Showing papers in "Journal of Personality Assessment in 1989"
TL;DR: The Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ) as mentioned in this paper is an 18-item scale designed to assess self-reported attentiveness to normal nonemotive body processes, specifically, sensitivity to body cycles and rhythms, ability to detect small changes in normal functioning, and ability to anticipate bodily reactions.
Abstract: Norms and reliability and validity data are presented for an objectively scored Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ), which is suitable for use with college students and nonstudent adults. The BAQ is an 18-item scale designed to assess self-reported attentiveness to normal nonemotive body processes, specifically, sensitivity to body cycles and rhythms, ability to detect small changes in normal functioning, and ability to anticipate bodily reactions. Research applications, including investigation of sex-related differences in body awareness and its correlates, are discussed.
286 citations
TL;DR: A profile analysis of the high NPI scorers suggest that a 98/89 MMPI profile with an elevated F score is most representative of the narcissistic personality in nonclinical samples.
Abstract: This study developed a Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) description of the narcissistic personality in a nonclinical population. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and the MMPI were administered to two samples of 57 and 173 subjects. A correlational analysis produced a cross-validated positive relationship between narcissism and MMPI mania (Ma) and cross-validated negative relationships between narcissism and MMPI depression (D), psychasthenia (Pt), social introversion (Si), anxiety (A), repression (R), and ego control (Ec). A correlational analysis of the 7-factor components of the NPI (Authority, Exhibitionism, Superiority, Vanity, Exploitativeness, Entitlement, and Self-Sufficiency) and the MMPI validity, clinical, commonly scored, and content scales suggests that the seven NPI components reflect different levels of psychological maladjustment. Narcissistic Entitlement and Exploitativeness reflect the most maladjustment, whereas narcissistic Authority reflects the least maladjustment. In addition, a profile analysis of the high NPI scorers suggest that a 98/89 MMPI profile with an elevated F score is most representative of the narcissistic personality in nonclinical samples.
162 citations
TL;DR: This study examined the relationship of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory measures, including the MacAndrew alcoholism (MAC) scale, and the Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS) to adolescents' drug use across nine drug categories.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) measures, including the MacAndrew alcoholism (MAC) scale, and the Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS) to adolescents' drug use across nine drug categories Subjects were 51 male and 72 female high school students between the ages of 14 and 18 (mean age = 16 years, 5 months) The drug use/abuse measure consisted of adolescents' self-reports on the Segal (1973) Alcohol-Drug Use Research Survey Drug categories included for investigation were alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, caffeine, cocaine, hallucinogens, marijuana, narcotics, and tobacco Scores from standard MMPI scales, the MAC scale, and the SSS were examined in relation to individual drug use outcomes, and multivariate procedures were used to predict polydrug versus single drug use patterns Results demonstrated significant and meaningful relationships between personality measures and drug use among adolescents, with consistently strong findings for the SSS
146 citations
TL;DR: The data consistently indicated that the validity and reproducibility of the anxiety thermometer is fair and the possible influence of two factors on the retrospective scores were additionally tested.
Abstract: The aim of our study was to provide validation and reproducible data for the anxiety thermometer. This thermometer is either a continuous or a 10-point Likert-type scale on which subjects are asked to rate their anxiety feelings at a particular moment. It is a quick way to measure state-anxiety. As a validation criterion the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) A-State scale was used. To rest the reproducibility of the thermometer, a test-retest correlation coefficient was calculated, with a retrospective second thermometer score. The ego-threatening situation used was a written examination. Two experiments were carried out during different examination conditions. The data consistently indicated that the validity and reproducibility of the anxiety thermometer is fair (correlation coefficients between .60 and .78). In the second study, the possible influence of two factors on the retrospective scores were additionally tested.
124 citations
117 citations
TL;DR: The Expected Balance Scale (EBS), modeled after Bradburn's Affective Balance Scale, measures expected positive feelings and its separate scales measure optimism and pessimism, and the hope index, based on the interactions of wishes and expectations, is a better measure of the cognitive component of hope as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The importance of hope has been noted by both physicians and by psychotherapists. The construct, hope, has -both cognitive and affective aspects. This article describes two self-report measures of hope that differentially assess these two aspects. The Expected Balance Scale (EBS), modeled after Bradburn's Affective Balance Scale, measures expected positive feelings and its separate scales measure optimism and pessimism. The Hope index, based on the interactions of wishes and expectations, is a better measure of the cognitive component of hope. Descriptive statistics for the two measures are promising.
