Showing papers in "International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in 2010"
TL;DR: In this paper, an application of Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) for PHEV is presented and benchmarked against the dynamic programming (DP) for information requirement and optimality.
Abstract: One strategy to minimise petroleum fuel consumption of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is to attain the lowest admissible battery State of Charge (SOC) at the end of driving cycle while following an optimal SOC profile. The challenge of an optimisation algorithm is to find this optimal profile by using least future information about the power demand. An application of Equivalent Consumption Minimisation Strategy (ECMS) for PHEV is presented in this paper and benchmarked against the dynamic programming (DP) for information requirement and optimality. The optimality is assessed in simulation by considering petroleum fuel economy and deviation of the optimal SOC profile from a reference profile for different driving scenarios and battery sizes. Results show that for longer distances and larger battery sizes, ECMS and DP provide similar fuel economy and SOC profiles. A sensitivity analysis with respect to driving distance is presented at the end of the paper.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an electric motor-assisted pedal-driven tricycle was developed at Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, India for short-distance transport.
Abstract: Tricycles or cycle rickshaws are driven by manual pedalling, which is a very strenuous job for rickshaw pullers. On the other hand, auto rickshaws are driven by fossil fuel, which produces too much environmental pollution, especially in the busiest streets of a city, where the average running speed cannot be more than 15 km hr−1. The electric three-wheelers, which contribute less towards air pollution, are completely driven by electric motors and require a large-capacity motor and battery. The drive system of these electric vehicles in general is very complicated, as it includes a heavyweight Permanent Magnet Direct Current (PMDC) motor, gearbox, gear-changing mechanism, clutch and others. Considering the above facts, a novel three-wheeled vehicle or pedicab was developed at Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, India. It is lightweight and can be driven manually with the assistance of an electric motor. It is called the electric motor-assisted pedal-driven tricycle. The combination of pedal and electric motor reduces the drudgery of rickshaw pullers as well as minimises the utilisation of electric energy. Also, due to simultaneous utilisation of electric and manual power, this tricycle produces almost zero greenhouse gases and thus it may be considered one of the future green vehicles, suitable for short-distance transport.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a reduced-order model that reveals the important dynamic distinctions of the system will be developed from a more complex one, which is used to analyse various closed loop effects such as torque performance, disturbance rejection, noise rejection, road feel and stability.
Abstract: An Electric Power Steering (EPS) system will be considered in this report. The modelling of this dynamic system will be achieved with both simplicity and usability taken into account. As such, a reduced-order model that reveals the important dynamic distinctions of the system will be developed from a more complex one. This model will be used to analyse various closed loop effects such as torque performance, disturbance rejection, noise rejection, road feel and stability. These fundamental effects (compromises) are used towards the design of a desired control system. This modelling philosophy together with a comprehensive understanding of system compromises is essential to an optimised EPS system.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an enhanced methodology to report the Fuel Economy (FE) of emerging Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHVs), which includes some powertrain configurations that were excluded by the previous definitions, such as the parallel micro hybrid configuration.
Abstract: The purposes of this paper are to improve on the nomenclature of Hybrid Vehicles (HVs), and to present an enhanced methodology to report the Fuel Economy (FE) of emerging Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHVs). New definitions for HVs and PHVs are presented that include some powertrain configurations that were excluded by the previous definitions, such as the parallel micro-hybrid configuration. The methodology presented to calculate the FE for PHVs involves independently reporting fuel and electrical consumption and eliminates the usage of US driving and owner-charging statistics used in previous methods.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two strategies based on fuzzy controllers are proposed to determine the optimal operation points for the vehicle energy sources during online driving cycles and guarantee soft dynamic transition in switching between operating modes.
Abstract: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are equipped with multiple power sources for improving the efficiency and performance of their power supply system. Hence, an Energy Management (EM) strategy is needed to optimise the internal power flows and to satisfy the driver's power demand. This paper deals with power flow management within a hybrid fuel cell-powered vehicle during real-time operation. The aim is real-time control of the power distribution between the fuel cell and battery to optimise the global hydrogen consumption while the vehicle performs an online driving cycle. To do so, two strategies are proposed based on fuzzy controllers. Both controllers determine the optimised operation points for the vehicle energy sources during online driving cycles and guarantee soft dynamic transition in switching between operating modes. The simulation results confirm the feasibility of both proposed strategies and encourage more research towards an actual application.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a spatial domain dynamic programming (DP) optimal power management scheme for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which integrates multiple trip information including speed, road grade and payload profiles, is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a spatial domain Dynamic Programming (DP) optimal power management scheme for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which integrates multiple trip information including speed, road grade and payload profiles The segment-wise power demand is obtained in a closed form, based on length, initial speed, acceleration, road grade, payload and wind of a road segment The State of Charge (SOC) change is obtained with linearisation of battery non-linear dynamics for different Power Split Ratio (PSR) An adjustable segment scheme used of analytical function is developed in order to improve the computation efficiency of the optimal power management without losing much of fuel economy Simulation study shows that incorporating additional trip information such as road grade and predictable payload change into the optimisation can significantly improve the fuel economy The computational efficiency is also evaluated The proposed method can greatly facilitate the development of optimal power management strategy for PHEV with multiple information inputs
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a new concept with different control strategies, which used a gear box which includes a gear train with two inputs, one coupled with the engine shaft and another with the shaft of a variable speed controlled motor.
