longer be sustainable and extinguish when its own energy produced by nuclear fusion in its core due to hydrogen atoms converting into helium would no longer burn hydrogen, and the sun at that time will glow redhot rather than white-hot due to the cooling of its surface.
Abstract: Renewable and sustainable sources of light on Earth are usually associated with energy from the sun. However, scientists predict that, in about 5 billion years, this source of light, which is now about 4.6 billion years old, will no longer be sustainable and extinguish when its own energy produced by nuclear fusion in its core due to hydrogen atoms converting into helium will no longer burn hydrogen. The sun at that time will glow redhot rather than white-hot due to the cooling of its surface and become a full-blown red giant star (Figure 1) instead of a yellow dwarf star, as it is today. As it cools, it will eventually become a white dwarf star and no longer produce energy by fusion. The sun will grow significantly in size since gravitational forces will no longer be balanced in its core energy conversion process, causing it to expand.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the procedures for an unplanned breaker trip or equipment failure in a power switch switch and how to respond to such an outage so that potential safety issues are not created when one occurs.
Abstract: Most facilities have effective procedures for conducting routine switching and maintenance. However, what are the procedures for an unplanned breaker trip or equipment failure? Who do you call? How do you lock out? Where do you ground? How do you assess the damage? How do you restart? These questions need to be answered before an outage happens so that time is not wasted and potential safety issues are not created when one occurs.
TL;DR: Hans Christian?ersted (1777-1851) was a professor of physics at the University of Copenhagen as discussed by the authors who learned of the invention of the electric battery in 1799 from Alessandro Volta, and began to experiment with electric currents.
Abstract: Hans Christian ?ersted (Figure 1) was a professor of physics at the University of Copenhagen (1777-1851). When he learned of the invention of the electric battery in 1799 from Alessandro Volta, he began to experiment with electric currents.
TL;DR: Recent protection requirements for arc-flash-related labeling and their intent and potential practical effects are discussed as well as how to ensure that the protection this language seeks to provide is included in the electrical power distribution system.
Abstract: The National Electrical Code (NEC) has included requirement s for arc-flash-related labeling for several code cycles [1]. Increasingly rigorous requirements for specific arc-flash-related protection attempt to reduce any arc-flash hazards to which personnel may be exposed. They may be exposed to arc-flash hazards during planned energized work or accidentally at any time. The riskcontrol mechanisms added to the NEC in recent times include additional signage requirements and two articles that intend to reduce arc-flash hazard by decreasing clearing time for circuits rated 1,200 A or greater whether protected by circuit breakers or fuses. This article discusses these recent protection requirements and their intent and potential practical effects as well as how to ensure that the protection this language seeks to provide is included in the electrical power distribution system.