Showing papers in "Journal of Helminthology in 1975"
TL;DR: It is shown that the prevalence of infection was greater in male than in female mice and frequency distribution studies suggest that this is not only because fewer female mice become infected but also because females resist larvae more effectively than do males.
Abstract: A survey was carried out of the levels of infection with Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata in a wild house mouse population living in the Charles Clore Small Mammals Pavilion at the London Zoo in Regent's Park. The extent of infection with A. tetraptera is analysed according to the sex of the host. It is shown that the prevalence of infection was greater in male than in female mice and frequency distribution studies suggest that this is not only because fewer female mice become infected but also because females resist larvae more effectively than do males.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the pathological, haematological and biochemical aspects of bovine fascioliasis in the Sudan were investigated, including emaciation, typical liver pathology, and, occasionally, lesions in the lung and the pancreas.
Abstract: An investigation was made of the pathological, haematological and biochemical aspects of naturally-occurring bovine fascioliasis in the Sudan. 228 animals infected with Fasciola gigantica and 25 non-infected controls were used in the study. The infected cattle revealed emaciation, typical liver pathology, and, occasionally, lesions in the lung and the pancreas. Analysis of their sera also showed reduced albumin values, increased globulin concentrations and decrease albumin/globulin ratio, in addition to increased arginase activity. The serum iron concentration, on the other hand, was decreased, while the total iron binding capacity increased and the resultant iron saturation values reduced. Haematological findings in the infected animals included reduced erythrocyte counts, decreased haematocrit values, increased mean corpuscular volumes, eosinophilia and decreased neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts. Other parameters were similar in infected and control cattle.
28 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Mice immunized to the intestinal stage of T. spiralis by using infections terminated with methyridine before production of newborn larvae had commenced concluded that the immunity generated by the intestinalStage is largely specific in its action to that phase in a challenge infection.
Abstract: Mice were immunized to the intestinal stage of T. spiralis by using infections terminated with methyridine before production of newborn larvae had commenced. The muscle larvae which encysted following a normal complete challenge infection were reduced by 87 and 95% in immunized mice. No statistically significant reduction in a challenge infection of intravenously injected parenteral larvae was produced (8% and 15% actual reduction). Previous work has shown that adult worms in a challenge infection are stunted and expelled earlier as well as having a reduced fecundity; it is concluded that the immunity generated by the intestinal stage is largely specific in its action to that phase in a challenge infection.
26 citations
TL;DR: Observations have been made on the morphology of Bothriocephalus scorpii from littoral fishes in Britain, with particular reference to the reproductive system and the ultrastructure of the tegument.
Abstract: Observations have been made on the morphology of Bothriocephalus scorpii from littoral fishes in Britain, with particular reference to the reproductive system and the ultrastructure of the tegument. Two different kinds of microtriches, and ciliated sense organs, have been found. The shedding of proglottides by pseudoapolysis is described.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the migration and distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the tissues of Swiss albino mice infected with 500,1000, 2000 and 4000 larvae.
Abstract: Migration and distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the tissues of Swiss albino mice infected with 500,1000, 2000 and 4000 larvae was studied. Larval migration and distribution in the different tissues was earlier in mice infected with a dose of 4000 larvae and more larvae were expelled from the gastrointestinal tract of heavily infected (2000 dose) mice. With an infective dose of 1000 larvae, the percent larval yield was higher than in other two groups (500 dose and 2000 dose) showing poor expulsion. Larval migration in the lungs was high even on the 1st day in heavily infected groups. Migration of larvae into the muscles, particularly of the head, neck and thorax took place on the very first day and was proportional to dose level. Larval count was higher in the muscles of the head and neck until the 9th day, after which it was high in the thoracic and other regions.
23 citations
TL;DR: The observed increase in mortality in the skin resulted in a consequent reduction of adult worm recovery from the liver and mesenteric veins of animals infected with the treated cercariae.