110 citations
TL;DR: Two studies undertaken to investigate the convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of the Perfectionism Scale (PS) indicate that it has convergent and discriminant validity and seems to measure self-oriented perfectionism.
Abstract: This article describes perfectionism, or the holding of and striving for unrealistically high standards, and presents two studies undertaken to investigate the convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of the Perfectionism Scale (PS; Burns, 1980) College students in the first study completed the PS, several other measures of high standards, and measures of constructs that, conceptually, are differentially related to perfectionism Correlational analyses indicated that the Perfectionism Scale has convergent and discriminant validity and seems to measure self-oriented perfectionism The second study attempted to determine the predictive validity of the PS by testing a vulnerability model of subclinical depression outlined in Hewitt and Dyck (1986) PS scores were used to predict depressed mood changes in female college students following failure on important and unimportant tasks As expected, the results indicated that perfectionism interacted with failure on important versus unimportant tasks to produce dysphoric mood Evidence for the predictive validity of the PS was thus shown Several directions for future research are discussed
103 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors described two similar studies that support the validity of a scale designed to measure internal and external political efficacy (Craig & Maggiotto, 1982), which is the belief that one has the skills to influence the political system.
Abstract: Political efficacy is the belief that one has the skills to influence the political system. Two similar studies are described that support the validity of a scale designed to measure internal and external political efficacy (Craig & Maggiotto, 1982). One study used a sample of 388 undergraduates; the second study used a sample of 159 nonstudents. Factor analytic results from both studies replicated the factor structure reported earlier (Craig & Maggiotto, 1982). Convergent and discriminant evidence was established using measures of community involvement, leadership, alienation, and perceived competence. Political efficacy was also greater for members of politically oriented voluntary organizations than both nonmembers and members of nonpolitical organizations. Implications of the study of political efficacy for understanding citizen participation are discussed.
93 citations
TL;DR: Replicatory factor analyses demonstrated that the two-factor model of mood is applicable to both Israeli men and women and that this structure is consistent across American and Israeli cultures.
Abstract: The cross-cultural stability of a two-factor model of self-reported mood was studied in Israel. Sixty women and 25 men filled out a 58-adjective Mood Check List, everyday for 45 consecutive days. Replicatory factor analyses demonstrated that the two-factor model of mood is applicable to both Israeli men and women and that this structure is consistent across American and Israeli cultures. Three implications of these findings are discussed. Replication of this structure in a diversified and unique culture, such as Israel, coupled with a previous replication in Japan (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1984), is interpreted as lending considerable support to the assertion that this model of mood is cross-culturally consistent. Theoretical formulations and empirical findings derived and discovered in the U.S. can now be employed in planning and interpreting mood studies in Israel. The results of such studies can be incorporated within the general body of knowledge accumulating on this topic in the U.S.
86 citations
TL;DR: Principal components analyses found four dimensions of depression underlying both sexes' BDI item-intercorrelation matrices, and although men and women had comparable dimensions with respect to weight loss, self-blame, and somatic-performance symptoms, men had affectsive and performance symptoms loading on the same factor, whereas women had affective and cognitive symptoms loading in the same dimension.
Abstract: The revised Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered to 174 male and 276 female psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with affective disorders. The mean BDI scores, mean number of symptoms claimed, and corrected item-total correlations were comparable for both sexes, and the coefficients alpha for each sex was .88. Principal components analyses found four dimensions of depression underlying both sexes' BDI item-intercorrelation matrices. Although men and women had comparable dimensions with respect to weight loss, self-blame, and somatic-performance symptoms, men had affective and performance symptoms loading on the same factor, whereas women had affective and cognitive symptoms loading on the same dimension.
70 citations
TL;DR: An empirically based extension of current POMS protocol is described, designed to augment uniformity in administration procedures by providing examiners with a standardized list of alternatives to be referred to when questions concerning the meaning of POMs items arise.
