Showing papers in "International Journal of Green Pharmacy in 2016"

Role of phytochemicals as immunomodulatory agents: A review

Abstract: A strong, well-functioning immune system is the cornerstone of good health. Immunity is the balanced state of having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion while having tolerance to avoid allergy and autoimmune diseases. Immune responses are the result of an effective interaction between innate (natural and non-specific) and acquired (adaptive and specific) components of the immune system. Over the last three decades, there has been remarkable interest in the immune system as a potential target of toxicity following exposure to drugs, chemicals or environmental pollutants. Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. Many factors play a significant role in altering the immunocompetence such as age, sex, genetic variability, stress, alcohol/drug abuse, malnutrition, environmental pollution, lifestyle. Immunomodulation is a very broad term which refers to any changes in the immune response and may involve induction, expression, amplification or inhibition of any part or phase in the immune response. In clinical perspective immunomodulators can be classified into the following three categories: Immunoadjuvants, immunostimulants, and immunosuppresants. A diverse array of synthetic, natural and recombinant compounds is available with both merits and demerits. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compound with bioactive potentials, which have potential immunostimulating activity. The present review focused on the immune-modulating activity of various phytochemicals such as alkaloids, polysaccharides, lectins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, sterols and also explains the role of antioxidants as immune-modulators.

Nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and therapeutic uses of Allium cepa: A review

Abstract: Onions contain phenolics and flavonoids that have potential anti-inflammatory, anti-cholesterol, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Onions contain 89% water, 1.5% protein, and vitamins B1, B2, and C, along with potassium and selenium. It also contains polysaccharides such as fructosans, saccharose, peptides, flavonoids (mostly quercetin), and essential oil. Onion contains numerous sulfur compounds including thiosulfinates and thiosulfonates; cepaenes; S-oxides; S, S-dioxides; mono, di, and tri-sulfides; and sulfoxides. Onion is highly nutritional and its dietary use improves digestion and mental health and lower down toxigenicity of oils. Onion has potential in treating cardiovascular disease, hyperglycemia, and stomach cancer. Onion contains an important antioxidative, i.e., quercetin that is derived from Allium cepa on aldehyde oxidase low-density lipoprotein which reduces hepatocytes apoptosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Onion has great ethnomedicinal importance as native remedies used against diabetes, and related complications are from onion. A. cepa red and white varieties showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. These are used in traditional Indian spices and are of great health significance. These are curative for implications from and for food cultures for cardiovascular disease and provide longevity

Phytochemical and pharmacological review of Mentha arvensis

Abstract: Mentha arvensis Linn. family Lamiaceae, it is used as a food seasoner, household remedy, and industrial purposes it is traditionally used in hypertension and in patients with ischemic heart disease. Juice of leaves is given in diarrhea and dysentery. The leaves medicinally used for stomach problems and allergy. It is also used for the treatment of liver and spleen disease, asthma and jaundice. The infusion of these leaves is used in indigestion, rheumatic pains, arthritis, and as remedy for inflamed joints. Menthol derived from its essential oil is used in pharmaceutical, perfumery, and food industries. Menthol is antiseptic, carminative, refrigerant, stimulant and diuretic in properties and is used against skin infections. It has been reported to possess diverse medicinal properties, and hence there is a need to explore its medicinal properties to support the traditional claim. This review shed a light on extensive experimental work carried on its extracts to validated classical claims.

Garlic: A potential source of pharmaceuticals and pesticides: A review

Abstract: Garlic (Allium sativum) holds a unique therapeutic potential as it inhibits invasion of carcinoma, provides cardiovascular protection, lowering of cholesterol, blood pressure, anti-platelet activities, and thromboxane formation. It provides protection against atherosclerosis and associated disorders and helps to decrease serum levels of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and uric acid, as well as insulin resistance, and reduces cytokine levels. It shows hypolipidemic, anti-platelet, and procirculatory effects, and antimutagenic and antiproliferative properties. It prevents cold and flu symptoms through immune enhancement and exhibits anticancer and chemopreventive activities. The main active component of garlic is alliin (S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide), a potent antioxidant which shows cardioprotective and neuroprotective actions. Diallyl trisulfide, major garlic derivatives, could inhibit the cell proliferation by triggering either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. Organosulfur compounds from garlic inhibit the growth of transplanted as well as spontaneous cancers in preclinical animal models without any adverse side effects. Garlic is a good source of anti-invasive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, chemopreventive, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, apoptotic, cardioprotective, antidiabetic agents and shows insecticidal effects against lepidopteran, coleopteran, dipteran and homopteran insect pests. Hence, its constituents could be used to develop alternatives to conventional insecticides for control of serious fruit and vegetable pests. Garlic herbal preparations can reduce non-target exposure to hazardous insecticides and curb resistance development in insects. No doubt garlic based different ailments and concoctions can be used to alleviate a variety of health problems. Its various supplements contain a different concentration of organosulfur compounds are available commercially in market

