Showing papers in "Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry in 2003"
TL;DR: In this paper, the sorption of long-lived radionuclides of cesium, strontium and cobalt (134Cs, 85Sr and 60Co) on bentonite under various experimental conditions, such as contact time, pH, sorbent and sorbate concentrations have been studied.
Abstract: The sorption of long-lived radionuclides of cesium, strontium and cobalt (134Cs, 85Sr and 60Co) on bentonite under various experimental conditions, such as contact time, pH, sorbent and sorbate concentrations have been studied. The uptake of Cs and Sr was rapid and equilibrium was reached almost instantaneously in both the cases, while Co sorption was time dependent. The sorption of these nuclides increased by increasing pH. The uptake of Cs, Sr and Co increased with increasing the amount of the bentonite clay. The percentage sorption for Cs, Sr and Co decreased with increasing metal concentrations. The desorption studies with 0.01M CaCl2 and ground water at low-metal loadings on bentonite showed that about 95% of Cs, 85-90% of Sr and 97% of Co were irreversibly sorbed. These results could be helpful for nuclear waste management, for waste water effluents containing low concentrations of cesium, strontium and cobalt.
107 citations
TL;DR: The LabSOCS software as discussed by the authors performs mathematical efficiency calibration of Ge detectors and has an accuracy of 5.1% at low energies and 4.2% at high energies.
Abstract: The LabSOCS software performs mathematical efficiency calibration of Ge detectors. Extensive tests have been conducted comparing the LabSOCS efficiency calibration with those from traditional radioactive sources for typical laboratory geometries. For this study, 4 NIST-traceable standards containing 13 different energy lines were counted in 7 different geometries that are typical of laboratory samples. The results from the first 13 detectors produced using this process show that efficiency calibrations generated with LabSOCS have an accuracy of 5.1% SD at low energies and 4.2% SD at high energies.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the main features of a program for gamma-ray spectra analysis in the Windows environment are described, which allows handling of HPGe multichannel pulse-height spectra produced by many commercial instruments.
Abstract: The main features of a program for gamma-ray spectra analysis in the Windows environment are described The program allows handling of HPGe multichannel pulse-height spectra produced by many commercial instruments It performs the analysis using an interactive manual or automatic mode of evaluation Results are directed to a number of different output files The performance of the evaluation can be affected by selecting only regions with prescribed type of peaks The calibration of the detector efficiency is included Identification of isotopes and the calculation of their absolute activities are possible Data can be edited in an internal text editor
92 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the excitation function for the charged particle production of 99mTc and 99Mo is studied and compared with the earlier published excitation functions, which result in large differences in the calculated yields.
Abstract: The use of the 99Mo→99mTc generator in nuclear medicine is well established world wide. The production of the 99Mo (T1/2 = 66 h) parent as a fission product of 235U is largely based on the use of reactor technology. From the early 1990's accelerator based production methods to provide either direct produced 99mTc or the parent 99Mo, were studied and suggested as potential alternatives to the reactor based production of 99Mo. A possible pathway for the charged particle production of 99mTc and 99Mo is irradiation of molybdenum metal with protons via the reaction 100Mo(p,2n)99mTc and 100Mo(p,pn)99Mo, respectively. The earlier published excitation functions show large differences in their maximum that result in large differences in the calculated yields. We therefore decided to study the excitation function for these proton-induced reactions. In this work the newly measured excitation functions as well as an evaluation of earlier measured data and a discussion of the observed disagreements are presented.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption of Eu(III) was investigated on 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HTTA) loaded PUR foam.
Abstract: The adsorption studies of Eu(III) was investigated on 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HTTA) loaded PUR foam. The adsorption conditions were optimized with respect to pH, shaking time, loading capacity and adsorbent weight. The adsorption data followed the classical Freundlich and Langmuir type isotherms successfully. The Freundlich constant (1/n) is estimated to be 0.35±0.02, reflects a surface heterogeneity of the PUR foam. Langmuir isotherm gives a saturated capacity of 0.082±0.002 mmol.g-1 suggests a monolayer coverage of the surface. The Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm is applied and the sorption mean free energy (E) is calculated and found to be 13.36±0.12 kJ.mol-1 suggesting that chemisorption involving chemical bonding is responsible for the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) were calculated and interpreted. The positive value of ΔH indicates that the adsorption of metal ions on HTTA-loaded PUR foam is an endothermic process. A possible explanation of this endothermicity has been given. The selectivity and sensitivity of the adsorbent was also studied. The sorption of Eu(III) is greatly affected in the presence of oxalate and fluoride. The sorptive affinity of different cations towards HTTA loaded PUR foam was also discussed.