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of sublethal concentrations of niclosamide on the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Exposure of cercariae to 0.02 mg/1 and 0.05 mg/1 of niclosamide, respectively, for only two hours increased their mortality during penetration of mammalian host skin. The observed increase in mortality in the skin resulted in a consequent reduction of adult worm recovery from the liver and mesenteric veins of animals infected with the treated cercariae.
19 citations
TL;DR: The worm recoveries of two different strains of Schistosoma haematobium from male hamsters and their egg-laying capacities are studied and the infection rates obtained, the growth of worms and the distribution of eggs in hamster tissues are compared.
Abstract: The worm recoveries of two different strains of Schistosoma haematobium from male hamsters and their egg-laying capacities are studied. The infection rates obtained, the growth of worms and the distribution of eggs in hamster tissues are compared with those previously described for other strains of S. haematobium . Previous studies have shown that different geographical strains of Schistosoma haematobium have specific characteristics which reflect the infra-specific variations of this complex species (Webbe and James, 1971a, b; James and Webbe, 1973). The present paper records further observations on two strains of the parasite from the Sudan (Khartoum) and South Africa (Nelspruit).
19 citations
TL;DR: Colonies of Culicoides nubeculosus and C; variipennis were established at Winches Farm Field Station and both species of midge were found to be susceptible to infection with Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae.
Abstract: Colonies of Culicoides nubeculosus and C; variipennis were established at Winches Farm Field Station, St. Abans. Both species of midge were found to be susceptible to infection with Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae. Infection was achieved either by engorging through a chick skin membrane on a suspension of microfilariae in blood, or by feeding upon a horse naturally infected with O. cervicalis microfilariae. A large proportion of the microfilariae ingested by the midges penetrated into the haemocoel and migrated first to the thoracic flight muscles and then to the head. Larval development occurred during migration and 3rd stage (infective) larvae of O. cervicalis reached the head of infected midges (kept at 23 degrees C.) 14-15 days after engorgement.
19 citations
TL;DR: The susceptibility of 13 different B. forskalii strains from Zaire, Cameroun, Gabon, Senegal, Rhodesia and Tanzania and B. reticulatus wrighti Aden has been tested to infection with Schistosoma intercalatum from Cameroun to reveal excellent intermediate hosts.
Abstract: The susceptibility of 13 different B. forskalii strains from Zaire, Cameroun, Gabon, Senegal, Rhodesia and Tanzania and B. reticulatus wrighti Aden has been tested to infection with Schistosoma intercalatum from Cameroun. The most common prepatent period was 23-28 days. B. forskalii from Zaire, Cameroun and Gabon were excellent intermediate hosts with infection rates varying from 59-0 to 97-4% and with very low death rates, 0-28-4%. The strains from Senegal and Rhodesia had infection rates from 50-0 to 58-4%. B forskalii from Tanzania was refractory. 53-0% of the exposed B. reticulatus wrighti was infected. The total cercariae production per snail varied from 1000-11000. The duration of the infection varied from 8 to 174 days.
18 citations
TL;DR: Stammerinema suffodiax sp.
Abstract: Stammerinema suffodiax sp. n. is described from the dasyurid marsupial Antechinus stuartii. It differs from S. soricis, the only other member of the genus, in lacking lateral body spines, as vyell as in the spicules and characters of the anterior extremity. As well as red escribing Synfiimantus australiensis (Johnston and Mawson, 1952) now collected from the stomach of A. stuartii, a new capillariid, Capillaria rickardi from the stomach and two cestodes Hymenolepis aklei sp.n. and H. bradleyi sp.n. are described from the same host.
17 citations
TL;DR: Philometra cylindracea has a one-year development cycle starting as infective larvae in June and becoming mature, larvigerous worms at the end of next June.