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of Parkia speciosa

Abstract: Aim: The present research work was performed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and antiradical property of methanolic extract of pods of Parkia speciosa. Materials and Methods: In the present studies, quantitative estimation of flavonoids content and phenolic content was also carried out by colorimetric methods, using aluminum chloride and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method, respectively, to establish a relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolics and flavonoid contents. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activity were determined using different in vitro assays including reducing power assay and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging assay method. Results and Discussion: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the extract of P. speciosa possesses flavonoids, alkaloids and phenolic materials. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be 14.16 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight and 5.28 ± 0.03 mg rutin equivalents/g dry weight, respectively. The extract showed significant antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner in both the assays. The IC50 values of all parameters were determined. Ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene were used as a standard. Conclusion: The results obtained in the present study indicated that P. speciosa pod methanolic extract could be a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Distribution of flavonoids among Malvaceae family members - A review

Abstract: Since ancient times, Malvaceae family plant members are distributed worldwide and have been used as a folk remedy for the treatment of skin diseases, as an antifertility agent, antiseptic, and carminative. Some compounds isolated from Malvaceae members such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polysaccharides are considered responsible for these activities. Although the flavonoid profiles of several Malvaceae family members are investigated, the information is scattered. To understand the chemical variability and chemotaxonomic relationship among Malvaceae family members summation of their phytochemical nature is essential. Hence, this review aims to summarize the distribution of flavonoids in species of genera namely Abelmoschus, Abroma, Abutilon, Bombax, Duboscia, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Helicteres, Herissantia, Kitaibelia, Lavatera, Malva, Pavonia, Sida, Theobroma, and Thespesia, Urena, In general, flavonols are represented by glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, herbacetin, gossypetin, and hibiscetin. However, flavonols and flavones with additional OH groups at the C-8 A ring and/or the C-5′ B ring positions are characteristic of this family, demonstrating chemotaxonomic significance

Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial potential and phytochemical analysis of spruce, cajeput and jamrosa essential oil against clinical isolates

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the phytochemical constituents and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) bioautography of Picea abies (spruce), Melaleuca spp. (cajeput), and Cymbopogon khasans (jamrosa) essential oils. The in vitro antimicrobial potential was also determined against fungal isolates and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from human infections. Materials and Methods: A preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed. The antimicrobial potential of essential oil from spruce, cajeput and jamrosa was evaluated by agar well diffusion method against clinical isolates. The antibacterial effect was investigated using the TLC-bioautographic method. Results: Phytoconstituents analysis demonstrated the presence of few phytochemicals including steroids, reducing sugars and cardiac glycosides in all the tested samples. The essential oils were further investigated for its antimicrobial activity against 11 bacterial clinical isolates and 4 fungi, respectively. The oils showed broad antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungal isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter spp., and Aspergillus niger. The highest in vitro inhibitory activity was observed for S. aureus with a maximum zone of inhibition (27 ± 0.05 mm in diameter) for cajeput essential oil followed by 23 ± 0.07 mm for jamrosa oil against Acinetobacter spp. Among fungal isolates tested, the growth of only A. niger and Aspergillus spp. was inhibited. TLC bioautography assay demonstrated two big spot and one small spot observed at Rf values 0.083 and 0.33 (active spots) and 0.47 (inactive spot) against S. aureus 3 and S. aureus 1. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the essential oils from cajeput and jamrosa possessing antimicrobial potential against clinical isolates can be used in the treatment of various microbial infections.

Antioxidative defense responses and activation of phenolic compounds in Brassica juncea plants exposed to cadmium stress

Abstract: Background: The present work has explored the effects of cadmium (Cd) on Brassica juncea plants. Materials and Methods: Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, and catalase), protein content, level of antioxidants (ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and glutathione), antioxidant assays (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging assay, molybdate ion reduction assay and reducing power assay), total phenolic content, and polyphenols were analyzed in 90-day-old plants. Seeds of B. juncea were exposed to 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mM Cd concentrations. Results: Significant increase in MDA and H2O2 content was observed in Cd-stressed plants as compared to untreated control. Cd toxicity positively influenced the activities of antioxidative enzymes and radical scavenging activities of the plant. Results revealed the enhancement in the level of antioxidants. Ultra performance liquid chromatography studies showed the variation in the level of polyphenols with respect to untreated plants. Conclusions: This investigation showed that defensive strategies of this plant activated under metal stress and overcame the adverse effects produced due to the generation of reactive oxygen species.