76 citations
TL;DR: This work shortly describes the main steps involved in the design and development of the software package Quantu, created to conduct k0-standardized NAA, which comprises a database as well as two individual programs.
Abstract: This work shortly describes the main steps involved in the design and development of the software package Quantu, created to conduct k
0-standardized NAA. The package comprises a database as well as two individual programs. Quantu-MCA is dedicated to (g-ray spectrum analysis and Quantu-INAA is the interface for the database administration, also dealing with k
0-method calculations.
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the elemental composition of different parts (root, bark, leaf, seed) of some medicinal plants of North Eastern India has been determined by using proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE).
Abstract: Several parts of plants are used in herbal and Ayurvedic medicines of India. The different elemental constituents at trace levels of these plant parts play an effective role in the medicines prepared. Elemental composition of different parts (root, bark, leaf, seed) of some medicinal plants of North Eastern India has been determined by using proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). A total of 14 elements, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Pb have been measured. Their concentrations were found to vary in different samples. Medicinal properties of these plant samples and their elemental distribution have been correlated.
66 citations
TL;DR: A suite of natural matrix reference materials (RMs) were used to assess the quality of analytical results obtained by k0-instrumental neutron activation analysis (k0-INAA) at the Jožef Stefan Institute (IJS).
Abstract: A suite of natural matrix reference materials (RMs) were used to assess the quality of analytical results obtained by k0-instrumental neutron activation analysis (k0-INAA) at the Jožef Stefan Institute (IJS). Five certified reference materials (CRMs) from the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), two standard reference materials (SRMs) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), three RMs from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and one RM from IJS were analyzed. Altogether, results for twenty-four elements in inorganic matrices and twenty-nine elements in organic matrices, obtained by k0-INAA, were compared to certified values. Results obtained show good agreement with certified or assigned values except for Fe, La, Nd, Sm and U in inorganic matrices, and Ag, Al and Cr in organic matrices.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a Ni-Cr alloy was chosen as an in-house reference material for neutron flux measurement due to the well-known physical constants of the nuclides or interest and its low cost.
Abstract: A Ni-Cr alloy was chosen as an in-house reference material for neutron flux measurement due to the well-known physical constants of the nuclides or interest and its low cost. The quantification of the Cr and Ni content was performed by neutron activation analysis (NAA), using certified reference materials from NIST as comparators. The concertrations and standard combined uncertainties were 19.32 ± 0.07 % for Cr and 80.2 ± 1.1 % for Ni, and the material is very homogeneous for Cr and moderate homogeneous for Ni.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, composite ion exchangers were tested for their ability to remove UO22+ from aqueous solutions and the optimum adsorption conditions were determined for two composites.
Abstract: The composite ion exchangers were tested for their ability to remove UO22+ from aqueous solutions. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composites having natural zeolite, clinoptilolite, and synthetic zeolite, zeolite X, were used as an adsorbents. The influences of pH, U(VI) concentration, temperature and contact time on the sorption behavior of U(VI) were investigated in order to gain a macroscopic understanding of the sorption mechanism. The optimum adsorption conditions were determined for two composites. The sorption behaviors of uranium on both composites from aqueous systems have been studied by batch technique. Parameters on desorption were also investigated to recover the adsorbed uranium.
55 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors described the Syrian experience with respect to naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) waste produced by the Syrian oil industry and identified three main categories of NORM waste.
Abstract: This paper describes the Syrian experience with respect to naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) waste produced by the Syrian oil industry. Three main categories of NORM waste were identified. First, hard scales from decontamination of contaminated equipment and tubings which are considered to contain the highest levels of radium isotopes (226Ra, 228Ra, 224Ra); this type of waste being currently stored in standard barrels in a controlled area. Second, sludge wastes containing low levels of radium isotopes were found in large amounts in each Syrian oilfield; plastic lined disposal pits were constructed in each area for temporary storage. However, disposal criteria for the above two categories of NORM waste are still under discussions. Third, soil contaminated with NORM as a result of uncontrolled disposal of production water was also considered as NORM waste. The Syrian criteria for disposal and clean up of this type of waste has been defined and approved by the Regulatory Office.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple iterative linear regression (ILR) method was used to calculate the deviation of the epithermal neutron distribution in the k0-standardization method of neutron activation analysis.
