Showing papers in "Journal of Periodontology in 1986"
TL;DR: A retrospective study of tooth loss in 211 patients who were treated for periodontal disease in private practice and maintained for 15 to 34 years on 3- to 6-month recall schedules is reported.
Abstract: A retrospective study of tooth loss in 211 patients who were treated for periodontal disease in private practice and maintained for 15 to 34 years on 3- to 6-month recall schedules is reported. The average age of the patients was 42 years, and the average length of time in maintenance was 22 years. On the basis of response to therapy, the patients were classified as Well-Maintained (62%), Downhill (28%) and Extreme Downhill (10%). Seven hundred and seventy-one (771) teeth were lost (13.4%) due to all causes. Molar teeth are the most prone to loss and the mandibular cuspid is the most resistant. The importance of maintenance therapy is emphasized.
197 citations
TL;DR: The pharmacology of chlorhexidine and suggestions for its use and its potential for inducing cancer and bacterial resistance are discussed.
Abstract: Chlorhexidine is an effective antimicrobial agent. Its application can enhance periodontal therapy. The pharmacology of chlorhexidine and suggestions for its use are outlined. In addition, its potential for inducing cancer and bacterial resistance are discussed.
196 citations
TL;DR: Stress, which has long been known to be associated with the disease, appears to play a role through induction of increased cortisol and catecholamine levels, which may compromise the host immune responses and the gingival microcirculation.
Abstract: Vincent's original description of the fusiform-spirochete nature of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) still remains true today, although much additional insight has been gained regarding the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of the disease. In addition to the historic association of fusiform and spirochete microbes with ANUG, recent findings have also implicated Bacteroides and Selenomonas species. Possible abnormalities in immunological function, such as altered PMN and lymphocyte responsiveness, may be present. Stress, which has long been known to be associated with the disease, appears to play a role through induction of increased cortisol and catecholamine levels. These chemical mediators respectively may compromise the host immune responses and the gingival microcirculation. Cortisol may also serve as a nutrient source for Bacteroides bacteria. Other predisposing factors to ANUG may include smoking and poor oral hygiene. Treatment modalities involve eliminating or reducing the levels of bacterial pathogens by mechanical and antibiotic means, along with attempts at controlling significant psychological and physical precipitating factors.
168 citations
TL;DR: While surgery plus antibiotics was the superior treatment, it appears that the possibility of reinfection or incomplete elimination of the organism exists and careful long-term follow-up is highly recommended in this periodontal population.
Abstract: Three treatment regimens including local tetracycline delivery, systemic doxycycline and surgery plus systemic doxycycline were investigated in a localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) population. Of the investigated treatments only surgery plus systemic doxycycline for 14 days was effective in eliminating or suppressing Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, an organism strongly associated with LJP lesions. While surgery plus antibiotics was the superior treatment, it appears that the possibility of reinfection or incomplete elimination of the organism exists. Careful long-term follow-up, including clinical and microbiological monitoring, is highly recommended in this periodontal population.
132 citations
TL;DR: There was a considerable difference in caries prevalence in the two groups, with the Down's syndrome patients having a lower overall prevalence which was most noticeable with respect to interproximal lesions.
Abstract: The prevalence rates of periodontitis and dental caries in 30 Down's syndrome patients and 30 matched, otherwise retarded, controls were compared. The populations were older than those usually studied, with mean (+/- SE) ages of 27.4 (+/- 2.1) and 28.9 (+/- 2.3) for the Down's syndrome and control groups, respectively. Bone loss was found in 60.0% of sites in the Down's syndrome patients, compared with 9.3% sites in controls. In Down's syndrome, bone loss was first seen at about age 16, with 92% of patients 16 or older having loss; in contrast, only 42% of control patients 16 or older had bone loss, which first appeared at about age 28. There was a considerable difference in caries prevalence in the two groups, with the Down's syndrome patients having a lower overall prevalence which was most noticeable with respect to interproximal lesions. Seven Down's syndrome patients over age 15 were caries-free, as opposed to only one control patient.