Antidiabetic potential of plant natural products: A review

Abstract: The present review explains the use of natural plant products for therapeutics of diabetes. It is a serious metabolic disorder that imposes multiple effects on human health. Although diabetes is curable, an erratic lifestyle always make panic and causes disease severity if proper medication is not being made available. Several ethnomedicines have been used by local people in form of crude extracts prepared from flowers, fruits, and roots of endemic plant species for cure of diabetes. There is a common usage of herbal parts for preparation of concoctions, syrups, vegetables, juices, green tea, from leaves, and roots for therapeutic purposes. This article explains antidiabetic effects of various plant secondary metabolites such as anthraquinones, flavonoids, secoiridoids, iridoids, flavanones, biophenols, triterpenes, benzoic acid derivatives, isochromans, and phytosterols. Daily meals containing good nutraceuticals such as protein and fiber can replace carbohydrate food that is a main source of glucose. Mainly, herbal foods rich in flavanols and polyphenols show hypoglycemic effects and can be used in the prevention of diabetes-induced vascular dysfunctions. Antidiabetic plant natural products restore insulin level and increase utilization of external glucose. Herbal dietary supplementation having diverse antioxidants, fibers, minerals, and antiglycants show inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glycosidase can easily control carbohydrate metabolism in humans. No doubt plant origin natural products can be used as alternative medicine for treatment of diabetes, but they must need proper composition and formulation before being used.

Chelation therapy and chelating agents of Ayurveda

Abstract: Consumption of metals and minerals are very common in today’s life either in the form of medicine or in the form of commercial products. However, the accumulation of free metals above the normal level in human body is the prime cause of metal toxicity. To remove this toxicity from human body chelation therapy is adopted by modern system of medicine, where different chelating agents are described. Chelation therapy is the preferred medical treatment for reducing the toxic effects of metals. Chelating agents are capable of binding to toxic metal ions to form complex structures which are easily excreted from the body removing them from intracellular or extracellular spaces. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 2,3-Dimercaprol are some of the common chelating agents, which have been used for the chelation of lead or arsenic poisoning. However, serious side effects of these agents have been reported by causing the loss of essential metals and minerals from the body. This may lead researchers to develop less toxic analogs. In Ayurveda (Ayur = life, Veda = science; the science of life) system of medicine, metals and minerals in the form of medicines (Rasaushadhies) are frequently used to treat different diseases. Yet, the ancient scholars of Ayurveda while practicing came to know about the ill-effects of these medicines on human body which may be caused due to the use of medicines made from improper processed metals and minerals. At the same time, they advised to administer various natural substances in the form of antidotes such as honey, ghee, cow’s milk, garlic, coriander, turmeric, and coconut water to remove ill effects or toxicity occurred from these medicines. These natural antidotes may consider as chelating agents of Ayurveda, which not only helpful to remove the toxic effects of metal and minerals without causing any side effects but also protect the loss of essential elements from the body. Thus, in this review study, we have tried to correlate the natural antidotes as explained in Ayurveda vis-a-vis with the term chelation or chelating agents of contemporary science.

Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Acacia nilotica (L.) leaves against pathogenic bacteria

Abstract: Aim: To evaluate the phytochemical profile and in vitro antibacterial activity of leaves of Acacia nilotica against pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: The crude extracts were prepared by two methods separately with three different solvents and examined for the preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion assay. On the basis of the preliminary analysis, solvent fractionation of the best crude extract was done employing two sets of solvents, and the solvent fractions were finally subjected to antibacterial activity. The quantitative analysis of total phenolics and total flavonoids content in the crude methanolic extract and solvent fractions were also done. Results: The crude extract and solvent fraction showed varying degree of inhibitory activity against tested bacteria. The result of antibacterial activity revealed more susceptibility toward Gram-positive bacteria as compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: The most active solvent extract or fraction can be further explored to isolate and characterize the bioactive components responsible for biological activity to develop new antibacterial drugs.

