Showing papers in "international journal of chemical sciences in 2008"

Citrus Fruits: A Rich Source of Phytochemicals and their Roles in Human Health A Review

Abstract: Citrus fruits are the main fruit trees grown throughout the world and are well – appreciated for their refreshing juice and health benefits. Numerous therapeutic properties have been attributed to citrus fruits, like anticancer, antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory activities, and effects on capillary fragility as well as an ability to inhabit platelet aggregation. More recently, therapeutic values related to cardiovascular diseases and age related macular degeneration have been reported. These numerous health benefits of citrus fruits are linked to the high amounts of photochemical and bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals available in citrus fruits. These phytonutrients may act as antioxidants, stimulate the immune systems; induce protective enzymes in the liver or block the damage of the genetic materials. The phytonutrients and vitamins may be responsible for the antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of the citrus species. The citrus species have numerous applications in herbal medicine and as fruits in Nigeria. In this review, the protective effects of citrus flavonoids and carotenoids against cancer, tumor growth, cardio diseases and macular degeneration along with various healing benefits and nutritional values of citrus fruits have been discussed.

Evaluation of the Phytochemical Composition of Mango (Mangifera indica Linn) Stem Bark and Leaves

Abstract: The phytochemical contents and medicinal values of Mangifera Indica stem barks and leaves were investigated. The results showed that the plant parts contain the presence of bioactive compounds comprising alkaloids (0.84 – 9.66 mg 100 g -1), flavonoids (6.86 – 11.24 mg 100 g –1), saponins (3.22 – 8.48 mg 100 g –1), tannins (0.09 – 0.75 mg 100 g –1) and phenols (0.09 – 0.75 mg. 100 g –1). The plant also contains water soluble vitamins comprising ascorbic acid (7.92 – 29.92 mg. 100 g –1), riboflavin (0.08 – 0.09 mg. 100 g –1), niacin (0.55 – 0.75 mg 100 g –1) and thiamine (0.02 – 0.45 mg. 100 g -1 ). Both plant parts are good sources of minerals such as Ca, Mg, K, Zn, Cu and Cd. These results showed that extract from mango (Mangifera indica) stem barks and leaves may have antioxidant, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory functions.

Quinazoline derivatives with potent anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities

Abstract: The biosynthesis modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) has become an important strategy for pharmacological intervention in a variety of inflammatory and fibrotic disease states. Thus , inhibition of PICs will provide the basis f or an effective choice of treatment in inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, psoriasis , chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis. In this review, basic attention is directed towards the s imple and fused substituted quinazolines with proven potencies whose quantitative data are consolidated from literature, which are possessing remarkable anti-inflammatory activity as nitric oxide synthase-II (NOS- II) inhibitors, nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) inhibitors, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) inhibitors , interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitors and combined type 3 and 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors with both bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties.

Norfloxacin : A Therapeutic Review

Abstract: This therapeutic review illustrates the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, antibacterial spectrum and interactions of norfloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. A special emphasis is laid on the clinical efficacy and antimicrobial spectrum of norfloxacin and its place in clinical therapy. Norfloxacin is generally well tolerated and its adverse effects are not very severe. Regardless of the fact that norfloxacin was introduced long back and many new fluoroquinolones have been introduced thereafter, it still holds a very important place in treatment of several infectious diseases.

A Study on Anisotropic Etching of (100) Silicon in Aqueous KOH Solution

Abstract: This paper reports the temperature and concentration dependence of anisotropic etching of (100) silicon in aqueous KOH solution. Etching rate of wet etching of (100) silicon in pure KOH solution has been experimentally determined with varying KOH concentration and the temperature of the KOH solution. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy have been employed for the inspection of the quality of the etched surfaces. It has been observed that the etching rate increases with increasing temperature of the KOH solution for concentrations varying from 10% to 45% by weight. However, for a given KOH temperature, the etching rate decreases with increasing KOH concentration. The 10% KOH solution in contrary enhances oxidation of the silicon surfaces leading towards more hydrophilic and therefore a reduced etching rate is resulted.