Abstract: Although standard administration procedures are essential for valid inference making, current Profile and Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971) protocol forces each examiner, when asked for assistance, to provide subjects extemporaneously with a word or phrase that is: (a) synonymous with the original item, (b) located nowhere else on the instrument, and (c) more meaningful to the subject than the original item. The purpose of this article is to describe an empirically based extension of current POMS protocol designed to augment uniformity in administration procedures by providing examiners with a standardized list of alternatives to be referred to when questions concerning the meaning of POMS items arise. A multiphase survey procedure was employed to generate and refine alternative items. A series of alpha (internal consistency) reliabilities, calculated for the POMS subscales after each alternative was substituted, revealed little change in subscale homogeneity resulting from the substitu...
TL;DR: A test consistency and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on the Survey of Personal Beliefs, a new measure of irrational thinking based on rational-emotive personality theory, which includes a general rationality factor and subscales measuring five hypothesized core categories of irrational beliefs.
Abstract: A test of internal consistency and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on the Survey of Personal Beliefs, a new measure of irrational thinking based on rational-emotive personality theory. The survey, which was logically derived, includes a general rationality factor and subscales measuring five hypothesized core categories of irrational beliefs. Subjects included a nonclinical sample of 130 men and 150 women, with a mean age of 46. Results indicated that the Survey of Personal Beliefs had satisfactory total and scale reliability. The confirmatory analyses supported a higher order factor model including 5 first-order factors (awfulizing, self-directed shoulds, other-directed shoulds, low-frustration tolerance, and self-worth) and 1 second-order or general factor.
TL;DR: The current form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) has been in use for over 50 years with no revisions in its item content or wording as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The current form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) has been in use for over 50 years with no revisions in its item content or wording. As part of the MMPI Restandardization Project (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer 1989), 82 of the original items were rewritten. Subjects in this study were administered either the original booklet twice to serve as a baseline or the original and the experimental form (MMPI-AX) in a counterbalanced order. Comparisons were made between the percentage of subjects who responded similarly to the two administrations of the original items and the percentage of subjects responding similarly to the original and rewritten versions of the items. Of the 82 items, only 9 changed significantly and only for one gender. None of the correlations between these 9 items and the MMPI validity, clinical, or special scales they are scored on changed significantly for the rewritten items as compared with the original items.
TL;DR: The authors investigated the validity and incremental validity of response latencies to Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) items using an analog research design and found that response latency may have greater faking good detection ability than responses deviance scores.
Abstract: The faking-detection validity and incremental validity of response latencies to Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI) items was investigated using an analog research design. One hundred undergraduates were assigned at random to five groups: each group received different faking instructions (standard, fake good, fake bad, fake good with incentive, fake bad with incentive). All subjects completed a computer-administered version of the MMPI. Content-determined response deviance scores and latencies of responses to Subtle and Obvious scale items were determined for each subject. The principal findings suggest that response latencies may have greater faking good detection ability than responses deviance scores, and that response latencies have statistically significant incremental validity for both the detection of faking good and faking bad, when latencies are used with response deviance scores obtained from Subtle and Obvious scales.
TL;DR: Findings concerning passive and aggressive movement responses, morbid content responses, and movement answers, coded using a new special score for positive cooperative interaction (COP) in human and animal movement responds, suggest that most projections will manifest in responses that depart from and/or embellish the stimulus field.
Abstract: The issue of assumptions concerning projection and the Rorschach is discussed in relation to the Rorschach response process and the process of projection. Some data suggest that some minus answers may evolve because of projection, but the limited nature of the findings indicate that these types of projected answers will be difficult to identify in most cases. Findings concerning passive and aggressive movement responses, morbid content responses, and movement answers, coded using a new special score for positive cooperative interaction (COP) in human and animal movement responses, suggest that most projections will manifest in responses that depart from and/or embellish the stimulus field. Caution is recommended about attempting to interpret single answers that appear to be projections, because most any might be the product of simple stimulus classification.