Abstract: The a term is a primary parameter that is used to indicate the deviation of the epithermal neutron distribution in the k0-standardization method of neutron activation analysis, k0-NAA. The calculation of a using a mathematical procedure is a challenge for some researchers. The calculation of a by the "bare-triple monitor" method is possible using the dedicated commercial software KAYZERO®/SOLCOI®. However, when this software is not available in the laboratory it is possible to carry out the calculation of a applying a simple iterative linear regression using any spreadsheets. This approach is described in this paper. The experimental data used in the example were obtained by the irradiation of a set of suitable monitors in the NAA #1 irradiation channel of the HANARO research reactor (KAERI, Korea). The results obtained by this iterative linear regression method agree well with the results calculated by the validated mathematical method.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the possible radiological impact to the local public and environment from a phosphogypsum stockpile, 210Po and 210Pb concentrations in river water, lagoon water, suspended matter, superficial sediment, algae and bivalves samples collected in Venice lagoon area.
Abstract: In order to evaluate the possible radiological impact to the local public and environment from a phosphogypsum stockpile, 210Po and 210Pb concentrations in river water, lagoon water, suspended matter, superficial sediment, algae and bivalves samples collected in Venice lagoon area have been investigated. The results show that the mean 210Po and 210Pb concentrations in river water are 1.42±0.36 mBq.l-1 and 1.46±0.39 mBq.l-1 with a mean 210Po/210Pb ratio of 0.98±0.17 and about 60% of them are associated with the particulate; 210Po and 210Pb contribution from the phosphogypsum stockpile to the river water is negligible. Higher 210Po (2.61-5.67 mBq.l-1) and 210Pb (1.31-3.62 mBq.l-1) concentrations in the lagoon waters have been observed if compared with the literature values. About 60% of 210Po and 210Pb are found in the soluble form with a mean 210Po/210Pb ratio of 1.79±1.47. 210Po and 210Pb concentrations in 28 out 37 sediment samples ranged from 26 to 45 Bq.kg-1 (dry weight), only 9 sediments with 210Po and 210Pb concentrations greater than 45 Bq.kg-1 are found and most of them are located 1-4 km near the phosphogypsum stockpile. The elevated 210Po and 210Pb concentrations in the sediments may be due to the contamination from the phosphogypsum stockpile. The mean 210Po/210Pb ratio (0.986±0.049) in the sediments shows that 210Po and 210Pb exist in nearly secular equilibrium. 210Po and 210Pb concentrations in algae vary with different species. The mean 210Po and 210Pb concentrations in Gracilaria compress and Ulva laetevirens which show a similar behavior, are 3.18±1.23 Bq.kg-1 and 2.42±1.26 Bq.kg-1 (fresh weight), respectively, with a mean 210Po/210Pb ratio of 1.45±0.34. The mean concentration factors with respect to the filtered water are 1096±424 for 210Po and 1299±680 for 210Pb. The mean 210Po and 210Pb concentrations in the soft part of Mytilus edulis are 23.2±9.7 Bq.kg-1 and 0.537±0.203 Bq.kg-1 (fresh weight), respectively, with a mean 210Po/210Pb ratio of 43.6±10.0. The mean concentration factors with respect to the filtered water are 8006±3351 for 210Po and 290±109 for 210Pb, showing a very high accumulation effect for 210Po. The accumulation behaviors of Cerastoderma glaucum and Tapes philippinarum for 210Po are similar to Mytilus edulis, but that for 210Pb seems less effective, corresponding to a relatively higher 210Po/210Pb ratio. The estimated committed effective doses from 210Po for the individual local public through ingestion of bivalves are in the range of 0.050-0.231 mSv.y-1.
TL;DR: In this article, the radiochemical separation of the no-carrier-added 177Lu from the macroscopic ytterbium target was investigated by reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC and the effects of 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid and 1-octanesulfonate in the eluent, the amount of Yb2O3, the type and length of the C18 column on the separation efficiency were examined.
Abstract: No-carrier-added 177Lu was produced by the 176Yb(n,γ)177Yb→177Lu process using enriched 176Yb2O3. The radiochemical separation of the nca 177Lu from the macroscopic ytterbium target was investigated by reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC. Effects of the concentrations of 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid and 1-octanesulfonate in the eluent, the amount of Yb2O3, the type and length of the C18 column on the separation efficiency were examined. Under optimum conditions, the nca 177Lu was obtained in radiochemically pure form from 5 mg of Yb2O3 with a separation yield of 84%.
TL;DR: HyperLab is a new gamma-ray analysis code for MS Windows, developed using object-oriented design, which allows the efficient storage and handling of any digital data encountered in Gamma-ray spectroscopy.