127 citations
TL;DR: To improve communication in the clinic and classroom, definitions are suggested for the terms "scaling" and "root planing" and the objective and limitations of root planing procedures are discussed.
Abstract: The research expanding our knowledge of the periodontally involved root surface and its treatment is reviewed. To improve communication in the clinic and classroom, definitions are suggested for the terms "scaling" and "root planing." The objectives and limitations of root planing procedures are discussed.
119 citations
TL;DR: Preliminary findings suggest that placement of physical barriers between root surface and flaps may be beneficial in facilitating coronal migration of progenitor cells from the periodontal ligament.
Abstract: This preliminary study examined the healing following an experimental procedure designed to facilitate coronal migration of progenitor cells from the periodontal ligament circumferentially on roots of premolar teeth in beagle dogs. Mucoperiosteal flaps were reflected on the buccal and lingual aspects of premolars in six beagle dogs with periodontal disease. Following root preparation, pieces of orthodontic wire were placed interproximally on the crowns to bridge the spaces between teeth. Biobrane, a synthetic membrane bonded to a knitted nylon fabric and coated with collagen, was placed as a physical barrier between the roots and the flaps to be replaced. The membrane extended as a single piece from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to overlap the crest of alveolar bone by 3 to 4 mm on both the buccal and lingual surfaces of the three premolars in each quadrant. The membrane was attached to the crowns at the CEJ with resin. The flaps were replaced and sutured. Postoperative care included plaque control and...
114 citations
TL;DR: A case of severe gingival overgrowth secondary to cyclosporine therapy in a 19-year-old black male who received a liver allograft transplant is reported.
Abstract: A case of severe gingival overgrowth secondary to cyclosporine therapy in a 19-year-old black male who received a liver allograft transplant is reported. Clinical examination revealed a severely overgrown and inflamed gingiva. Surgical excision of the excess tissue was accomplished under general anesthesia. Healing occurred uneventfully, with acceptable contours; however, some regrowth was evident as early as 2 months. Spontaneous repositioning of the teeth was also seen postoperatively. Examination of the excised tissues revealed alternating areas of dense collagen and myxomatous change. An inflammatory infiltrate primarily of plasma cells was present. There was no evidence of an increased number of fibroblasts in the specimens examined.
114 citations
TL;DR: Tissue samples from three subjects who had periodontal defects treated with a porous hydroxylapatite implant were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for evidence of bone deposition and connective tissue infiltration through the pores.
Abstract: Tissue samples from three subjects who had periodontal defects treated with a porous hydroxylapatite implant were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The 3-month specimen showed connective tissue infiltration through the pores and a narrow zone of bone formation present along the walls of the pores. At 4 months, continued evidence of bone deposition was present with osteocytes, osteoblasts and organization of collagen fibers apparent throughout the implant. The 6-month implant had further evidence of continued bone formation with lamellar bone being the major component within the pores.
114 citations
TL;DR: This study examined 3168 extracted maxillary lateral and central incisors and found that an extension of enamel in the groove has been suggested as a possible factor in the progression of localized periodontal disease, but its presence was rarely observed.
Abstract: Palato-radicular grooves in maxillary lateral incisors have been implicated as an initiating factor in localized gingivitis and periodontitis. Focal loss of periodontal attachment associated with these grooves, some of which may extend to the apical third of the root, could result in a hopeless prognosis for tooth retention. There is disagreement as to the prevalence of this anomaly. As well, little is known about the shape, location and length of the defect. This study examined 3168 extracted maxillary lateral and central incisors. Of these teeth 4.6% had a palato-radicular groove. About half of the grooves terminated on the root and 58% of these extended more than 5 mm from the cementoenamel junction. A poorly described deformity, displacement of the cementoenamel junction, occurred in 38% of the grooves which crossed that structure. Although an extension of enamel in the groove has been suggested as a possible factor in the progression of localized periodontal disease, its presence was rarely observed.