TL;DR: In this paper, the psychometric properties of a Swedish translation of Fenigstein, Scheier, and Busses (1975) Self-Consciousness Scale are reported, the three-factor structure of the self-consciousness scale was replicated in a sample of 241 undergraduate university students and in another sample of 225 female high school students.
Abstract: The psychometric properties of a Swedish translation of Fenigstein, Scheier, and Busses (1975) Self-Consciousness Scale are reported, The three-factor structure of the Self-Consciousness Scale was replicated in a sample of 241 undergraduate university students and in a sample of 225 female high school students. In a sample of 175 male high school students, the three-factor structure was not confirmed. items assumed to reflect Private and Public Self-consciousness, collapsed into one factor. Test-retest reliabilities and internal consistency of the subscales were consistent with prior research. Significant gender differences in Public Self-consciousness and Social Anxiety are reported. Women scored higher than men.
TL;DR: The development of a self-report measure to assess the effects of relaxation training was examined and univariate analysis of variance indicated significant findings for each of the three dimensions of the inventory.
Abstract: The development of a self-report measure to assess the effects of relaxation training was examined. A rigorous statistical method of scale construction consisting of a modification of the scale discrimination technique was employed, resulting in a 45-item questionnaire representing three orthogonally derived scales. The three scales, Physiological Tension, Physical Assessment, and Cognitive Tension, demonstrated adequate internal consistency with KR20 reliability coefficients of .89, .95, and .81, respectively. In a second study of predictive validity, 40 individuals were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: relaxation training, tension inducement, pre-postcontrol, or postcontrol. Univariate analysis of variance indicated significant findings for each of the three dimensions of the inventory. The Physiological Tension Scale detected significant increases in tension following tension inducement, whereas the Physical Assessment Scale and Cognitive Tension Scale detected increases in relaxation following relaxation training. Recommendations were made for future research on the inventory.
TL;DR: Overall, these results support the reliability and validity of the RDEQ, but indicate that there are important structural differences between the original and revised forms of the inventory.
Abstract: The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976b) was designed to assess the introjective and anaclitic personality dimensions hypothesized by Blatt (1974) to underlie different forms of depression. Welkowitz, Lish, and Bond (1985) revised the DEQ (RDEQ) in order to simplify its scoring and facilitate cross-gender comparisons. The study described herein explored the relation between the original and revised forms of the DEQ and assessed the reliability and validity of the Welkowitz et al. (1985) version of the inventory. Two samples were employed: (a) 163 psychiatric outpatients; and (b) 144 adolescent and young-adult offspring of patients with major affective disorders, chronic physical diseases, and normal controls. The results indicated that the three scales comprising the RDEQ were highly correlated with the corresponding scales from the original DEQ, however, the original and revised forms of the inventory exhibited different patterns of intercorrelations between scales. The RDEQ was internally consistent and stable over a 6-month period. In addition, it exhibited the predicted patterns of relationships with interview and self-report measures of depression and depressive personality traits and cognitive styles. Finally, the RDEQ was significantly associated with the course of depression in a 6-month follow-up study. The findings were generally similar across samples and genders. Overall, these results support the reliability and validity of the RDEQ, but indicate that there are important structural differences between the original and revised forms of the inventory.
TL;DR: To function competently, psychodiagnosticians must have an accurate sense of what their tests can and cannot do, and to function ethically, they must act accordingly--expressing only opinions that are consonant with the current status of validity data.
Abstract: To function competently, psychodiagnosticians must have an accurate sense of what their tests can and cannot do. To function ethically, they must act accordingly--expressing only opinions that are consonant with the current status of validity data. Psychologists who extol tests as doing more than is commonly known they can or who denigrate them as doing less than is commonly known they can are behaving unethically.
TL;DR: A series of four canonical correlation analyses was conducted to compare the Superiority and Goal Instability scales both with personality pattern and clinical syndrome scales from the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and with therapist ratings of personality traits and symptom patterns using 91 clients from a cross-section of outpatient and inpatient mental health agencies.