Abstract: This paper presents a new concept with different control strategies. The developed intelligent speed controller utilises a gear box which includes a gear train with two inputs, one coupled with the engine shaft and another with the shaft of a variable speed controlled motor. The net output speed is a combination of the two input speeds and is governed by the transmission ratio of the planetary gear train. This new approach eliminates the use of a torque converter, which reduces the power loss that occurs in the box during fluid coupling. By gradually varying the speed of the induction motor a stepless transmission is achieved. The developed controller also scores in climbing a step gradient and reversing the vehicle, by intelligent mixing of the induction motor and engine speeds. This approach eliminates the traditional braking system in the entire vehicle design. The use of two power sources, IC engine and battery-driven induction motor, utilises the modern idea of hybrid vehicles. The new speed controller is capable of driving a vehicle even in an extreme case of IC engine failure, during gas depletion and for plausibility errors.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the real-world measurement and analysis of the energy demands of different drivers, taking into account their daily journey profile, their driving style and also the road type and level of traffic congestion experienced.
Abstract: The research presented within this paper focuses on the real-world measurement and analysis of the energy demands of different drivers, taking into account their daily journey profile, their driving style and also the road type and level of traffic congestion experienced. Based on this data, a number of conclusions are made as to the energy storage requirements of a hypothetical Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). Case studies are presented in which it is shown that variations in the weight and volume of the required battery pack may be as high as 55%, as different end-users are considered during urban driving. In addition, it is shown how a 53% reduction in battery weight and volume may be realised with the support of an appropriate infrastructure for battery recharging.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of a backhoe loader is analyzed by means of simulation studies using the LMS Imagine.Lab AMESim simulation tool, and the results clearly indicate the advantages and disadvantages of each hybrid powertrain configuration.
Abstract: Nowadays simulations are widely used in new systems design, and the same approach is applicable to Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) development. In this paper several hybrid powertrain configurations for a typical construction machine – a backhoe loader – are investigated. Roading and lorry-loading performances of the backhoe loader are analysed by means of simulation studies. The simulation tool used for these studies is LMS Imagine.Lab AMESim. Several parameters are analysed, including the machine's acceleration and top speed, maximum tractive effort, roading performance on a particular test circuit, battery current and state of charge, electric motor and engine power. The results clearly indicate the advantages and disadvantages of each hybrid powertrain configuration.
3 citations
TL;DR: Theoretical simulation has been carried out to find the performance of an electric engine using Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) software as mentioned in this paper, which was found that the engine had better performance when using hydrogen fuel cells than when it was driven by solar energy.
Abstract: Theoretical simulation has been carried out to find the performance of an electric engine using Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) software. The electric power necessary to operate the engine is supplied either using solar energy that has been converted into electrical energy and then stored in batteries, or using hydrogen fuel cells, which continuously produce electric power that is stored in the batteries. The results obtained under these two conditions were used to compare the performance of the engine. It was found that the engine had better performance when using hydrogen fuel cells than when it is driven by solar energy.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed an en-route exchange of batteries, requiring minimal equipment at the battery exchange station, which stands in favour of this EV system's adoption, and the human interface of the equipment was devised to satisfy ergonomic requirements.
Abstract: The concept proposed aims at overcoming deterrents to Electric Vehicle (EV) adoption. The system features quick en-route exchange of batteries, requiring minimal equipment at the battery exchange station, which stands in favour of this EV system's adoption. The human interface of the equipment was devised to satisfy ergonomic requirements. Added convenience and speed of battery exchange can be achieved with more sophisticated equipment installed at exchange stations where depleted vehicle batteries are swiftly swapped for fully charged ones in only a couple of minutes. The EV proposed has standard plug-in capability for regular battery charge. It is based on a notion of ownership beyond common entrenched models, since the battery system is to be owned by the organisations that are to provide the en-route exchange service. The paper concludes listing the most important engineering aspects that need to be dealt with in the engineering design of the system concept.