111 citations
TL;DR: Observations agree with previous reports that describe gingival pigmentation as spontaneous and suggest that further controlled experimental studies be undertaken to explore the biologic basis for repigmentation.
Abstract: Oral melanin pigmentation is not uncommon in some races and ethnic groups. Repigmentation of depigmented oral mucosa has been described after chemical, thermal, surgical, pharmacologic or idiopathic factors. Information on the repigmentation of oral tissues after surgical procedures is extremely limited. The communication reports on gingival repigmentation over a 7 to 8 year period following removal of gingival tissues. Pigmented keratinized gingiva was removed in two Jewish Yemanite adult males, who had moderate or heavily pigmented gingiva. After surgery, the exposed lamina propria was covered by periodontal pack for 7 to 10 days. The tissues were then observed periodically for signs of repigmentation. Healing was uneventful and the surgically treated areas in both patients remained depigmented over the first 2 years. After 32 months, some pigmentation was found in one of the patients, and with the exception of two limited sites, the area was completely repigmented after 7 years. The surgically treated area in the second patient remained depigmented over an 8-year follow-up period. These observations agree with previous reports that describe gingival pigmentation as spontaneous and suggest that further controlled experimental studies be undertaken to explore the biologic basis for repigmentation.
TL;DR: Both granule release and superoxide production were found to be normal in chemotactically defective LJP patients, and it is hypothesized that the cellular defect lies in a post receptor pathway.
Abstract: Patients with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) exhibit defective neutrophil functions to a variety of environmental and host stimuli. It is not clear, however, how many of the measurable functions are defective and whether individual patients exhibit single or multiple dysfunctions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate chemotaxis, phagocytosis, specific granule release and superoxide production in a group of 23 previously unreported LJP patients. Our results indicate that all 23 of these LJP patients exhibited chemotaxis depression to N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP) and endotoxin-activated serum (EAS). Smaller groups from the 23 chemotactically defective LJP group were used to test other function due to inability to obtain sufficient quantities of blood. Fourteen of 14 LJP patients tested exhibited defective phagocytosis. Ten LJP patients were evaluated for specific granule release, and 14 LJP patients were evaluated for superoxide production. Both granule release and superoxide production were found to be normal in chemotactically defective LJP patients. Since both defective and normal responses noted in the same neutrophil populations are mediated by the same receptor, it is hypothesized that the cellular defect lies in a post receptor pathway.
TL;DR: Eight intrabony lesions in four patients were removed en bloc 3 to 8 months after periodontal flap debridement and all lesions received "Synthograft" implants and lesions healed uneventfully.
Abstract: Eight intrabony lesions in four patients were removed en bloc 3 to 8 months after periodontal flap debridement. At the time of debridement, the position of the gingival margin and the most apically located calculus were notched to serve as reference points. All lesions received "Synthograft" implants and lesions healed uneventfully. Even though these were severely involved periodontal sites, clinical measurements at time of block removal demonstrated gingival recession (average = 2.9 mm) and a gain in clinical closure (average = 2.6 mm). Histologically, graft particles were present in each specimen. They were walled off by collagen and did not appear to enhance new attachment nor did they induce an inflammatory infiltrate. Thus, they seemed to act as nonirritating fillers. Microscopically, closure of the lesions demonstrated repair with limited evidence of new connective tissue attachment. Histologic expression of the clinical gain in closure was the result of closure by long epithelial adhesion (long junctional epithelium) and possible linkage of dentinal collagen with gingival fibers at areas of dentinal resorption. These variations in closure were often seen within the same clinical site.