Dual Wavelength and Simultaneous Equation Spectrophotometric Methods for Estimation of Atenolol and Indapamide in Their Combined Dosage Form

Abstract: Two simpl e, accurate and precise UV spectroscopic methods were developed for the simultaneous estimation of atenolol and indapamide in their combined dosage form. First method employs formation and solving of simultaneous equation using 246.4 nm and 266 nm as two wavelengths for formation of simultaneous equations. Second method being dual wavelength method, in which two wavelengths were selected for each drug in a way so that the difference in absorbance is zero for another drug. Atenolol has equal absorbance at 246.4 nm and 254.2 nm, where the differences in absorbance were measured for the determination of indapamide; similarly differences in absorbance at 266 nm and 270.2 nm were measured for the determination of atenolol. The results of analysis were vali dated statistically and by recovery studies and found to be free from interferences. These methods obey Beer’s law in the concentration range 100 to 350 and 5 to 17.5 µg/mL for atenolol and indapamide, respectively.

Preliminary Phytochemistry of Ipomea carnea Jacq. and Vitex negundo Linn. Leaves

Abstract: The result of this study reveals that the upta ke and transformation of plant natural products and volatiles constitute an important array of substances governing the sensitivity of the herbivore in food selection. Hence, an understanding of the variability of secondary metabolites and their role in i nsect repellence need attention in near future. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of I. carnea and V. negundo showed the presence of compounds such as phenols, saponins, xathoproteins, triterpenoids, tannins and flavonoids. The major compounds identified through GC-MS in V. negundo are 1H-indene, cyclododecanol, patchoulane, 1,2-dihexylcyclopropene-3-carboxylic acid, 2-heptenoic acid, (+) aromadendrene, trans-caryophyllene, 7-oxabicyclo [4.1.0] heptane, cyclohexane, farnesol, pentadecane and 1-octanol. Neophyadiene, 1-decanol, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecane, 1-iodo-2-methylundecane, trans-caryophyllene, eicosane, 2-butenoic acid and cholestan-3-one are the major secondary metabolites in I. carnea . Further identification of the compounds through I R, NMR etc. is necessary to find out the exact compound responsible for insecticidal property.

Synthesis and Antitubercular Activity of 6-Nitro-2-[4-Formyl-3-(substituted Phenyl) pyrazol-1-yl] Benzothiazoles

Abstract: Various 6-nitro-2-[4-formyl-3-(substituted phenyl) pyrazol-1-yl] benzothiazoles were synthesized and screened for antitubercular activity against H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by proportion method on Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) media. Synthesis of 6-nitro-2-[4-formyl-3-(substituted phenyl) pyrazol-1-yl] benzothiazoles reported in this study provides a novel example of Vilsmeier Haack reagent mediated heterocyclic synthesis. 6-Nitro-2-[4-formyl-3-(substituted phenyl) pyrazol-1-yl] benzothiazoles exhibit a range of activities in the antitubercular screens. Compounds IVh and IVj emerged as the most promising active compounds comparable to that of standards

Studies on Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Euphorbia Tirucalli L. Latex

Abstract: The Aqueous, dichloromethane-methanol and pet. ether extract of the latex of Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae) was screened for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Analgesic activity was compared with aspirin by tail-immersion and by acetic acid induced writhing methods. The anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan induced paw edema in albino rats was compared with ibuprofen. In all the methods encouraging results were obtained for aqueous, dichloromethane-methanol and pet. ether extracts.

Synthesis of Some Thiazole Compounds of Biological Interest Containing Mercapto Group

Abstract: A new series of ,-(4-phenyl-2-thiazolyol) thio-alkyl/aryl substituted acetamides have been synthesized by reacting 4-phenyl-2-mercaptothiazole with appropriate N-substituted 4-chloracetamides. The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of spectral data. All these compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some of these compounds have been shown promising activities.

Simultaneous Estimation of Amlodipine and Atorvastatin in Tablets using Orthogonal Function Ratio Spectrometry

Abstract: Orthogonal polynomial function method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of binary mixtures of Amlodipine and Atorvastatin in tablet formulations. All the parameters for orthogonal polynomial function method have been optimized by using computer programme in “C” language. The described method was applied for the determination of these combinations in synthetic mixtures and tablet dosage forms. The contents of amlodipine in tablets were found to be 2.49 mg and Atorvastatin is 9.96 mg of the label claim 2.5 mg of amlodipine and 10 mg of Atorvastatin respectively. The linearity was validated by least square method. The recovery is within the limit of 98% to 102%. The proposed methods are simple, economical, accurate, reproducible and rapid.