Nephroprotective effect of Pimpinella anisum L. aqueous extract against lead toxicity: In vivo study

Abstract: Background: A lead intoxication can cause a nephrotoxicity, which is associated to many troubles of renal function in both animal and human. Hence, Pimpinella anisum L. is widely known by its therapeutic effects and more precisely on the kidney. Aim of the Study: An evaluation of the benefits effect of an oral administration of P. anisum L. aqueous extract within young rats intoxicated by lead acetate. Materials and Methods: Young rats were exposed to 0.2% of lead during gestation and lactation. At weaning animals were treated orally by aqueous extract of P. anisum L. (500 and 750 mg/kg) for 15 days. The assessment of renal function was done by measuring some biochemical markers such as creatinine, urea, uric acid, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GT), and tissular like total proteins, catalase, and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Further, a piece of the kidney was used to determine the histopathological profile of the studied organs. Results: Lead caused a kidney damage, which was observed by the increased level of Biochemical markers (urea, creatinine, acid uric, and gamma-GT). An oral administration of P. anisum L. had decreased these levels as follow: −71%, −1.23%, −1.80% and −5.88%, respectively. Moreover, the treatment with plant decreased the level of LPO (−13.56%) and increased the concentration of total proteins (+8.88%). No change was observed on the histological structures of the kidney between the studied groups. Conclusion: P. anisum L. may have a nephroprotective potential against harmful effect induced by lead toxicity on kidney.

Pharmacognostic quantification of flavonoids by high performance thin layer chromatography and in vitro cell line study on developed herbal formulation from Cestrum nocturnum plant extract

Abstract: Background: Herbal therapy is eventually based on the knowledge and practitioner skills. In India, local plants, as well as shrubs, can be procured easily due to influence of ancient Ayurveda. Taking into due considerations, we investigated Cestrum nocturnum (CN) Linn. commonly known as Raat rani. The shrub has been reported to have a wide arena of ethnopharmacological relevance. Objective: In the current research studies, our aim was to develop controlled release herbal tablets from the CN extract followed by in vitro screening on colon cancer cell line and correlate the quantified phytoconstituents such as rutin and quercetin by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Materials and Methods: The leaves were macerated in methanol. The extract after preliminary phytochemical screening was subjected to sophisticated methods such as HPTLC and HPLC to elucidate rutin and quercetin which were found to positive by thin layer chromatography. To develop herbal tablets, the extract was subjected to excipient profile compatibility which was confirmed by Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. Wet granulation method was used to develop the formulation. The developed herbal tablets were screened for colon cancer targeted cell line (HCT 15) using sulforhodamine B assay method with four dose levels of different concentrations. The results were analyzed as a percentage of growth inhibition 50%. Results: HPTLC confirmed the presence of spots of rutin (4.15% w/w) and quercetin (10.61% w/w) in comparison to the standard at Rf value 0.47 and 0.29, respectively. HPLC chromatogram showed the presence of rutin and quercetin with retention time 5.391 min and 6.698 min, respectively, in comparison to standard at 360 nm. The FTIR revealed no interaction of drug and excipients since the peaks of both are observed to be identical. Unsatisfactory results were obtained for the formulation on the selected cell line. Conclusion: In future, the world needs to explore, screen and develop herbal formulations which can be found to be compatible for cancer chemotherapy.

Adverse drug reactions and pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines in India

Abstract: The use of Ayurvedic medicines is popular in India and in recent times has become accepted in other countries. This paper discusses, in brief, the Ayurvedic concepts of adverse reactions to medicines, the need for pharmacovigilance of Ayurvedic medicines, challenges in introducing pharmacovigilance in Ayurveda, and some recommendations to successfully implementing these activities. Pharmacovigilance is the science and practice related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects of drugs or any other possible drug-related problems. The objective of the present article is to review the recent trends and challenges posed in the practice of pharmacovigilance of herbal drugs, especially in the Indian context and to shed light on the importance of pharmacovigilance practice in establishing and maintenance of rational use of these drugs. There is increasing awareness of the need to develop pharmacovigilance for herbal medicines. Applying standard pharmacovigilance techniques (WHO guidelines) presents additional challenges, related to the ways in which herbal medicines are regulated, used, named, and perceived. Proper reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions to herbal medicines is currently the main method of detection. However, there is under-reporting for herbal medicines, since users do not seek professional advice about their use of such products, or report adverse effects. Herbal medicine practitioners are not recognized as reporters to spontaneous reporting schemes. Several other conventional pharmacovigilance tools, such as prescription-event monitoring and the use of computerized health record databases, are currently of little use for evaluating the safety of herbal medicines although modified methods have been developed. This process of pharmacovigilance of herbals in India has come a long way since its initiation. The promotion of the systematic and rational use of drugs requires the reporting of adverse events possibly caused by herbal and traditional medicines also