TL;DR: The results indicated that teeth with either bidigital mobility, functional mobility, a widened periodontal ligament space or the presence of radiographically visible calculus had a deeper probing depth, more loss of clinical attachment and less radiographic osseous support than teeth without these findings.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between signs of trauma from occlusion, severity of periodontitis and radiographic record of bone support. The maxillary first molars of 300 individuals were independently evaluated by two examiners for signs of trauma from occlusion, pattern of occlusal contacts and severity of periodontitis. Each site was also evaluated radiographically by an independent third examiner. The results indicated that: (1) teeth with either bidigital mobility, functional mobility, a widened periodontal ligament space or the presence of radiographically visible calculus had deeper probing depth, more loss of clinical attachment and less radiographic osseous support than teeth without these findings, (2) teeth with occlusal contacts in centric relation, working, nonworking or protrusive positions did not exhibit any greater severity of periodontitis than teeth without these contacts, (3) teeth with both functional mobility and a radiographically widened periodontal liga...
TL;DR: The data indicate that laminin and other components of basement membrane may be important in regulating the migration and growth of gingival epithelial cells.
Abstract: Laminin, a large glycoprotein (Mr = 106) and a major component of basement membrane, is shown here to be a potent chemoattractant for human gingival epithelial cells. Laminin stimulated Chemotaxis and chemokinesis of gingival epithelial cells in the modified Boyden chamber assay. This effect appeared to be laminin receptor mediated. Gingival epithelial cells were shown to bind laminin (Kd = 2.0 nm) with 10,000 to 30,000 binding sites per cell. Antilaminin antibody, which inhibited laminin binding, inhibited the chemotactic response of epithelial cells to laminin, while antifibronectin was without effect. Fibronectin was not as potent a chemoattractant as laminin. Other biological response modifiers were also tested; of these, Type IV collagen and epidermal growth factor were active as chemoattractants, although not as effective in inducing Chemotaxis as laminin. The data indicate that laminin and other components of basement membrane may be important in regulating the migration and growth of gingival epit...
TL;DR: Hydrogen peroxide can, by itself, induce pathologic changes frequently associated with preneoplastic lesions; it may also augment carcinogenesis associated with DMBA.
Abstract: The effects of twice weekly topical applications of hydrogen peroxide on the buccal epithelium of Syrian hamsters were studied. Animals were treated either with hydrogen peroxide alone, with hydrogen peroxide and the carcinogen 9, 10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA), or with DMBA alone. In animals treated with 30% H2O2 alone, histopathologic examination after 22 weeks revealed hyperkeratosis and hyperplasia in all animals with hyperchromatic cells and mild dysplasia in four of nine: no tumors were seen. In animals treated with DMBA alone, three of seven (43%) developed epidermoid carcinoma, while six of 11 (55%) of animals treated with DMBA plus 3% hydrogen peroxide and five of five (100%) of animals treated with DMBA plus 30% hydrogen peroxide (P = 0.054) developed carcinoma. Thus, hydrogen peroxide can, by itself, induce pathologic changes frequently associated with preneoplastic lesions; it may also augment carcinogenesis associated with DMBA.
TL;DR: In the disease biopsies, bacterial presence was correlated with areas of reduced amounts of keratin suggesting that the oral epithelium may be a portal of entry for bacteria into gingival tissues.
Abstract: Langerhans cells (LC) are cell types found in the skin and gingiva. LC have immunological functions as phagocytic cells and as antigen-presenting cells for T and B lymphocytes. Sections from biopsies of the gingiva in cases of periodontal disease were found to have increased numbers of LC. These biopsies also contained intragingival bacteria. Serial sections of frozen specimens of human gingiva were prepared for staining. Hematoxylin and eosin were used for tissue survey, the Gram stain for assessment of bacterial invasion, anti-Leu-6 monoclonal antibody associated with peroxidase technique (PAP) to identify LC, antibacterial sera to Bacteroides gingivalis and ActinobacUlus actinomycetemcomitans associated with peroxidase to specifically identify these two common periodontopathogenic bacteria. Additional positive identification of bacteria was performed by preparing the same histological section containing gram-stained particles for scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope LC conf...
TL;DR: A significant reduction in plaque accumulation and improvement in gingival health was demonstrated for the test dentifrice compared to the placebo and analysis of the data suggested that the benefit might be extended to a less motivated population.