Abstract: A description of the male and a redescription of the female of philometra cylindracea, a parasite of yellow perch (Perca flavescens), are presented. Philometra cylindracea has a one-year development cycle starting as infective larvae in June and becoming mature, larvigerous worms at the end of next June. Cyclops vernalis was found to be a suitable intermediate host under experimental conditions;
TL;DR: It was shown that ultra-violet radiation has a damaging effect on cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium which are similarly influenced and the practical significance of the cercaricidal property of ultra-Violet radiation is discussed.
Abstract: It was shown that ultra-violet radiation has a damaging effect on cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium which are similarly influenced. Radiation of cercariae for intervals as short as 5–20 seconds markedly increased their mortality during penetration of host skin and inhibited migration of schistosomula in the lungs beyond days 3–4 post-infection. No mature adult worms were recovered from the liver and mesenteric veins of animals infected with irradiated cercariae. The practical significance of the cercaricidal property of ultra-violet radiation is discussed.
TL;DR: The results show that matacestodes of T. crassiceps grow and multiply more rapidly in female than in male mice, although both sexes are equally susceptible to the infection.
Abstract: The effect of the sex of the intermediate host on the growth and development of the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps has been investigated. Three different strains of mice were used, the C R S, L A C A and C F L P strains and two strains of metacestode, the Toi and the E R S strains. The results show that metacestodes of T. crassiceps grow and multiply more rapidly in female than in male mice, although both sexes are equally susceptible to the infection. The origin of the parasite, i.e., from a rat or mouse host, affects the parasite growth.
TL;DR: In immunized cats microfilariae could not be detected 18 hours after inoculation and any attempt to concentrate or clean the microfilippiae caused them to disappear from the circulation more quickly.
Abstract: Microfilariae in whole uncentrifuged cat blood were transfused from infected to normal cats. The recipient cats were bled frequently and the life-span of the microfilariae in the peripheral circulation was determined. The life-span of microfilariae in different cats was very variable. Microfilariae were detected for 2–136 days after inoculation. In immunized cats microfilariae could not be detected 18 hours after inoculation. Any attempt to concentrate or clean the microfilariae caused them to disappear from the circulation more quickly.
TL;DR: Infective stage Brugia pahangi that were reared in Aedes aegypti survived equally well in cats that had previously been immunized against mosquito tissue and in a normal cat.
Abstract: Infective stage Brugia pahangi that were reared in Aedes aegypti survived equally well in cats that had
previously been immunized against mosquito tissue and in a normal cat. The survival of third, fourth, juvenile, adult and microfilarial stages of B. paliangi that were recovered from cats was similar in jirds that had been immunized against cat antigens and in normal jirds. Host antigenic determinants were not detected on the surface of larvae in substantial amounts using fluorescent antibody techniques. It is unlikely that B. paliangi evades the immune response of its vertebrate hosts by masquerading as ‘self’ behind host antigens.
TL;DR: There was a tendency of egg counts to decline with time: the baboons showed a seasonal pattern and the cattle a stable pattern throughout the year.
Abstract: Egg excretion of S. mattheei was studied for about a year from man, baboons and cattle living in their normal environment. Although the excretory pattern was not unequivocal from man, there was a tendency of egg counts to decline with time: the baboons showed a seasonal pattern and the cattle a stable pattern throughout the year.
TL;DR: It is concluded that meaningful screening for potential schistosomicides cannot be carried out in vitro because the test method is not sufficiently selective for use with random compounds.
Abstract: The activity is reported of certain clinical and experimental schistosornicides against schistosomula, 3 week old, and adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni maintained in vitro . Since the test method is not sufficiently selective for use with random compounds, it is concluded that meaningful screening for potential schistosomicides cannot at present by carried out in vitro .
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Four species of anoplocephaline cestodes were found in wild rabbits collected throughout Britain in 1962 and 1972, i.e; since the great reduction in rabbit numbers following the introduction of myxomatosis, in 1953.