Evaluations of antidiabetic potential of the hydro-alcoholic extract of the stem bark of Plumeria rubra a traditionally used medicinal source in North-East India

Abstract: Aim: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Its complications such as neuropathy, cardiopathy, nephropathy, and micro- and macro-vascular diseases are believed to be due to the increase in oxidative stress. The present study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of hydro-ethanolic (3:7) stem bark extracts of Plumeria rubra (Family: Apocynaceae) to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The standardized doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the extract were administered orally to normal and diabetic rats to define its hypoglycemic potential. The blood glucose levels were measured using single touch glucose test strips and glucometer on weekly intervals until the end of the 21st day. Other parameters such as lipid profiles and liver enzymes were also investigated after the treatment periods. Results and Discussion: Results of the present investigation suggest that diabetes is associated with an increase in oxidative stress as shown by the increase in serum malondialdehyde, decreased levels of catalase, and glutathione. Furthermore, diabetes is associated with an increase in serum total cholesterol as well as triglycerides and alkaline phosphatase levels. The histopathological changes of the diabetic and vehicle control animals were also investigated here. Conclusion: Daily oral administration of hydro-alcoholic stem bark extracts and metformin hydrochloride as standard drug (5 mg/kg body weight) showed improvement effect of lowering blood glucose level as well as hyperlipidemia and liver functions. The extract has beneficial to maintain the animal body weight and has the regenerating power on pancreatic cells.

Consumer reporting of adverse drug reactions: A current perspective

Abstract: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have been identified as one of the leading causes of hospitalization leading to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Reporting of ADRs to national databases is thus necessary. To strengthen this system, consumers apart from health-care professionals have also been empowered to report any ADRs directly to the regulatory agencies. Direct and spontaneous patient or consumer reporting offers various benefits beyond pharmacovigilance (PV). Consumer reporting of ADRs has existed in several countries for decades, but in India, the role of consumers as a source of information on ADRs has not been fully accepted until recently. In Europe, The Netherlands and Sweden were among the first countries to implement consumer reporting well before it was mandated by law throughout the European Union. The World Health Organization is promoting the role of the consumer in spontaneous ADR reporting as an adjunct to existing PV strategies. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission has launched the ambitious medicines adverse effect reporting form for consumers along with a patient centric helpline number for the general public to enable reporting of ADRs directly. Consumer reporting is an integral part of the spontaneous reporting systems with yearly numbers of reports constantly increasing

Phytoremedial effect of Lens culinaris against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats

Abstract: Objectives: The main objective of current study was to determine the phytoremedial effect of ethanol extract of seeds of Lens culinaris against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity using biochemical and histopathological approaches. Materials and Methods: Ethanol extract of seeds of L. culinaris was prepared by hot extraction method, and preliminary phytochemical studies had been carried out. Nephrotoxicity was induced in male Wistar rats by single intraperitoneal administration of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg b.wt.). Nephroprotector effect of the extract was screened at two different dose levels, i.e. 200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt. by oral administration for 8 days. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by determining blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SC), serum total protein (STP), urinary total protein (UTP), and urinary creatinine (UCr). Renal oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and glutathione reduced (GSH) were also measured in kidney tissue. Results: The treatment with ethanol extract significantly decreased the levels of BUN, SC, STP, UTP and LPO which were elevated by doxorubicin induction. In addition, extract also ameliorated the levels of UCr, SOD, CAT and GSH in dose-dependent manner. Histopathological studies had also substantiated the biochemical parameters. Conclusion: The results suggest that ethanol extract of seeds of L. culinaris possess potent phytoremedial effect against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Medicinal values of Datura: A synoptic review

Abstract: Datura, a wildly growing plant from Solanaceae family, commonly known as Jimson weed or Devil’s snare is attributed with both poisonous and medicinal values. It contains varieties of toxic alkaloids such as atropine, hyoscamine, and scopolamine. In Ayurveda, it has been used for curing various ailments including wounds, inflammation, rheumatism, sciatica, swellings, fever, and asthma. A wide range of medicinal values has been attributed to this plant. Different studies reported safety and toxicity aspects while other studies reported analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-diarrheal, etc. activities of different extracts of the plant. This study is a review on this plant.

