Showing papers in "Journal of Policy Analysis and Management in 1983"
535 citations
339 citations
320 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Howard Margolis suggests that within each person there are two selves, one selfish and the other group-oriented, and that the individual follows a Darwinian rule for allocating resources between those two selves.
Abstract: Why do we volunteer time? Why do we contribute money? Why, even, do we vote, if the effect of a single vote is negligible? Rationality-based microeconomic models are hard-pressed to explain such social behavior, but Howard Margolis proposes a solution. He suggests that within each person there are two selves, one selfish and the other group-oriented, and that the individual follows a Darwinian rule for allocating resources between those two selves. "Howard Margolis's intriguing ideas . . . provide an alternative to the crude models of rational choice that have dominated economics and political science for too long."-"Times Literary Supplement"
294 citations
267 citations
TL;DR: When nonprofit organizations operate in a field of service that might otherwise be provided by government or by for-profit organizations, such as schools, hospitals, or museums, their decisions on the type and amount of services to be delivered are motivated by factors that are quite distinctive.
Abstract: When nonprofit organizations operate in a field of service that might otherwise be provided by government or by for-profit organizations, such as schools, hospitals, or museums, their decisions on the type and amount of services to be delivered are motivated by factors that are quite distinctive. Because they must operate on a break-even basis with revenues raised on a voluntary basis, nonprofit organizations typically take on activities from which they derive no satisfaction in order to subsidize activities that they regard as of higher value. As a result, the mix of services they offer and the charges they impose will generally be quite different from those of a government institution or a for-profit organization.
260 citations
TL;DR: Analyzes the proper role of the government in the elimination of occupational health and safety hazards and evaluates the effectiveness of attempts to regulate industrial health risks.
Abstract: Analyzes the proper role of the government in the elimination of occupational health and safety hazards and evaluates the effectiveness of attempts to regulate industrial health risks.
222 citations
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157 citations
TL;DR: Contrasts approaches of the U.S. and Sweden to the problem of air pollution in light of their differing political systems can be found in this article, where the authors compare the approaches of both countries.
Abstract: Contrasts approaches of the U.S. and Sweden to the problem of air pollution in light of their differing political systems.
111 citations
104 citations
TL;DR: This article found that other characteristics such as race, race, religion, occupation, educational background, and political orientation also have an important influence on voting behavior, combining with public sector employment and voters' likely gains from tax reduction to push individual voters in different directions on the issue of tax limitation.
Abstract: The vote on Massachusetts' Proposition 2½—and by extension the votes to restrain or roll back taxes in other states as well—should not be interpreted simply as expressions of the narrowly defined self-interest of the voters. This study shows that other characteristics such as sex, race, religion, occupation, educational background, and political orientation also have an important influence on voting behavior. These characteristics combine with self-interest measures such as public sector employment and voters' likely gains from tax reduction to push individual voters in different directions on the issue of tax limitation. Consequently, we find little polarization in the electorate along demographic lines.
TL;DR: A chilling, instructive, literate, compelling discussion of the staggering problems facing U.S. higher education and the management strategies required to cope with them is given in this article.
Abstract: A chilling, instructive, literate, compelling discussion of the staggering problems facing U.S. higher education and the management strategies required to cope with them. -- Washington PostGeorge Keller's best seller allows us to understand how techniques of strategic management can help deal with future uncertainties and shows how a number of campuses have faced hard times creatively. -- Higher Education
TL;DR: The Society for Risk Analysis (SFA) as mentioned in this paper was formed by a group of scientists from national laboratories, universities, and other research organizations gathered informally in a series of meetings to consider the state of research on risks to health, safety, and the environment.
Abstract: In 1980, a group of scientists from national laboratories, universities, and other research organizations gathered informally in a series of meetings to consider the state of research on risks to health, safety, and the environment. Each scientist had conducted research on the subject. All felt that the traditional disciplines and professional societies to which they belonged were neither ade quate nor appropriate for addressing the extraordinarily complex problems of assessing the risks inherent in modern society. The con sensus of the group was that a new society was needed to address these problems in a scientific and objective way. From these initial meetings, the Society for Risk Analysis was formed The major aims of the Society for Risk Analysis, as stated in its constitution, are to promote knowledge and understanding of risk analysis techniques and their applications; to promote communication and interaction among those engaged in risk analysis; and to disseminate risk analysis information and promote the advancement of all aspects of risk analysis. Members of the Society are drawn from a variety of disciplines, including the health sciences, engineering, the physical sciences, the humanities, and the behavioral and social sciences. An import ant function of the Society is the annual meeting, at which var ious aspects of risk analysis are discussed. The first annual meet ing, represented by this volume, was the International Workshop on the Analysis of Actual vs."
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine existing programs that confer property rights to learn what requirements shape them, and they expect that if they can identify patterns in the design of such policies, these patterns will, in turn, suggest the political imperatives that constrain program design decisions.
Abstract: : The purpose of this research is to examine existing programs that confer property rights to learn what requirements shape them. We expect that if we can identify patterns in the design of such policies, these patterns will, in turn, suggest the political imperatives that constrain program design decisions. As a first cut in exploring the constraints underlying the design of regulatory programs that confer property rights, I have chosen to examine only the essential features of a relatively large sample of programs. I chose this option on the premise that the larger sample demonstrates patterns more effectively than in-depth analyses of a few cases would. Our sample includes 12 cases selected primarily because they were well-known and information on them was readily available. The oldest case in the group is a regulatory program that has been in force since 1927. The newest cases are still in their formative stages. The cases have been chosen from the narrow range of programs where a property right has been conferred to achieve a regulatory goal, although individually the programs may have varying purposes and designs. Three elements appear to determine the basic structure of a regulatory program that confers rights; who the recipient is, how much he receives, and what he receives.
TL;DR: In Malaysia, the circumstances were favorable: the disadvantaged ethnic group was a majority and held the political reins, and soaring export prices generated much new growth to redistribute. But enormous efforts at "affirmative action" led to only marginal changes in the interethnic distribution of income as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Beginning in 1971, Malaysia took unprecedented steps to improve the welfare of ethnic Malays vis-a-vis the country's large Chinese minority. The programs included quotas in education, employment, and ownership, as well as a variety of subsidies, credit schemes, and political measures. The circumstances were favorable: The disadvantaged ethnic group was a majority and held the political reins, and soaring export prices generated much new growth to redistribute. But enormous efforts at “affirmative action” led to only marginal changes in the interethnic distribution of income. Malaysia's new policies reduced racial inequalities less than one might have hoped, but they also had fewer bad effects on economic efficiency and political stability than one might have feared.
TL;DR: The history of federal regulation in subsidizing child day care can be found in this paper, where the federal government's retreat from regulation in 1980 and 1981 may have had results that were in many ways salutary.
Abstract: Advocates for the poor frequently support uniform, high federal standards for subsidized social services. While such standards may improve the quality of services for those who qualify, they can also have unintended but important side effects. Stringent regulations may actually curtail the supply of services, promote segregation, and expand the role of large subsidized for-profit firms. All these possibilities are illustrated by the history of federal regulation in subsidizing child day care. The federal government's retreat from regulation in 1980 and 1981 may have had results that—even if unintended—were in many ways salutary.