Abstract: Four species of anoplocephaline cestodes were found in wild rabbits collected throughout Britain in 1962 and 1972, i.e; since the great reduction in rabbit numbers following the introduction of myxomatosis, in 1953. They were Cittotaenia pectinata (Goeze, 1782), C. denticulata (Rudolphi, 1804), C. ctenoides (Rhiehm, 1881) and Andrya cuniculi (Blanchard 1891). C. pectinata and C. denticulata were relatively common with a respective prevalence of 25% and 8% in two samples totalling 442 rabbits and were widely distributed throughout Britain. C. ctenoides was rate and only recorded from seven localities, although these were spread throughout Britain A. cuniculi was also rate being known from four counties in England and five islands off southern England and Wales. C. pectinata was the only species found in hares and its prevalence was low at 6%. The records are shown plotted on to 10 km square distribution maps.
TL;DR: Two cases of Nasitrema sp (Trematoda) infection of the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, are reported and N. attenuata is briefly redescribed.
Abstract: Two cases of Nasitrema sp (Trematoda) infection of the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, are reported and N. attenuata is briefly redescribed. The adults of the trernatode occurring in the nasal sinuses and posterior nasal passage of the dolphins are considered as practically harmless for the host but their eggs, aspirated deep into the bronchial tree, may initiate a foreign-body type of inflammatory reaction in the lungs and continuous aspiration of such eggs may provoke a chronic pneumonic condition.
TL;DR: Philometra kobuleji (Nematoda: Philometridae) is described as a new species from the abdominal cavity of a North American freshwater fish, Catostomits commersoni, during a parasitological survey on stream fishes of Southern Ontario.
Abstract: Philometra kobuleji (Nematoda: Philometridae) is described as a new species from the abdominal cavity of a North American freshwater fish, Catostomits commersoni. During a parasitological survey on stream fishes of Southern Ontario, males and females of a Philometra species were collected from white suckers, Catostomus commersoni (Laedpede). This parasite differs from all known Philometra species recorded by Hoffman (1967) in North America.
TL;DR: The fertility, mortality, and migration patterns of Hetarakis gallinarum were studied in chickens with concomitant Parahistomonas wenrichi infections.
Abstract: The fertility, mortality, and migration patterns of Hetarakis gallinarum were studied in chickens with concomitant Parahistomonas wenrichi infections. H. gallinarum females were found to produce approximately 936 ova per day, when 50 days of age, and a total of 34,000 to 86,000 ova in a lifetime. There was no evidence of differential mortality between the sexes, nor of a preference for either the left or the right caecal organ of chickens. Both male and female worms are capable of migrating between caeca, and are expecially prone to do so when in the absence of individuals of the opposite sex.
TL;DR: Alkaline phosphatases from different trematodes occupying the same habitat have identical pH otima but different levels of enzyme activities, probably due to species differences.
Abstract: Alkaline phosphatases from different trematodes occupying the same habitat have identical pH otima but different levels of enzyme activities. Isoparorchis hypselobagri, from the fish Wallago attu, shows four to six times more enzyme activity than Fasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis and Echinostoma malayanum, from the pig Sus scrofa, and Fasciola gigantica, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Cotylophoron cotylophorum and Gastrothylax crumenifer, from the buffalo Bubalus bubalis. At least two peaks of activity at different levels of pH were obtained for each trematode examined. Both Gastrodiscoides hominis and Isoparorchis hypselobagri enzymes had three peaks of alkaline phosphatase activity. The optimum temperature for maximum enzyme activity was 40 degrees C, above which rapid inactivation occurred. At temperatures below 40 degrees C, the enzymes of fish and mammalian trematodes did not behave similarly; I. hypselobagri enzyme being active over a wider range of temperature (20 degrees-40 degrees C. Various concentrations of KCN and arsenate proportionately inhibited enzyme activity. NaF Did not significantly influence enzyme activity, while Mg++ and Co++ acted as activators. The extent of inhibition or activation of enzyme activity of different trematodes varied, probably due to species differences. Both inhibition and activation of I. hypselobagri enzyme was higher than in the case of other trematodes.