Abstract: HyperLab is a new Ge gamma-ray analysis code for MS Windows, developed using object-oriented design. The novel feature of the program is the extensive use of relational database technology, which allows the efficient storage and handling of any digital data encountered in gamma-ray spectroscopy. While preserving the main concept of the predecessors (HYPERMET and its derivatives) for semi-automatic analysis of multichannel pulse-height spectra, the substantially reshaped basic routines vastly improved the stability and reliability of peak fitting. New features include the fitting of peaks with high energy tail, as well as library-directed ‘Graphical Isotope Identification’. Procedures for efficiency, nonlinearity, etc. calibrations are now highly automated. By exploiting all the benefits of MS Windows technology (point-and-click simplicity in task executions, intelligent mouse pointer, etc.) HyperLab is a versatile and user-friendly tool which the discriminating spectroscopist will find of great value.
TL;DR: In this paper, high resolution-type ICP-MS was applied to the analysis of 239Pu and 240Pu in soil samples and the detection limit of Pu was about 0.001 pg.
Abstract: High resolution-type ICP-MS was applied to the analysis of 239Pu and 240Pu in soil samples. The detection limit of Pu was about 0.001 pg.ml-1 (ppt) in the sample solution or about 0.0005 pg in a total sample. This method was used to determine concentrations of Pu and its isotopic ratios in several soil samples collected from different areas in Japan. Concentrations of Pu in surface soils collected from forests were significantly higher than those in soils from agricultural fields. The 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios observed were usually 0.17-0.19, except for one very low ratio (0.037) found in the Nishiyama area (Nagasaki).
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the radioactive content of drinking mineral bottled water in Poland was carried out, and the results revealed that the mean concentration of 210Po,238U and 234U in analyzed water sample were 1.28, 0.80 and 0. 80 mBq.dm-3, respectively.
Abstract: A study of the radioactive content of drinking mineral bottled water in Poland was carried out. 210Po,238U and 234U activity concentrations were determined by alpha-spectrometry with low-level-activity silicon detectors. The results revealed that the mean concentration of 210Po,238U and 234U in analyzed water sample were 1.28, 0.80 and 0.80 mBq.dm-3, respectively. The effective doses due to the polonium and uranium emissions were calculated for bottled drinking water.
TL;DR: The relationship between radon emanation, geological formation and occurrence of high indoor radon concentration is discussed in this article, which is accompanied by the measurement of soil-gas radon in the same area.
Abstract: Laboratory experiment was performed for the measurement of radon exhalation rate from the soil samples collected from Garhwal Himalayas. This study is accompanied by the measurement of soil-gas radon concentration in the same area. Both results were compared with the geological formation and structure of the area. No correlation was observed between soil-gas radon concentration and radon exhalation rate. However, it was found to be controlled by the lithology, geological structure and uranium mineralization in the area. The relationship between radon emanation, geological formation and occurrence of high indoor radon concentration is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, heavy metal ferrocyanides were prepared and their selectivity towards cesium was investigated and it was concluded that the amount of Cesium sorbed by these hexacyanoferrates exceeded 99%.
Abstract: Some heavy metal ferrocyanides were prepared and their selectivity towards cesium was investigated. Many were found to have good ion exchange properties and some can be easily prepared in a granular form suitable for the use in a packed column operation. The ferrocyanides show high cesium uptake in various simulated processing solutions relevant to the treatment of radioactive wastes. The amount of cesium sorbed by these hexacyanoferrates exceeded 99%. They also possess a high selectivity for cesium in solutions of high salt concentration. Desorption of the sorbed cesium at various nitric acid concentrations have been investigated and it is concluded that cesium is eluted by a chemical reaction step as a consequence of the oxidation of the ferrocyanides. It has also been observed that ferrocyanides degrade in solutions of low pH.
TL;DR: In this article, a special GC-column of 1 m length has been included into the gas inlet and mixtures of compounds get separated by their retention times before entering the drift sensor.