Abstract: The effects of a dentifrice which contained 1% zinc citrate and 0.5% of a nonionic antimicrobial agent, 2,4,4' trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether on plaque and gingival health have been investigated. In a 4-day nonbrushing study in which dentifrices were used as slurries, this dentifrice inhibited plaque accumulation significantly more than dentifrices which contained either zinc citrate or Triclosan separately. In a 28-day double-blind cross-over study, a significant reduction in plaque accumulation and improvement in gingival health was demonstrated for the test dentifrice compared to the placebo. The effect was demonstrated with a group of well motivated volunteers who had a good standard of oral health. Analysis of the data suggested that the benefit might be extended to a less motivated population.
TL;DR: The ultrastructural features of the interface are consistent with the existence of a mucopolysaccharide "bonding zone" described by other investigators, and may indicate that the reactive surface of hydroxylapatite is much larger than merely the exterior surface of the implant, a finding which may explain the apparently good tissue adhesion to the implant.
Abstract: The ultrastructure of the interface between Durapatite (hydroxylapatite) and human periodontal tissues was examined. Durapatite was implanted into the intrabony periodontal defects during periodontal surgery. Reentry procedures were performed after 1 year and the tissues in the defects were biopsied and processed for transmission electron microscopy. Nineteen tissue blocks from four patients were examined, 17 contained Durapatite particles embedded in fibrous tissue and two contained particles encased in bone, all without inflammation. The fibrous connective tissue consisted of densely packed collagen fibrils surrounding the implant particles. The bone surrounding the Durapatite consisted in one case of relatively mature bone, and in the other of osteoid tissue. A granular, amorphous, collagen-free, electron-dense layer was routinely observed between implant and tissue. This layer was thicker in the bone-encased samples than in those surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. Except for the particle surroun...
TL;DR: Two case reports demonstrating harmful oral effects from hydrogen peroxide rinses are presented, suggesting that oral hygiene techniques emphasizing the use of 3% hydrogenperoxide in periodontal therapy may require reevaluation.
Abstract: Hydrogen peroxide has been advocated for many years as an oral rinse useful in control of various oral conditions. Several authorities, however, have suggested that this material may be harmful to oral tissues, especially if the tissues have been previously injured. This article presents two case reports demonstrating harmful oral effects from hydrogen peroxide rinses. The findings suggest that oral hygiene techniques emphasizing the use of 3% hydrogen peroxide in periodontal therapy may require reevaluation.
TL;DR: The results suggest that ascorbic acid may influence early stages of gingivitis, particularly crevicular bleeding.
Abstract: To determine if systemic levels of vitamin C influence periodontal health, changes in plaque accumulation, gingival health and periodontal probing depth were measured in healthy subjects housed for 3 months in a nutrition suite that provided controlled periods of ascorbic acid depletion and supplementation. Eleven healthy, nonsmoking men, aged 19 to 28 years, ate a rotating 7-day diet adequate in all nutrients except ascorbic acid. This basal diet, which contained less than 5 mg/day ascorbic acid, was supplemented with 60 mg/day ascorbic acid for 2 weeks, 0 mg/day ascorbic acid for 4 weeks, 600 mg/day ascorbic acid for 3 weeks and 0 mg/day ascorbic acid for 4 weeks. Plasma, urine and leukocyte ascorbate levels, Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Bleeding Index and probing depths were monitored throughout the study. A uniform oral hygiene program was maintained in which oral hygiene instructions were reinforced biweekly. Ascorbate concentrations in body fluids and leukocytes responded rapidly to changes in asco...
TL;DR: Light and electron microscopic findings of gingival biopsies showed in all patients that, in addition to an increase of collagen, CyA induced in the subepithelial space an enormous infiltration of morphologically normal plasma cells in different stages of maturation, suggesting that individual hypersensitivity is probably the most acceptable explanation of CyA-induced gingingival hyperplasia.