Novel Food: A Strategy to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, angina pectoris and hypertension have become a major health problem throughout the world. The major modifiable risk factors of developing CVDs are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, hyperlipidaemia, obesity and high intake of alcohol. The role of diet in the etiology of most CVDs is extremely important. The industrial revolution in the last few decades has introduced radical changes in methods of food production, processing, storage and distribution. Economic developments together with recent technological innovations and modern marketing techniques have further modified dietary preferences. Current scientific evidences increasingly support the notion that novel foods have many potential health benefits. Novel foods are traditional foods with newly defined significances on humans. This article focuses on role of novel foods in cardiovascular disease prevention and health promotion.

Biological Treatment of Tannery Wastewater for Sulfide Removal A Review

Abstract: The transformation of hides into leather is usually done by using tanning agents and a highly turbid, colored and foul smelling wastewater is generated in the process. The major components of the effluent include sulfide, chromium, volatile organic compounds, large quantities of solid waste, suspended solids like animal hair and trimmings. The various components present in the effluent affect human beings, agriculture and livestock besides causing severe ailments to the tannery workers. The environmental protection regulations stipulate that industries are not allowed to emit sulfide and chromium in the wastewater. Thus removal of sulfide and chromium from the wastewater is very important. A number of researchers worked on the removal of sulfide and chromium from the wastewater streams, but little has been reported on the sulfide removal from the tannery wastewater. In this paper, characteristics of tannery wastewater and methods of sulfide removal have been discussed.

Thermal Accident Investigation of Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide by Calorimetric Technique

Abstract: Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKPO) has highly reactive and unstable exothermal features. In recent years, it has caused many thermal explosion and runaway reaction accidents in manufacturing processes. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were applied to manufacture MEKPO. To prevent casualties from runaway reactions and thermal explosion events from occurring, the goal of this study was to simulate a process for an emergency response. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to integrate thermal hazard development. Results indicated that MEKPO decomposed at lower temperature (30–40°C) and exploded on exponential development. Temperature of no return (TNR), time to maximum rate (TMR), self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT), maximum of temperature (Tmax), etc., were necessary and useful to study emergency response procedure in terms of industrial applications. In view of loss prevention, corporations with reactive chemicals must have an emergency response plan.

Studies on Some Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Coconut Water Near Sugar and Chemical Factory, Kopergaon (M. S.)

Abstract: The analysis was carried out for the parameters pH, acidity, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, iron, copper and riboflavin in tender coconut water. In present work, pollution due to industr ial waste have been studied by taking tender coconut water samples at eight different places. The natural quality of ground water and soil tends to be degraded by human activities and , which is ultimately found in plants. The present study is mainly concen trated in the contents of tender coconut water samples near sugar and chemical factory.

Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Estimation of Cilostazol and Aspirin in Synthetic Mixture

Abstract: estimation of aspirin and cilostazol in the synthetic mixture. Aspirin has absorbance maxima at 226 nm and cilostazol has absorbance maxima at 257 nm in methanol. The linearity was observed in the concentration range of 2-24 μg/mL for the both aspirin and cilostazol. First method is based on the simultaneous equations; Absorbances of both the drugs were determined at 226 nm (

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-aryl - 3-chloro -1- nicotinamido-2-azetidinones as potential anticonvulsant and antimycobacterial agents

Abstract: In the present study novel series of 4 - aryl – 3 - chloro – 1 – nicotinamido – 2 -azetidinones were synthesized and characterized by means of IR, 1H- NMR, Mass spectral analysis. The compounds were screened for anticonvulsant and antimycobacterial activities. Antimycobacterial activity was screened using standard Strain H37RV and two Human Strains (Human strain-I and Human strain-II) isolated from patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C3, C5 , C6, C9 , against standard Strain H37RV was found to be 50-100 μg/mL, for Human strain-I and Human strain-II, the MIC was found to be 100-200 μg/mL. Anticonvulsant activity was tested in Wistar rats by maximal electro shock (MES) method. Compounds C1, C2 , C3, C4 , C5, C6 , C8, C13 and C14, showed significant anticonvulsant activity and compounds C9, C10 , C11 and C12 showed moderate activity.