Abstract: A series of four canonical correlation analyses was conducted to compare the Superiority and Goal Instability scales both with personality pattern and clinical syndrome scales from the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and with therapist ratings of personality traits and symptom patterns using 91 clients from a cross-section of outpatient and inpatient mental health agencies. The Superiority scale was related to a pattern of social gregariousness, interpersonal exploitation, and impulsivity and Goal Instability was related to a pattern of social withdrawal, depression, and lack of ambitions and goals. These results clarify the meaning of the two self-scales as well as providing preliminary data on self-pathology and character types.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a measurement instrument to enable the strength of each of the Jungian functions to be measured separately rather than dichotomized on two dimensions as measured by the MBTI.
Abstract: The Myers-Briggs Type Instrument (MBTI) which is commonly used to measure the psychological functions of Jung's personality theory, has been gaining a substantial following primarily in corporate America. However, it recently was critical for the limitations of its dichotomous measurement approach particularly for applications to complex processes like strategic problem formulation. This article develops a measurement instrument to enable the strength of each of the Jungian functions to be measured separately rather than dichotomized on two dimensions as measured by the MBTI. A measurement technology for measuring function strengths seems to fit Jung's notion of differentiation more clearly. The characteristics of the "modified" instrument are reported for both college students and executives. Evidence is provided showing that this measurement technology is more sensitive than the MBTI and thus may be more suitable for certain applications. Some implications of the results are made, and suggestions are pu...
TL;DR: The authors investigated the interinventory relations of constructs measured by the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R), the Emotionality, Activity, Sociability, Impulsivity (EASI-II) temperament measure, and Eysenck's Personality Inventory (EPI).
Abstract: This exploratory study investigated the interinventory relations of constructs measured by the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R), the Emotionality, Activity, Sociability, Impulsivity (EASI-II) temperament measure, and Eysenck's Personality Inventory (EPI). The zero-order correlational data collected from 153 college students provided concurrent validity for the DOTS-R attributes in relation to the EASI-II and EPI traits. Neuroticism was negatively correlated with the DOTS-R attributes of (low) distractibility, approach-withdrawal, flexibility-rigidity, mood quality, and two rhythmicity dimensions; extraversion was positively correlated with activity level-general approach-withdrawal, flexibility-rigidity, and mood quality. Moderate-to-high correlations were found between similarly labeled attributes of the three inventories and low correlations were generally found between dissimilarly labeled attributes. Multiple regression analysis, used to determine the degree of independence/redundancy...
TL;DR: The results indicated that the three self-report tests may be used to diagnose DSM-III major depression, and that the depressed patients had characteristic test profiles.
Abstract: The Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI), and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test profiles of inpatients and outpatients with DSM-III major depression (n = 48) were contrasted with the test profiles of a control group of patients with diverse psychiatric disorders (n = 68). In addition, the diagnostic efficiency of the relevant depression subscales for the diagnosis of major depression were examined. The results indicated that the three self-report tests may be used to diagnose DSM-III major depression, and that the depressed patients had characteristic test profiles.
TL;DR: In this article, the use of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) in law enforcement officer selection was investigated, and the authors found that subjects rated psychologically suited for law enforcement to those rated unsuited by training instructors had significantly lower overall CPI profiles.
Abstract: This research consisted of two investigations of the use of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) in law enforcement officer selection. The first study examined preemployment profiles of academy' graduates (N = 5791, comparing subjects rated psychologically suited for law enforcement to those rated unsuited by training instructors, Graduates rated unsuited had significantly lower overall CPI profiles. The second study compared preemployment CPI profiles of law enforcement officers who had experienced serious job performance problems (n = 45) to those of matched officer controls who had experienced no such difficulties. Officers with serious job problems scored lower on scales comprising Gough's Class II group of variables, Scales that primarily differentiated between the two officer groups were So, St, Wb, and To. Results provide support for the use of the CPI as an addition to law enforcement officer selection procedures.
TL;DR: The results support the hypothesis of Hall et al. (1986) that psychometric instruments may be of limited utility in characterizing or differentiating among sexual offenders on the basis of criminological variables.