Abstract: Four transplant (3 kidney, 1 bone marrow) patients with cyclosporin A (CyA)-induced gingival hyperplasia are described. Light and electron microscopic findings of gingival biopsies showed in all patients that, in addition to an increase of collagen, CyA induced in the subepithelial space an enormous infiltration of morphologically normal plasma cells in different stages of maturation. These data, together with the reversibility of the lesion upon discontinuation of the drug, suggest that individual hypersensitivity is probably the most acceptable explanation of CyA-induced gingival hyperplasia. This hypothesis is also discussed in relation to the CyA-suppression of the functions of some T-lymphocyte subsets.
TL;DR: It is apparent that smoking is detrimental to periodontal health as it worsens the oral hygiene status and depresses the host's defense posture.
Abstract: The literature related to smoking and periodontal disease is reviewed. The effects of smoking on oral hygiene, gingivitis, necrotizing gingivitis, periodontitis, bacteria and the host's response are presented. From this review it is apparent that while the relationship between smoking and periodontal disease needs further study, smoking is detrimental to periodontal health as it worsens the oral hygiene status and depresses the host's defense posture.
TL;DR: From the present preliminary study, it was evident that the combined autolysed antigen-extracted allogeneic bone-collagen gel implant may offer advantages over the present implant materials and techniques currently used in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects.
Abstract: The feasibility of a new combined collagen gel-autolysed antigen-extracted allogeneic bone implant was tested. Its effect on gaining new attachment in surgically created defects in four dogs was evaluated over 24 weeks. As controls, sites receiving implants of the bone implant alone, nonimplanted and untreated defects were also evaluated. The collagen gel encouraged ingrowth of regenerative tissue-fibroblasts in the early stages of wound healing while the allogeneic bone induced new bone formation. The graft materials were bicompatible, technically manageable and clinically effective. From the present preliminary study, it was evident that the combined autolysed antigen-extracted allogeneic bone-collagen gel implant may offer advantages over the present implant materials and techniques currently used in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects.
TL;DR: Biopsies of soft tissue with visible ceramic particles were removed from the coronal part of grafted sites during reentry surgery and there was evidence of osteoid forming alongside and within many of the ceramic particles.
Abstract: Biopsies of soft tissue with visible ceramic particles were removed from the coronal part of grafted sites during reentry surgery. After 1 year there was evidence of osteoid forming alongside and within many of the ceramic particles. Viable fragments of mature bone were also observed separate from the ceramic material.
TL;DR: This study evaluated clinically the effectiveness of hand versus sonic subgingival scaling and root planing in the removal of calculus by visually examining the root surface at the time of periodontal flap surgery by visually noting the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the residual calculus.
Abstract: This study evaluated clinically the effectiveness of hand versus sonic subgingival scaling and root planing in the removal of calculus by visually examining the root surface at the time of periodontal flap surgery. Consideration was given to the method of instrumentation, probing depth, number of roots, and type of tooth surface. Eleven patients with moderate to advanced periodontal disease were evaluated. Four subjects were scaled and root planed with the Titan-S only, four with curettes only, and three with the Titan-S + curettes. At reevaluation 3 to 6 weeks after scaling and root planing, the decision to perform periodontal flap surgery was made based upon probing depth, bleeding upon probing, previous access to the root surface, furcation involvement, and the patient's level of oral hygiene. A full thickness mucoperiosteal flap was elevated to gain access to the root surface and measure the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the residual calculus. A total of 690 surfaces were evaluated surgically. The percentage of surfaces with residual calculus for each method of instrumentation was: Titan-S only (31.9%), curettes only (26.8%), and Titan-S + curettes (16.9%). Overall, 15.7% of the surfaces probing 0 to 3 mm, 29.3% of the surfaces probing 4 to 5 mm, and 44.4% of the surfaces probing 6 to 12 mm had residual calculus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: The composition of subgingival flora was correlated with clinical periodontal conditions in 100 teenagers aged 12 to 17 years and straight rods, fusiforms and motile rods correlated negatively to the number of healthy sextants per subject.