Use of Dyes in Photogalvanic Cell for Solar Energy Conversion and Storage: Bismarck Brown and Ascorbic Acid System

Abstract: Photogalvanic effect was studied in photogalvanic cell containing ascorbic acid as reductant and bismarck brown as photosensitizer. The photopotential and photocurrent generated were 915.0 mV and 205.0 μA, respectively. The observed conversion efficiency was 0.8990% and the maximum power of cell was 92.4 μW. The storage capacity of the cell was 38 minutes in dark. The effects of different parameters on electrical output of the cell were observed and a mechanism has been proposed for the generation of photocurrent in photogalvanic cell.

Development and Validation of Spectrophotometric Method For Determination of Amisulpride in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Abstract: A simple and sensitive UV spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative estimation of amisulpride in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms (tablets). Amisulpride exhibited absorption maximum at 226.5 nm in 0.1 N HCl and obeyed Beer’s law in concentration range 2-10 g/mL. The result of analysis in this method has been validated statistically and by recovery studies. This method is extended for the analysis of drug in pharmaceutical formulations.

Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Tramadol in Formulation and Biological Fluids

Abstract: A simple and reliable spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of tramadol HCl in the pharmaceutical preparation and biological fluids. The fluorescence of the product was found to have excitation at max 272 nm and emission emi at 298 nm. The method shows high sensitivity with linearity range from 0.07 to 0.4 5g/mL. The lower limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 1.127 x 10-3 5g/mL, 4.202 x 10-3 5g/mL and limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 3.415 x 10-3 5g/mL, 1.273 x 10-2 5g/mL in formulation and biological fluids, respectively. The different experimental parameters affecting the fluorescence intensity were carefully studied and optimized. The proposed method was applied successfully for determination of tramadol in the pharmaceutical preparation and biological fluids. The percentage recovery was found to be 99.477 ± 0.73 and 102.48 ± 1.433 for formulation and biological fluids, respectively.

Comparative evaluation of antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity of two Nigerian ocimum species

Abstract: This study focused on a comparative evaluation of the antioxidant capacities and cytotoxicity of two ocimum species ( O. gratissimum and O. basillicum ). The m ethanolic extracts of the two species were investigated for antioxidant properties using standard methods. Ocimum gratissimum possessed the highest antioxidant capacity and highest percentage of polyphenolic contents than O. basillicum . The antioxidant cap acities of the two ocimum species are not comparable to the reference standards used. These two ocimum species possessed very low cytotoxicity to brine shrimps and are relatively safe for the purpose utilized.

Chemical estimation of soil fertility status in and around the tea gardens of gohpur sub-division, assam

Abstract: Quantitative measures to monitor soil quality indicators such as soil pH and extractable N-P-K are more developed now and are still being explored as to how these measures affect nutrient levels and the chemical health of the soil. The present research is undertaken with a specific view to strengthen the national and local soil quality database by evaluating chemical indicators of soil quality for better soil management practices. As found out from the experimental results, soils in and around the tea gardens of Gohpur sub-division, Assam, generally have properties that make their management somewhat difficult. The long-term deterioration of soil under the tea gardens in the area has led to impoverishment of soil fertility. It is also observed that the soil health is not in accordance with the fertility rating chart given by ICAR (2005). Soil nutrient imbalance is the key issue that needs to be taken up in the area. A suitable socio-economic and policy environment to maintain and improve soil fertility is also lacking. The researchers feel that environmental aspects of soil quality of this area need serious attention in near future for better agricultural practices.

UV-Spectrophotometric Determination of Pioglitazone in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Abstract: A simple UV-spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative estimation of pioglitazone in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. pioglitazone hydrochloride has absorption maxima at 224.4 nm in ethanol and obeyed Beer’s law in the concentration range of 5-25 8g/mL. The results of method has been validated statistically and by recovery studies.

New Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Pantoprazole in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation

Abstract: A simple, sensitive, rapid and accurate colorimetric method has been developed for the estimation of pantoprazole in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. This method is based on oxidative coupling reaction of pantoprazole with 3-methyl-2-benzathiazoline hydrazone (MBTH) in presence of ferric ammonium sulphate producing orange red colored chromogen, which exhibits absorption maximum at 504 nm. It obeyed Beer’s law in concentration range of 10-90 μg/mL. The results obtained with the proposed method are in good agreement with labeled amounts, when marketed pharmaceutical preparations are analyzed. Results obtained are statistically validated and found to be reproducible.