TL;DR: An indirect haemagglutination test has been developed for the detection of Schistosoma bovis antibody and tan glutaraldehyde fixed sheep erythrocytes sensitized with an adult worm extract were the most sensitive.
Abstract: An indirect haemagglutination test has been developed for the detection of Schistosoma bovis antibody. Fresh, formalin and glutaraldehyde fixed sheep erythrocytes as well as fresh and formalin fixed human erythrocytes were tested. Tanned glutaraldehyde fixed sheep erythrocytes sensitized with an adult worm extract were the most sensitive and remained stable for at least 8 weeks at 4 degrees C. With such cells 98% of a group of S. bovis infected cattle were positive while negative results were obtained from cattle infected with other helminths.
TL;DR: Capillaria papuensis sp. nov. as discussed by the authors is described from specimens collected from the gastro-intestinal systems of 14 pigs from two villages in Papua New Guinea and it differs from C.gastrosuis and C. suis in the number and location of papillae in the vulval region, the sculptured surface of the eggs, a subterminal anus in the female and in the length of the spicule and bilateral caudal alae.
Abstract: Capillaria papuensis sp. nov. is described from specimens collected from the gastro-intestinal systems of 14 pigs from two villages in Papua New Guinea. It differs from C.gastrosuis and C. suis in the number and location of papillae in the vulval region, the sculptured surface of the eggs, a sub-terminal anus in the female and in the length of the spicule and bilateral caudal alae in the male. The species inhabits the epithelium of the tongue, where clusters of eggs move towards the surface with the growth of the epithelium and are subsequently swallowed. The pathological changes in the infected epithelium are minimal. The prepatent period is approximately eight weeks.
TL;DR: The view is confirmed that filling up of the stomach with blood does not constitute the single factor in causing the release of third-stage larvae from the mosquito host, and that most larvae migrated towards the proboscis and head of mosquitoes during these feeding periods.
Abstract: The rate of escape of the third-stage larvae of Brugia pahangi from Aedes togoi which were allowed to probe on a cat and a mouse at time intervals of 5, 10, 20. 30 and 60 seconds was studied. The rate of escape of third-stage larvae at all time intervals was greater during probing on the cat than on the mouse, and was in a logarithmic linear relation to the length of probing time by the mosquito host. The greatest loss (91.35%) of third-stage larvae was in mosquitoes which fed on a cat until fully engorged. There was a remarkable rate of escape (57.41%) within 5 seconds. This striking rate of escape of third-stage larvae may have important implications on filariasis transmission. Most larvae migrated towards the proboscis and head of mosquitoes during these feeding periods. Nearly equal numbers of third-stage larvae escaped from mosquitoes which fed to repletion for more than 60 seconds on a mouse and from those which probed for more than 60 seconds on the same mouse but did not engorge. This confirmed our view that filling up of the stomach with blood does not constitute the single factor in causing the release of third-stage larvae from the mosquito host.
TL;DR: Larvae cultured at higher temperatures were smaller than those cultured at lower ones and the minimum time required from hatching to development to the third stage was 3-6 days and the maximum was seven days.
Abstract: Fresh eggs obtained from female Nematospiroides dubius were cultured at temperatures ranging from 5 degrees C to 33 degrees C. Hatching occurred between 5 degrees C and 30 degrees C; third stage larvae were obtained between five degrees C and 25 degrees C. The minimum time required from hatching to development to the third stage was 3-6 days (at 20 degrees C) and the maximum was seven days (at 5 degrees C). Larvae cultured at higher temperatures were smaller than those cultured at lower ones.
TL;DR: A redefinition of the genus Calostraurus Sandars is given together with tabulated features of the species.
Abstract: Two new species of Calostraurus Sandars , 1957 (Cestoda: Davaineidae) are described from Australian marsupials, C. thylogale from Tliylogale biltardierii and C. mundayt from Potorous apicalis . A redefinition of the genus is given together with tabulated features of the species.