Abstract: The composition of subgingival flora was correlated with clinical periodontal conditions in 100 teenagers aged 12 to 17 years. The Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) was used for the clinical examination. Subgingival bacterial samples were taken from the mesial surface of each first molar, two samples for dark-field microscopy and two samples for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) cultivation. Fifty-nine subjects had at least three healthy sextants. Score 1 was the highest CPITN recording in 61 subjects and Score 2 in 30 subjects. None had scores 3 or 4. In dark-field microscopy, cocci predominated in most samples. Straight rods, fusiforms and motile rods correlated negatively to the number of healthy sextants per subject. Straight rods and fusiforms showed a positive correlation to gingival bleeding tendency at the sampled site. A.a. was isolated in four subjects. Motile microorganisms and A.a. were detected rarely in subjects with good periodontal conditions.
TL;DR: The healing response of two commercially available bioceramics, beta tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxylapatite (HA), was compared after implantation in surgically created defects in dogs, finding bone formation was slower around HA particles at all time periods.
Abstract: The healing response of two commercially available bioceramics, beta tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxylapatite (HA), was compared after implantation in surgically created defects in dogs. Three 18 to 24 month old female Labrador dogs were used. Under general anesthesia 3wall defects were created on the canines and premolars. The roots were planed, and reference notches were placed to identify the alveolar crest and the apical extent of the defects. TCP or HA was placed in alternating canine defects. The premolars received no implants and served as controls. Plaque management was accomplished by biweekly brushing with 0.2% Chlorhexidine. Following healing periods of 5, 12 and 16 weeks, the dogs were sacrificed and perfused with 10% formalin. Six-μ step serial sections were evaluated by light microscopy. Healing against the root planed surface varied from a long junctional epithelium to a connective tissue reattachment in new cementum. TCP particles were actively resorbed by giant cells and macrophages...
TL;DR: It was concluded that a single oral dose of metronidazole will deliver potentially inhibitory levels of the drug to the periodontium in serum and in gingival crevicular fluid.
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that metronidazole is an effective chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of certain types of periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to assess, over 18 hours, the concentration of the drug in serum and gingival crevicular fluid after a single oral dose. Six female volunteers with gingivitis created by cessation of brushing for 2 weeks, took 250 mg of metronidazole orally. Micropipettes were used to collect 20 microliters of serum and 4 to 5 microliters of gingival fluid hourly for 8 hours, and at the 12th and 18th hours. Samples were assayed with a high pressure liquid chromatograph. Mean drug levels in serum closely matched those reported by Stephen et al. (Br Dent J 7: 313, 1966) with polography. Mean serum drug levels peaked at 6.09 micrograms/ml at the 2nd hour, and mean gingival crevicular fluid drug levels peaked at 3.62 micrograms/ml at the 2nd and 7th hours. The drug was detectable in both fluids for up to 18 hours. Mean serum concentrations remained greater than mean gingival fluid concentrations at all time intervals, though the differences were not significant (P less than 0.05) as determined by a Hoteling's T2 test. Using reported minimal inhibitory concentration values of metronidazole for various periodontopathogens, it was concluded that a single oral dose of metronidazole will deliver potentially inhibitory levels of the drug to the periodontium in serum and in gingival crevicular fluid.
TL;DR: Results indicate that although the group receiving ascorbate supplementation demonstrated a significant increase in plasma levels of the vitamin as compared to a placebo group, no significant differences with respect to PMN chemotaxis or responses to experimental gingivitis were found between the groups.
Abstract: A double-blind study was undertaken to determine the effects of megadose ascorbic acid supplementation on plasma ascorbate levels, polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) chemotaxis and clinical and biochemical determinations of inflammatory progression in individuals with a mean daily ascorbate intake level of approximately twice the recommended daily allowances. Results indicate that although the group receiving ascorbate supplementation demonstrated a significant increase in plasma levels of the vitamin as compared to a placebo group, no significant differences with respect to PMN chemotaxis or responses to experimental gingivitis were found between the groups.