Simultaneous Determination of Atorvastatin and Ezetimibe by RP-HPLC in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

Abstract: A simple, precise and rapid RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of simvastatin and ezetimibe in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was carried out on a Shim-pack, RP-C18 column using a mixture of acetonitrile: methanol: buffer (triethylamine pH-3) in the ratio 15:45:40 and detection was done at 240 nm using external standard method as quantitation. The linearity range of simvastatin and ezetimibe were 0.5 to 20 µg/ml. The intra-day and inter-day precision were in the range of 1.02-1.43 and 0.53-0.94 for simvastatin, 0.24- 1.29 and 0.93-1.32 for ezetimibe.

Inhibition of Albumin Denaturation and Anti Inflammatory Activity of Furfuryl Substituted Pyrimidinoimidazolinones

Abstract: The various substituted pyrimidinoimidazolinones have been synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Structure of these products have been established by IR and 1 H NMR data . Significant antimicrobial activity was observed for some members of the series.

A high performance liquid chromatographic assay for lercanidipine hydrochloride

Abstract: A simple, rapid and reproducible high performance r eversed phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the estimation of lercanidipine hydrochloride in bulk drug samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms using RPC-18 column. The mobile phase consists of buffer solution and acetonitrile in the ratio 650 : 350, respectively, and was pumped at 1.0 mL/min at 30 C. The detection was carried out at 205 nm and the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.1 g/mL to 20 g/mL . The method was statistically validated for its linearity, precision and accuracy. The intra and inter-day variation was found to be less than 1% showing high precision of the assay method. Due to its simplicity, rapidness, high precision and accuracy, the proposed HPLC method may be used for determining lercanidipine hydrochloride in bulk drug samples or in pharmaceutical formulations.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water of Sambhar Lake City and its Adjoining Area, Jaipur District, Rajasthan, (India)

Abstract: Groundwater samples were collected from different locations of Sambhar lake city and its adjoining area for their physico-chemical studies. Laboratory tests were performed for analysis of samples for total dissolved solids, EC and major ions e.g., Ca+2, Mg2+, NO3 –, F–, Na+ and K+. In this analysis, results for main ions contributing towards TDS and NO3 – are being reported. On comparing the results against drinking water quality standards laid by Indian Council of Medical Research (I.C.M.R.), it is found that most of the water samples are non-potable for human beings due to high concentration of one parameter or the other. Most of the samples have total dissolved solids values much higher than maximum permissible levels by I.C.M.R., which is 1500 ppm. The high value of these parameters may have health implications and therefore, needs attention.

Isolation of an Antioxidant Flavonone Diglycoside from the Nigerian Medicinal Plant Clerodendron Splendens a. Cheval

Abstract: The ethanolic extract of Clerodendron splenden, A. Cheval (Lamiaceae) that had previously been shown to have biological activity were studied. Phytochemical screening of the plants showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycoside and phenolic compounds. The ethanolic extract of Clerodendron splenden resulted in the isolation and characterization of flavonone diglycoside, 3’,5’, 5 – trihydroxy 4’- methoxy flavonone 7-O--D gluconopyranosyl methyl glucopyranose from its spectral data. EI-MS and 1H NMR spin system analysis were performed to characterize the higher order of the glucoside linked to carbon 7 of the flavonone ring system of the isolate. It is concluded that 3’,5’,5- trihydroxy-4’-methoxy flavonone 7-O--D gluconopyranosyl methyl glucopyranose may be a contributor to the antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial and antimicrobial properties exhibited by Clerodendon splenden .

Anti-Nociceptive and Anti-Epileptic Evaluation of N-Mannich Bases of Some Substituted Carbazoles

Abstract: N-Mannich bases of newly synthesized carbazole compounds were synthesized from carbazole by reacting with series of aldehyde like formaldehyde and acetaldehyde and the various secondary amines. Synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral studies and evaluated for antinociceptive and anti-epileptic activities by Eddy’s Hot plate method and maximum electrical shock induced convulsion method respectively. The statistical analysis was done by students “ t ”test and the values were expressed as mean ± SEM.