A scientific review of gold containingherbo-mineral preparation: Makaradhwaja

Abstract: Makaradhwaja is a popular medicine of Ayurveda used for vigor and vitality. It is mentioned in classical texts of Rasashastra that Makaradhwaja increases longitivity of life and contest aging process. It is used internally for wide range of disorders like Jwara (fever), Prameha (diabetes mellitus), Agnimandya (loss of appetite) etc. Makaradhwaja is gold containing mercurial preparation. As it is prepared by using metals like Swarna (gold), Gandhaka (sulfur) and heavy metal like Parada (mercury) with adopting typical procedure of Kupipakwa Rasayana. As it is containing heavy metal like mercury, different issues arises regarding its safety and toxicity. Here an attempt made to review work carried out on Makaradhwaja for its different aspects like literary, pharmaceutical, analytical experimental and clinical studies. By screening all the relevant classical texts of Rasashastra and scientific work available it was found that Makaradhwaja not only safe but also therapeutically effective in disorders like diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis etc.

Cultivation, nutritional, antinutritional, and mineral analysis of organic and non-organic Momordica charantia: Comparative study

Abstract: Introduction: Organic agriculture is one among the different production methods that are supportive to the environment. The demand for organic food is increasing rapidly both in the developed as well as developing countries. Aim: To examine the morpho-physiological traits, nutrition and mineral composition of comparative cultivated organic and non-organic Momordica charantia. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in randomized block design with 12 replications using organic and non-organic fertilizers and pesticides. The unripe fruits harvested; lyophilized and whole fruits were screened for nutritional, antinutritional, physico-chemical, and mineral (by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) analysis. Results: The mean performances of all the traits were higher in organic fruits of MC (OMC) except the average weight of the fruits. Nutritional analysis revealed an elevated caloric value (332.62 kcal/100 g DW) in OMC fruits. Similarly, higher values for total bitters, vitamin C, and mineral contents (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, Zn, Cu, and Mn) were also observed in OMC. In contrast, non-organic fruits of MC (NMC) contained a higher content of total ash, extractives, and toxic heavy metals (Pd, Cd - 2.23, 0.15 mg/100 g DW, respectively). Conclusion: The perception is proved by the scientific justification that organically grown foods or medicinal herbs are “better for you” in terms of nourishment, sustainability, better quality standards, and safety measures

Dengue and drawbacks of marketed Carica papaya leaves supplements

Abstract: Aim: This review is mainly focused on describing deadly disease, dengue and the main drawbacks related to marketing Carica papaya leaves supplements. Materials and Methods: Information was collected from various published research, review articles, web pages, and other online databases related to the topic. Dengue is a deadly viral disease and it has affected 40% of the world population. It can be transmitted by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) infected with one of the four dengue virus serotypes. Due to this complex virus serotype, there is no particular therapeutic treatment for dengue. Therefore, despite of the severity and deadly effects of dengue, vaccines are not available. Results and Discussion: As a result, the use of herbal supplementary medicines has been increased in passing time. The supplements of C. papaya leaves have shown promising prospect due to the platelet increasing property. However, the manufacturing techniques used in several marketed C. papaya leaves formulations can degrade the active phytochemicals, which will suppress the beneficial effects of the supplements. Conclusion: There is a need to improve the old herbal formulations for the current crisis. Therefore, the drawbacks of marketing C. papaya leaves supplements need to be modernized for better patient care.

Herbal formulations: The next level in oral care

Abstract: Since ancient times, India has used its rich knowledge of traditional medicine to prevent and cure diseases. Herbal medicines have fewer side effects in comparison with traditional medicines, but side effects do occur. There are many species of medicinal plants belonging to various families which are being used, traditionally, to control and cure a variety of dental problems by the Indian population. A literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, and search engines-like Google Scholar. We found “Ayurveda,” “herbal medicines,” and “dentistry” as relevant key words; these were entered into Medical Subject Headings controlled vocabulary. After doing necessary exclusions, finally 42 articles were included in the present review. The present paper focuses on various herbs that are used in dentistry such as clove oil, Aloe vera, turmeric, sesame, cranberry, Meswak, sesame, red clover, and evening primrose. Dental professionals should have adequate knowledge regarding common herbal formulations so that they safely prescribe or use them on their patients. However, there is a need for more research to justify their use as good alternatives to current preventive and curative treatments for oral health problems

A brief assessment of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy health system based on Five-year Plans of India