Abstract: IMS-detectors are using beta-sources like tritium or nickel-63 This detection principle uses fast ion-molecular reactions between air cluster ions, produced by beta ionization and the analyte The system works at normal pressure, the very high sensitivity and selectivity is used widely in industry, research, medicine and environmental control In the last few years especially, small tritium sources were reduced to a level of some 50 MBq, which is 20 times less than the exemption levels for these sources One of the handicaps of that technology is the problem of cross sensitivities To overcome these problems a special GC-column of 1 m length has been included into the gas inlet and mixtures of compounds get separated by their retention times before entering the drift sensor By means of that method a new analytical quality of IMS is arrived The application of these analytical devices got a spin off in the last year The main applications being discussed are as follows: (1) anti terror systems in buildings and facilities, (2) working place monitoring in chemical industry, (3) microelectronics: HF, HCl, Cl2, NMP, NH3, NO2, SO2, (4) environment: NH3, HCN, HCl, CH2O, organic compounds, SO2, NO2, (5) gas and petrol: gas-carottage, H2S, mercaptans, (6) household, furniture: solvents, clue, organic vapour from furniture, and (7) health care: diagnostics of various diseases
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the self-verification principle in activation analysis to increase the credibility of the obtained results, and used a microtron with 20 MeV bremsstrahlung to obtain the results.
Abstract: Forty two major, minor and some trace elements were determined by activation analysis in the new Czech Moravka H5 chondrite, which fell on May 6, 2000 in the vicinity of Moravka, north-east Moravia. The elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, Cl, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu were determined by means of instrumental short-time neutron activation analysis (INAA), whereas another group of elements, namely Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sb, La, Sm, Ir, Au and Hg were assayed using long-time INAA. Most of the rare earth elements (REE) were determined by radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) using precipitation of their oxalates, whilst for the determination of Rb and Cs an RNAA procedure based on selective sorption of the elements on ammonium phosphomolybdenate was employed. Mg, Ca, Ti, Mn, Ni, Sr, Y and Zr were determined by instrumental photon neutron activation analysis (IPAA) using the irradiation with 20 MeV bremsstrahlung from a microtron. For quality control, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reference rocks basalt BCR-1 and diabase W-1 were analyzed. Moreover, the self-verification principle in activation analysis was employed to increase the credibility of the obtained results.
TL;DR: In this article, the elemental analysis of south Indian gallstones using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy was carried out and the results were presented and discussed.
Abstract: The elemental analysis of south Indian gallstones has been carried out using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy. A number of important elements including Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, and Pb were estimated from the EDXRF spectra. The results are presented and discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the physical and mechanical properties of the mixtures in presence and in absence of some chemicals were investigated, and thermal analysis and infrared spectra of each mixture were also determined.
Abstract: Portland cement was mixed with kaolinite clay and epoxy polymer at different ratios to immobilize radioactive waste ions. The physical and mechanical properties of the mixtures in presence and in absence of some chemicals were investigated. Thermal analysis and infrared spectra of each mixture were also determined. The release of radioactive ions from cement, kaolinite clay, polymer mixture was studied. The presence of 7.5% kaolinite and 6% epoxy polymer increased the mechanical strength of cement mixed by 40% water, and decreased leachability of ions from mixture. Studies were also performed on a mixture of cement and 7.5% kaolinite cubes coated with a layer of epoxy polymer. Leachability of ions from these samples was decreased. A proposed container was designed to prevent release of ions from the immobilized matrix to the environment.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used environmental isotope (δ2H and δ18O) techniques supported by hydrochemical surveying, water balance and conventional hydrogeological mapping were used to study the hydrographic system of four major lakes located in a closed central Ethiopian rift basin.
Abstract: Environmental isotope (δ2H and δ18O) techniques supported by hydrochemical surveying, water balance and conventional hydrogeological mapping were used to study the hydrogeological system of four major lakes located in a closed central Ethiopian rift basin. The focus of attention is the groundwater and surface water interaction and the subsurface hydraulic connection of the lakes. The result shows that despite their geographic proximity, the lakes have highly variable isotopic and hydrochemical signature owing to geological and geomorphological factors. Two of the lakes are alkaline and found to be terminal from both surface water and groundwater point of view. They are in the state of high evaporation with respect to present day precipitation. The groundwater flow converges from all sides of the basin and plays very important role in the water balance of all the lakes. Major flow system in the rift and the hydraulic connection of the lakes is strongly controlled by the direction and extent of the extensional normal faults.
TL;DR: The microporous titanosilicate ETS-10 synthesized from gel with following molar composition was subjected to radioactive cations 115Cd2+, 204Hg2+, 60Co2+ and 137Cs+ (M) from aqueous solution, in the absence of ionic competition as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The microporous titanosilicate ETS-10 synthesized from gel with following molar composition: 1.0 Na2O: 1.49 SiO2 : 0.2 TiO2 : 0.6 KF : 1.28 HCl : 39.5 H2O was subjected to sorption of radioactive cations 115Cd2+, 204Hg2+, 60Co2+ and 137Cs+ (M) from aqueous solution, in the absence of ionic competition. The uptake of these cations on the ETS-10 was compared by means of the distribution coefficient (Kd) versus contact time and sorption capacity (R) at equilibrium. The FT-IR spectra of M-ETS-10 sorption products exhibit a modification of the absorption band, principally at 381 cm-1.