Abstract: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) data were compiled on 101 male sexual offenders of children, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI) profiles were compiled for a subsample of 81 of these subjects in a replication and extension of the Hall, Maiuro, Vitaliano, and Proctor (1986) MMPI study. The MMPI profiles were heterogeneous and had multiple elevations. No significant relationships between the WAIS-R Full Scale IQ, WAIS-R Performance IQ Minus Verbal IQ index, or the MMPI scales, and offense characteristics were obtained. These results support the hypothesis of Hall et al. (1986) that psychometric instruments may be of limited utility in characterizing or differentiating among sexual offenders on the basis of criminological variables.
TL;DR: It is suggested that alexithymia is not a unitary construct and that its reification as such may be premature, and the SSPS appeared to have the highest content validity.
Abstract: The psychometric properties of three scales of alexithymia were examined in a sample of 187 female undergraduates. The Shalling Sifneos Personality State (SSPS) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI) Alexithymia scale had little internal consistency. The scored archetypal test with nine elements (SAT) had very low interrater reliability. As predicted, the three measures were not significantly related to one another and the SSPS had a more clearly defined factor structure than the MMPI scale. The MMPI and SSPS scales were differentially related to measures of symptomatology but were similarly related to extraversion, absorption, and SAT scores. Of the three scales, the SSPS appeared to have the highest content validity. The results suggest that alexithymia is not a unitary construct and that its reification as such may be premature.
TL;DR: Although consistent patterns of potentially useful test signs have begun to appear, methodological difficulties have hampered any subsequent development of clinically useful indices, and greater attention to sample size and its composition and definition as well as demonstrations of adequate reliability and predictive utility are required for further development of these signs.
Abstract: Recent empirical work aimed at identifying test signs of borderline personality disorder is reviewed. The review focuses on commonly employed clinical tests, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the Rorschach, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Possible test signs are considered in relation to their sensitivity to and specificity for the diagnosis and in relation to the criteria of DSM-III, which define the disorder. Although consistent patterns of potentially useful test signs have begun to appear, methodological difficulties have hampered any subsequent development of clinically useful indices. Greater attention to sample size and its composition and definition as well as demonstrations of adequate reliability and predictive utility are required for further development of these signs.
TL;DR: The findings suggest that GID boys do not suffer solely from gender symptomatology but are disturbed in other aspects of their ego functioning as well.
Abstract: Recent clinical and empirical studies of boys with Gender Identity Disorder (GID) of Childhood suggest that severe behavioral disturbance exists beyond their feminine preoccupations. This study examines the thought organization and object representational paradigms of a sample of GID boys (n = 26) in a blind comparison with a normal subgroup (n = 18). Rorschach test protocols were used to compare the groups along these two more internal measures of personality organization. As hypothesized, the GIC group was found to have more pathological scores than the normal group on the Mutuality of Autonomy (MOA) Scale and a thought disorder hierarchy. The findings suggest that GID boys do not suffer solely from gender symptomatology but are disturbed in other aspects of their ego functioning as well.
TL;DR: Estimates of interrater reliability, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability are presented for a sample of 42 adult outpatients and the relationship between total protocol ratings and item sum scores is explored.
Abstract: Little research has been conducted on Loevinger's Washington University Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development in adult psychiatric outpatients. The measure is a promising method of assessing a construct of personality and character functioning that should be useful in research on psychopathology and in choosing treatment modalities. The data presented in this study address the question of the psychometric adequacy of the measure in this segment of the subject population. Specifically, estimates of interrater reliability, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability are presented for a sample of 42 adult outpatients. In addition, the relationship between total protocol ratings and item sum scores is explored.
TL;DR: Findings indicated that this sample of adolescents was highly defensive and emotionally constricted and the Rorschach variables were not strongly related to depression.
Abstract: This study is a multimethod assessment of depressive features in a sample of 60 adolescent inpatients. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between self-report measures of depression and Rorschach variables commonly associated with depression. Patients represented a variety of diagnostic categories in order to determine whether information gathered through assessment instruments was related to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. [DSM-III], American Psychiatric Association, 1980) diagnoses of depression. Findings indicated that this sample of adolescents was highly defensive and emotionally constricted. There were several significant relationships between self-report measures and Rorschach indicators of depression. However, in general, the Rorschach variables were not strongly related to depression. The self-report measures were more accurate than Rorschach variables in discriminating between depressed and nondepressed subjects.