Abstract: Indian system of medicine is an indigenous form of medicine native to the Indian subcontinent. The system is a blend of six different forms of medicine currently designated with an acronym called AYUSH which stands for Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy. After independence, with the initiation of long-term planning, Five-year Plan took its birth and in that all social and technology sector planning started appearing. Since then, health and family welfare planning became imperative as a social sector planning. Health has always been given due importance in the planning process owing to its very complex nature of affiliation with other sectors of development known as the social determinants of health. Indian System of Medicine, which is India’s own bequest, became a part of health and family welfare planning since then. At the very outset of planning, the system struggled with great degree of uncertainty (as described in 1st Five-year Plan) and progressed ahead with a vision to be a globally accepted system (as envisaged in 11th Five-year Plan). Recently, in 2014, a separate ministry was created under the Union Government of India to devote increased focus for the healthy development of this system. Despite its regular appearance in the planning documents, the system got a distinct categorical visibility after the 7th Five-year-Plan. It was in the 11th 5 years plan a new concept called “Mainstreaming of AYUSH and revitalization of local health traditions” was brought into action, although envisioned in 9th Five-year Plan. With this background, a review was carried out to assess the AYUSH health system based on Five-year Plans.

Comparative evaluation of manuka honey with honey in antitubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the effect of manuka honey with honey in hepatotoxicity induced by antitubercular drugs in rats. Materials and Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats by a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide given orally as suspension for 30 days. Treatment groups received honey and manuka honey along with anti-tubercular drugs. Liver damage was assessed by biochemical and histological parameters. Results: Concurrent administration of manuka honey along with anti-tubercular drugs significantly prevented the rise in levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, serum aspartate aminotransferase, and tissue malondialdehyde. It reduced inflammation, degeneration, and necrotic changes in hepatocytes. Similarly, manuka honey significantly prevented fall in serum total protein and superoxide dismutase as compared to the group receiving anti-tubercular drugs alone. However, the effects produced by manuka honey were not statistically different from those of honey and silymarin. Conclusion: Manuka honey is effective as a hepatoprotective agent as it significantly prevented the hepatotoxic damage induced by antitubercular drugs in rats. However, the comparison between the effects produced by manuka honey and honey or silymarin showed that the difference was not statistically significant. Hence, contrary to the popular belief, it is only as good and effective as honey.

Anti-diabetic activity of dried extract of Tionspora cordifolia (Guduchi ghana) and honey in streptozotacin induced diabetic rats

Abstract: Objective: Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. and Thomson) is used abundantly for Madhumeha (~diabetes mellitus) in traditional Ayurvedic medicines. The different dosage forms are mentioned in Ayurvedic classics such as Churna, Kwatha and Ghana. Hence, present study is planned to assess its anti-diabetic activity. Materials and Methods: In this study, aqueous extract of T. cordifolia was prepared by a traditional procedure of Ayurveda and assessed for its anti-diabetic activity. Diabetes was induced in Wistar strain albino rats by injecting streptozotocin in dose 40 mg/kg body weight. Aqueous extract of T. cordifolia Linn in a dose of 42.34 mg/kg was mixed with honey and administered orally. Different biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, blood urea, creatinine, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, total protein, albumin, and globumin were assessed. Results: 24.93% reduction in blood glucose level and 28.96% reduction in glycated hemoglobin were observed in test drug treated group in comparison to diabetic control rats. Conclusion: Mild reduction of blood glucose level was observed in the analysis.

Phytochemical profiling and toxicological studies of Oxalis debilis Kunth leaves

Abstract: Background: Phytochemical and toxicological studies are a vital part of modern day food analysis. Oxalis debilis Kunth is a cosmopolitan species and is considered as a wild edible plant having ethnomedicinal importance in India. Objective: The present paper synthesizes the first report related to the different phytochemical, physicochemical screening, and in vivo acute toxicity studies of O. debilis hydro-alcoholic leaves extract. Materials and Methods: The sample was successively extracted through different solvent systems. Preliminary physicochemical and phytochemical studies were evaluated through standard procedure and toxicity of the sample was evaluated through in vivo acute toxicity test as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines, Section 2. Results: The powdered dried leaves of O. debilis found to exhibit fluorescence property and preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the maximum presence of flavonoids in all the extracts. Thin layer chromatographic analysis revealed maximum distinguishable spots in the methanolic extract. In vivo acute toxicity studies did not show any mortality and change in behavioral pattern in the tested animals. Administration of different concentration of hydro-alcoholic extract of the plant did not alter the biochemical and hematological parameters. Conclusion: Acute toxicological studies are in good agreement with the traditional claim, and thus, the plant can be advocated as a safe food source.