TL;DR: An electronic data base containing recently evaluated k0 and related data has been developed to make an official source of data used for electronic synchronization of the input parameters needed for the k0 methodology, which is developing in numerous laboratories.
Abstract: An electronic data base (DB) containing recently evaluated k
0 and related data has been developed. The tables composing the DB are relationally linked to support data integrity. The purpose of the DB development is to make an official source of data used for electronic synchronization of the input parameters needed for the k
0 methodology, which is developing in numerous laboratories. Such solution saves time when updating, ensures the quality of the primary data and hence of the analysis results, and due to the recording of the updating history preserves traceability of the data in time.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used batch technique and ultra-filtration method at room temperature at pH 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 to study the sorption of Cs and humic acid on g-Al2O3 in the range from 2 to 12.
Abstract: The sorption of cesium onto g-Al2O3 was studied by using batch technique and ultra-filtration method at room temperature, at pH 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 and ionic strength ranged from 0.001M to 0.1M NaClO4. The pore size of the filter 1000K was used to separate the liquid from the solid phase. UV vis spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentration of humic acid in the solution at wavelength of 254 nm. The sorption of humic acid and Cs on the g-Al2O3 was studied in the pH range from 2 to 12. The sorption of humic acid on the g-Al2O3 was strong (»98% HA was sorbed on the surface of g-Al2O3 below pH 9) and strongly depended on the pH values (above pHzpc the sorption of HA decreased markedly with the increasing of pH), humic acid has a little negative effect on the sorption of cesium. This may be attributed to the formation of HA-Cs complexation in the solution. The sorption of Cs onto g-Al2O3 was weak depending on the pH and independent on the ionic strength. The sorption of Cs onto g-Al2O3 may be contributed to cation exchange and surface complexation mechanism.
TL;DR: In this article, the analysis of airborne particulate matter (APM) by k0-NAA was assessed using: (1) BCR reference material (RM) simulated airfilters, (2) synthetic air-filters prepared by spiking blank filters with standard solutions, and (3) real APM filters.
Abstract: The analysis of airborne particulate matter (APM) by k
0-NAA was assessed using: (1) BCR reference material (RM) simulated air-filters, (2) synthetic air-filters prepared by spiking blank filters with standard solutions, and (3) real APM filters. k
0-INAA is a suitable technique for the analysis of APM, delivering accurate and precise results. However, the quality assessment of APM analysis appears to be a difficult task.
TL;DR: In this article, the results of high resolution gamma-spectrometric measurements of 137Cs, 40K, 232Th and 238U in Indian soils collected from 24 different places from normal natural radiation background areas were presented.
Abstract: The paper presents the results of high resolution gamma-spectrometric measurements of 137Cs, 40K, 232Th and 238U in Indian soils collected from 24 different places from normal natural radiation background areas. The depth profile of 137Cs was studied at sampling sites. The paper also presents 137Cs levels in top soil at Mumbai during 1986 to 2000. The results in Mumbai soil indicate clearly the accumulation from fallout only on the top soil and seasonal peaking during the beginning of the monsoon season.
TL;DR: Tri-iso-amyl phosphate (TAP), an indigenously prepared extractant was utilized for reactor fuel reprocessing and compared with tri-butyl phosphate and tri-n-hexyl phosphate as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Tri-iso-amyl phosphate (TAP), an indigenously prepared extractant was utilized for reactor fuel reprocessing and compared with tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) and tri-n-hexyl phosphate (THP). The potential of these extractants was found to be in the order TAP>THP>TBP by calculating the acid uptake value (KH). The effect of various parameters such as solvent degradation due to acid hydrolysis, radiation effect, decontamination factor and phase separation were investigated and it was found that TAP was always a better extractant in comparison to THP and TBP. In addition to this, the extraction of fission product contaminants such as 144 Ce, 137 Cs, 106 Ru, 95 Zr was almost negligible, even at very high nitric acid concentrations in the aqueous phase, indicating the potential application of TAP in actinide partitioning. Sodium carbonate solution or acidified distilled water was a good strippant for U(VI), similarly, uranium(IV) nitrate stripped Pu(IV) from the organic phase.