Standardization and antioxidant activity of an Ayurvedic formulation “Kushavleha”

Abstract: Background: Kushavleha, an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation is an effective medicine for urinary calculi and many more. The present study was carried out to standardize the formulation and established its antioxidant activity in vitro. Methods: The formulation was prepared in the laboratory with authenticated plant drugs. The standardization procedure was conducted on the basis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters as directed by World Health Organization guidelines. Results: Powder study of Kushavleha shows several diagnostic characters such as starch with concentric hilum, pitted vessel, stone cells, fiber with oil globules, pollen grains, lignified fiber epidermis of testa, unicellular trichome and stellate trichome. However some major phytoconstituents like flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids and amino acids were found to be positive in preliminary phytoconstituent screening of formulation. Total phenolic, tannin, flavonoid and flavonol content were found to be 144.60 ± 0.41 mg/g in gallic acid equivalent, 123 ± 0.53 mg/g in tannic acid equivalent, 69 ± 0.12 mg/g in rutin equivalent and 0.61 ± 0.27 mg/g in rutin equivalent respectively. Moreover, total solid content, fat content, sugar content, reducing sugar and non reducing sugar were found to be 69 % (w/w), 3.08% (w/w), 68.70% (w/w), 14.21% (w/w) and 54.49% (w/w) respectively. The formulation also exhibited potential antioxidant activity in in vitro DPPH scavenging screening with an IC50 of 63.80 μg/mL. Conclusion: The present result will help in the quality control standardization tool for the manufacturing and processing of Kushavleha.

A short review on anticancer investigations of Strychnos nux-vomica

Abstract: Herbs used in traditional medicine have provided a nidus for the discovery of various new molecules having therapeutic viability. With the advent of various diseases, the science has also armed itself to combat the ever-evolving family of diseases with the help of these new molecules. Cancer is one such area which has limited scope for management through conventional therapy. Recent research advances in herbal medicine have opened new horizons in the medicinal chemistry sector. Nux-vomica, a medicinal plant, has a long history of use in traditional medicine. Recently, this plant has been extensively researched on for its anti-cancer potential. By the virtue of the alkaloids, viz., strychnine and brucine in nux-vomica, it has shown promising results as an anti-cancer agent. The present review paper will comprehend such research including their possible mechanism of action.

Pharmacognostic study and establishment of quality parameter for medicinal plant of Dipterocarpaceae in Northeastern state Tripura

Abstract: Background: Dipterocarpus turbinatus and Shorea robosta are widely distributed in the Northeastern state of Tripura. Tribals of Tripura used both the plant and plant derived product for various purposes in their daily life. Aim: The present investigation deals with the macroscopic, microscopic, and preliminary phytochemical screening to establish quality parameters for evaluation of the bark and bark powder of D. turbinatus and S. robosta. Materials and Methods: The microscopic study was done by Magnus lab photomicroscope and physicochemical properties were studied by standard procedure. Barks for these studies were procured from Tripura. Results: Chief characters of the transverse section and powder of the drugs include cork, cortex, parenchymatous cells, stone cell, lignified fiber, and calcium oxalate crystals along with the abundant amount of starch grains. In quantitative, microscopy length and width of lignified fiber and diameter of starch grains had been measured, which shows a significant difference between the two plants of the same family. Physiochemical and preliminary phytochemical evaluation of both the plants show the difference in alkaloid and sponin content. The chief chemical entity present in both the plants includes steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins. Conclusion: The established parameter can be used as a biological standard to identify both the plants.

Evaluation of anxiolytic and antidepressant effect of different dosage forms of the Guduchi

Abstract: Background: In the field of psychopharmacology many of ayurvedic dosage forms are being researched for their anxiolytic and antidepressant effect. Guduchi is a well-known Medhya Rasayan well explained in Ayurveda classics. Aim: To evaluate the anxiolytic and antidepressant effect of three dosages forms of Guduchi (Guduchi Satva, Ghana and Churna) using open field test, elevated plus maze test in anxiety and behavioral despair test in depression. Materials and Methods: Adult Charles-Foster albino rats of either sex divided into five groups which were given carboxymethyl cellulose, lorazepam 1 mg/kg (standard anxiolytic) imipramine 10 mg/kg (standard antidepressant), Guduchi Satva 112.5 mg/kg, Ghana 45 mg/kg and Churna 180 mg/kg, respectively, for 22 days. Statistical Analysis: A statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA test followed by Tucky and Kramer multiple comparison tests using Graph Pad Prism 6. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Result and Conclusion: Guduchi Satva and Ghana significantly reversed the sub-acute stress-induced alterations in behavioral parameters in all the tests. Guduchi Satva and Ghana as compared to Guduchi Churna found to be having anxiolytic and antidepressant activity in experimental animals in behavioral parameters such as rearing, grooming, and immobility period. Thus, these formulations can be used in prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression.