Showing papers in "Journal of Sensor Science and Technology in 2007"
TL;DR: In this article, a thin film catalytic gas sensors which can be operated at in presence of ultra violet-light emitting diode has been developed to measure hydrogen concentration in 0-5 % range.
Abstract: A thick film catalytic gas sensors which can be operated at in presence of ultra violet-light emitting diode has been developed to measure hydrogen concentration in 0-5 % range. The sensing material as a combustion catalyst consists of (5 wt%) and Pd/Pt (20 wt%) supported on powder and the reference material to compensate the heat capacity of it in a bridge circuit was an catalyst free powder. Platinum heater and sensor materials were formed on the alumina plate by screen printing method and heat treatment. The effect of UV radiation in the presence of photo catalyst on the sensor sensitivity, response and recovery time has been investigated. The reduction of operating temperature from to for hydrogen gas sensing property in presence of UV radiation is attributed to the hydroxy radical and superoxide which was formed at the surface of under UV radiation.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a one-dimensional fiber-optic radiation sensor with an organic scintillator tip is fabricated to measure high energy X-ray beam profile of CLINAC.
Abstract: In this study, one-dimensional fiber-optic radiation sensor with an organic scintillator tip is fabricated to measure high energy X-ray beam profile of CLINAC. According to the energy and field size of X-ray, scintillating light signal from one-dimensional fiber-optic sensor is measured using a photodiode-amplifier system. This sensor has many advantages such as high resolution, real-time measurement and ease calibration over conventional ion chamber and film.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the growth conditions and characteristics of polycrystalline 3C-SiC (silicon carbide) thin films for M/NEMS applications related to harsh environments were presented.
Abstract: This paper presents the growth conditions and characteristics of polycrystalline 3C-SiC (silicon carbide) thin films for M/NEMS applications related to harsh environments. The growth of the 3C-SiC thin film on the oxided Si wafers was carried out by APCVD using HMDS (hexamethyildisilane: precursor. Each samples were analyzed by XRD (X-ray diffraction), FT-IR (fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy), RHEED (reflection high energy electron diffraction), GDS (glow discharge spectrometer), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscope) and TEM (tunneling electro microscope). Moreover, the electrical properties of the grown 3C-SiC thin film were evaluated by Hall effect. From these results, the grown 3C-SiC thin film is very good crystalline quality, surface like mirror and low defect. Therefore, the 3C-SiC thin film is suitable for extreme environment, Bio and RF M/NEMS applications in conjunction with Si fabrication technology.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors implemented a small-size and low-power acceleration monitoring system for convenient monitoring of activity quantity and recognition of emergent situations such as falling during daily life.
Abstract: The real-time monitoring about the activity of the human provides useful information about the activity quantity and ability. The present study implemented a small-size and low-power acceleration monitoring system for convenient monitoring of activity quantity and recognition of emergent situations such as falling during daily life. For the wireless transmission of acceleration sensor signal, we developed a wireless transmission system based on a wireless sensor network. In addition, we developed a program for storing and monitoring wirelessly transmitted signals on PC in real-time. The performance of the implemented system was evaluated by assessing the output characteristic of the system according to the change of posture, and parameters and acontext recognition algorithm were developed in order to monitor activity volume during daily life and to recognize emergent situations such as falling. In particular, recognition error in the sudden change of acceleration was minimized by the application of a falling correction algorithm
6 citations
TL;DR: The result showed that the designed walking assistance robot will help the people who are blind to walk around safe and is designed to avoid by itself when the obstacle is detecting and the user only follows it to safe walking.
Abstract: For safe walking of the people who are blind, walking assistance robot which can detecting and avoiding the obstacle was investigated. The implemented prototype walking assistance robot consists of a obstacle detecting module, a user interface using acoustic signal and a driving module. The obstacle detecting module uses 6 ultrasonic sensors those located at the front part of the robot can perceive the obstacle which is in 3 meter distances and degrees. It calculates the distance and degree from the obstacle using TOF (time of flight) method and decides the 3-dimensional location of the obstacle. The obstacle information is delivered to the user using acoustic alarm and guide sound. The robot is designed to avoid by itself when the obstacle is detecting and the user only follows it to safe walking. After the designed robot was implemented, driving and obstacle detecting experiments were carried out. The result showed that the designed walking assistance robot will help the people who are blind to walk around safe.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrical model is proposed to analyze the DFMT vibration characteristic using the mechanical model of DFMT, and the proposed electrical model enables the simple analysis of DFT vibration characteristics using a computer program.
Abstract: A differential floating mass transducer has been developed in Korea for fully implantable middle ear hearing devices (F-IMEHDs). In particular, the performance of a differential floating mass transducer (DFMT) is very important among the parts of the F-IMEHDs because the mechanical vibration generated by DFMT is delivered to the inner ear directly. In this paper, the electrical model is proposed to analyze the DFMT vibration characteristic using the mechanical model of the DFMT. The electrical model enables the simple analysis of DFMT vibration characteristics using a computer program. The proposed electrical model is simulated through PSpice as changing the values of passive elements in the electrical model. To verify the proposed model, the DFMT has been implemented on the basis of the simulated results and the experiment for vibration measurement has been carried out. Through the comparison, it is verified that the proposed model is useful to analyze the vibration characteristics of the DFMT.
3 citations
TL;DR: Extended kalman filter, which is integrated with inertial navigation system and global positioning system is proposed in this paper and the test result shows the effectiveness of extended kal man filter for the navigation.
Abstract: Autonomous unmanned vehicle is able to find the path and the way point by itself. For the more precise navigation performance, Extended kalman filter, which is integrated with inertial navigation system and global positioning system is proposed in this paper. Extended kalman filter`s performance is evaluated by the simulation and applied to the unmanned vehicle. The test result shows the effectiveness of extended kalman filter for the navigation.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a disposable amperometric sensor for the electrochemical detection of a well-known aqueous pollutant, free available chlorine (FAC), was developed using screen printed carbon electrodes coupled with immobilised syringaldazine, commonly used as an indicator in photometric FAC detection.
Abstract: The work described in this study concerns the development of a disposable amperometric sensor for the electrochemical detection of a well-known aqueous pollutant, free available chlorine (FAC). The FAC sensor developed used screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) coupled with immobilised syringaldazine, commonly used as an indicator in photometric FAC detection, which was directly immobilised on the surface of SPCEs using a photopolymer PVA-SbQ. To enable in-field analysis of FAC, a prototype hand-held electrochemical analyzer has been developed to withstand the environment with its rugged design and environmentally sealed connections; it operates from two PP3 (9 volt) batteries and is comparable in accuracy and sensitivity to commercial bench top systems. The sensitivity of the FAC sensor developed was and the detection limit for FAC was found to be .
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the characteristics of poly (polycrystalline) 3C-SiC grown on and AlN substrates, respectively, were investigated according to various growth temperatures.
Abstract: This paper describes the characteristics of poly (polycrystalline) 3C-SiC grown on and AlN substrates, respectively. The crystallinity and the bonding structure of poly 3C-SiC grown on each substrate were investigated according to various growth temperatures. The crystalline quality of poly 3C-SiC was improved from resulting in decrease of FWHM (full width half maximum) of XRD and FT-IR by increasing the growth temperature. The minimum growth temperature of poly 3C-SiC was . The surface chemical composition and the electron mobility of poly 3C-SiC grown on each substrate were investigated by XPS and Hall Effect, respectively. The chemical compositions of surface of poly 3C-SiC films grown on and AlN were not different. However, their electron mobilities were and , respectively. Therefore, since the electron mobility of poly 3C-SiC films grown on AlN buffer layer was two times higher than that of 3C-SiC/, a AlN film is a suitable material, as buffer layer, for the growth of poly 3C-SiC thin films with excellent properties for M/NEMS applications.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an infrared optical fiber based sensor which can monitor the respiration of a patient was fabricated for insertion into a high electromagnetic field environment because the sensor consists of low cost and compact mid-infrared components such as an infrared light source, a chalcogenide optical fiber and a thermopile sensor.
Abstract: In this study, we have fabricated an infrared optical fiber based sensor which can monitor the respiration of a patient. The design of a chalcogenide optical fiber based sensor is suitable for insertion into a high electro-magnetic field environment because the sensor consists of low cost and compact mid-infrared components such as an infrared light source, a chalcogenide optical fiber and a thermopile sensor. A fiber-optic respiration sensor is capable of detecting carbon dioxide () in exhalation of a patient using the infrared absorption characteristics of carbon gases. The modulated infrared radiation due to the presence of carbon dioxide is guided to the thermopile sensor via a chalcogenide receiving fiber. It is expected that a mid-infrared fiber-optic respiration sensor which can be developed based on the results of this study would be highly suitable for respiration measurements of a patient during the procedure of an MRI.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a polymer waveguide type surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor using a white light source and optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) is proposed.
Abstract: In this paper, we fabricated the polymer waveguide type surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor using a white light source and optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). Fabricated sensor uses the principle of phase matching between evanescent wave and surface plasmon wave. According to the measuring result, the shift of resonance wavelength conducts the change of the refractive index. The proposed SPR sensor is expected to apply the integrated multichannel SPR sensor and the realtime monitoring system.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the mechanical properties of poly 3C-SiC thin films grown on Si wafers with thermal oxide, which are suitable for abrasion, high frequency and MEMS applications.
Abstract: This paper describes the mechanical characteristics of poly 3C-SiC thin films grown on Si wafers with thermal oxide. In this work, the poly 3C-SiC thin film was deposited by APCVD method using only Ar carrier gas and single precursor HMDS at . The elastic modulus and hardness of poly 3C-SiC thin films were measured using nanoindentation. Also, the roughness of surface was investigated by AFM. The resulting values of elastic modulus E, hardness H and the roughness of the poly 3C-SiC film are 305 GPa, 26 GPa and 49.35 nm respectively. The mechanical properties of the grown poly 3C-SiC film are better than bulk Si wafers. Therefore, the poly 3C-SiC thin film is suitable for abrasion, high frequency and MEMS applications.
TL;DR: An ad-hoc home network system based embedded system for home environment monitoring was fabricated and tested and the wireless sensor node consisting of a MCU, RF transceiver and sensors (temperature, humidity and light) ran application software for data sampling and wireless communication.
Abstract: Wireless sensor network technology is an emerging technology consisting of small, low power, and low cost devices that integrate limited computation, sensing, and radio communication capabilities. An ad-hoc home network system based embedded system for home environment monitoring was fabricated and tested. The wireless sensor node consists of a MCU, RF transceiver and sensors (temperature, humidity and light). Wireless sensor nodes run application software for data sampling and wireless communication, that was developed using `nesC language` which runs on TinyOS. In our tests, acquired sensors data were monitored on 6.4" TFT-LCD of base-station through IEEE802.15.4 standard wireless communication. Also, the sensor data can be monitored by client user at the terminal PC to monitor environmental status of home in real time.
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetron reactive ion etching (RIE) characteristics of polycrystalline (poly) 3C-SiC grown on /Si substrate by APCVD were investigated.
Abstract: The magnetron reactive ion etching (RIE) characteristics of polycrystalline (poly) 3C-SiC grown on /Si substrate by APCVD were investigated. Poly 3C-SiC was etched by gas, which can form a polymer as a function of side wall protective layers, with additive and Ar gases. Especially, it was performed in magnetron RIE, which can etch SiC at a lower ion energy than a commercial RIE system. Stable etching was achieved at 70 W and the poly 3C-SiC was undamaged. The etch rate could be controlled from to by the manipulation of gas flow rates, chamber pressure, RF power, and electrode gap. The best vertical structure was improved by the addition of 40 % and 16 % Ar with the reactive gas. Therefore, poly 3C-SiC etched by magnetron RIE can expect to be applied to M/NEMS applications.
TL;DR: Small size real-time ECG signal analysis function by QRS-complex detection was put into sensor nodes to reduce data packet overload and save some power in wireless sensor network.
Abstract: Small size real-time ECG signal analysis function by QRS-complex detection was put into sensor nodes. Wireless sensor nodes attached on the patient’s body transmit ECG data continuously in normal u-healthcare system. So there are heavy communication traffics between sensor nodes and gateways. New developed platform for real-time analysis of ECG signals on sensor node can be used as an advanced diagnosis and alarming system for healthcare. Sensor node does not need to transmit ECG data all the time in wireless sensor network and to server PC via gateway. When sensor node detects suspicion or abnormality in ECG, then the ECG data in the network was transmitted to the server PC for further powerful analysis. This system can reduce data packet overload and save some power in wireless sensor network. It can also increase the server performance.
TL;DR: The present technique would be of convenient and practical application as a new wearable respiratory transducer in clinical application, though customized calibration seemed feasible for monitoring general variation of ventilation.
Abstract: Conductive rubber material was molded in a belt shape to measure respiration. Its resistivity was approximately and the resistance-displacement relationship showed a negative exponent. The temperature coefficient was approximately negligible when practically applied on the abdomen. The conductive rubber belt was applied on a normal male`s abdomen with the dimensional change measured during resting breathing. The abdominal signal was differentiated () and compared with the accurate standard air flow rate signal () obtained by pneumotachometry. and differed in waveform, but the start and end timings of each breaths were clearly synchronized, demonstrating that the respiratory frequency could be accurately estimated before further processing of . loop showed a nonlinear hysteresis within each breath period, thus 6 piecewise linear approximation was performed, leading to a mean relative error of 14 %. This error level was relatively large for clinical application, though customized calibration seemed feasible for monitoring general variation of ventilation. The present technique would be of convenient and practical application as a new wearable respiratory transducer.
TL;DR: In this paper, the braking performance analysis program has been developed and verified by comparing the simulation results with the brake test results of HSR-350x; both results match very well.
Abstract: In general, the braking system of a high speed train has an important role for the safety of the train. To stop safely the train at its pre-decided position, it is necessary to properly combine the various brakes. The train has adopted a combined electrical and mechanical (friction) braking systems. In order to design a good brake system, it is essential for designers to predict the brake performance. In this paper, the braking performance analysis program has been developed and verified by comparing the simulation results with the brake test results of HSR-350x; both results match very well. Also, the brake performances of high speed trains can be predicted by using this program under various conditions.
TL;DR: Passive architecture used here provides the security of the user privacy while at the server the privacy was secured by providing the authentication using Geopriv approach, and the cost of the system was reduced.
Abstract: In this paper, we outline the research issues that we are pursuing towards building of location aware environments for mainly ubiquitous healthcare applications. Such location aware application can provide what is happening in this space. To locate an object, such as patient or elderly person, the active ceiling-mounted reference beacons were placed throughout the building. Reference beacons periodically publish location information on RF and ultrasonic signals to allow application running on mobile or static nodes to study and determine their physical location. Once object-carried passive listener receives the information, it subsequently determines it`s location from reference beacons. The cost of the system was reduced while the accuracy in our experiments was fairly good and fine grained between 7 and 12 cm for location awareness in indoor environments by using only the sensor nodes and wireless sensor network technology. Passive architecture used here provides the security of the user privacy while at the server the privacy was secured by providing the authentication using Geopriv approach. This information from sensor nodes is further forwarded to base station where further computation is performed to determine the current position of object.
TL;DR: This paper presents a fault-tolerant clock synchronization technique that can be used for a low-cost embedded system using a CAN bus and the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with a set of microcontrollers and DC motor-based actuators.
Abstract: Networked embedded systems using the smart device and fieldbus technologies are now found in many industrial fields including process automation and automobiles. However the discrepancy between a node`s view of current time and the rest of the system can cause many difficulties in the design and implementation of a networked system. To provide a networked system with a global reference time, the problem of clock synchronization has been intensively studied over the decades. However, many of the existing solutions, which are mainly developed for large scale distributed computer systems, cannot be directly applied to embedded systems. This paper presents a fault-tolerant clock synchronization technique that can be used for a low-cost embedded system using a CAN bus. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with a set of microcontrollers and DC motor-based actuators.
TL;DR: In this paper, a piezoresistive pressure sensor with dry etching technology which used ICP-RIE (inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching) and etching delay technology used SOI (silicon-on-insulator).
Abstract: In this paper, we fabricated piezoresistive pressure sensor with dry etching technology which used ICP-RIE (inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching) and etching delay technology which used SOI (silicon-on-insulator). Structure of the fabricated pressure sensor shows a square diaphragm connected to a frame which was vertically fabricated by dry etching process and a single-element four-terminal gauge arranged at diaphragm edge. Sensitivity of the fabricated sensor was about 3.5 mV/V kPa at 1 kPa full-scale. Measurable resolution of the sensor was not exceeding 20 Pa. The nonlinearity of the fabricated pressure sensor was less than 0.5 %F.S.O. at 1 kPa full-scale.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative dielectric constant change (RDC) was used to detect air embolism in a surgical procedure, where venous pressure at the site of surgery is sub-atmospheric or air is forced under pressure into a body cavity.
Abstract: Air embolism can be a lethal complication of surgical procedures during which venous pressure at the site of surgery is sub-atmospheric or air is forced under pressure into a body cavity. To solve the problem, we developed the air detector using relative dielectric constant change, which is expected to be used broadly in industrial circles. We designed a detection circuit of sensing scheme. In experiments with a mock system, the proposed system showed a signal difference depending on the amount of air in the tygon tube of the mock system.
TL;DR: Low power consumption sensor network platform (sensor node) for sensor networking with IEEE 802.15.4 protocol was fabricated and have good connectivity with various external devices by RS-232, I2C, analogue and digital expansion board, hence, this sensor node can be applications in wireless sensor network and ubiquitous sensor network.
Abstract: Low power consumption sensor network platform (sensor node) for sensor networking with IEEE 802.15.4 protocol was fabricated. The sensor node used ceramic bar type antenna for increasing RF signal performance and decreasing PCB size occupied by antenna. The communication range of the fabricated sensor node was about m in open environment with 915 MHz frequency bandwidth and well supported by Tiny OS. The sensor node have good connectivity with various external devices by RS-232, I2C, analogue and digital expansion board, hence, this sensor node can be applied to various applications in wireless sensor network and ubiquitous sensor network.
TL;DR: In this paper, two kinds of new NOx sensing mechanism was proposed and examined, one of which was potentiomtric sensor based on the measurement of decomposed oxygen from NO using YSZ porous diffusion barrier and Pd catalytic electrode.
Abstract: Two kinds of new NOx sensing mechanism was proposed and examined One of those was potentiomtric sensor based on the measurement of decomposed oxygen from NO using YSZ porous diffusion barrier and Pd catalytic electrode The sensor based on decomposed oxygen measurement responded to the range of 300 - 1000 ppm NO in environment and the sensitivities were coincident with theoretical values at 700 and but the decomposition rate depended on gas flow rate The other sensor was equilibrium potentiometric type using -nitrates solid solution as sensing material The sensor using -nitrates solid solution was suitable for NOxxsensing at in 5 % oxygen and the sensitivity was 193 mV/decade However, long term stability of the sensing material at high temperature was not sufficient
TL;DR: A development of the multi-channel data acquisition/logging system for a sensor signal processing and a method of the evaluation and a temperature compensation for the A/D converters with the specific analog and digital circuit including the software.
Abstract: This paper presents a development of the multi-channel data acquisition/logging system for a sensor signal processing and a method of the evaluation and a temperature compensation for the A/D converters with the specific analog and digital circuit including the software. Also, we have designed a hardware and a software filters with smart algorithm for better signal processing of the proposed system. Software approach was adopted to obtain the stable data from A/D converter.
TL;DR: In this article, a gas sensor using nanocrystalline CuO powders showed high sensitivities to acetone and ethanol, and the solution reduction method using copper chloride, hydrazine and NaOH and subsequent heat treatment.
Abstract: CuO is an important transition metal oxide with many practical applications such as catalysts, p-type semiconductor, solar cells, magnetic storage media and cathode materials. In this contribution, nanocrystalline CuO powders were prepared by solution reduction method using copper chloride (), hydrazine () and NaOH and subsequent heat treatment. The gas sensor using nanocrystalline CuO powders showed high sensitivities to acetone and ethanol.
TL;DR: 3-D Navigation View is presented, a three-dimensional visualization of indoor environment which serves as an intuitive and unified user interface for the authors' developed indoor location tracking system via Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) in web environment.
Abstract: In this paper we present 3-D Navigation View, a three-dimensional visualization of indoor environment which serves as an intuitive and unified user interface for our developed indoor location tracking system via Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) in web environment. The extracted user`s spatial information from indoor location tracking system was further processed to facilitate the location indication in virtual 3-D indoor environment based on his location in physical world. External Authoring Interface (EAI) provided by VRML enables the integration of interactive 3-D graphics into web and direct communication with the encapsulated Java applet to update position and viewpoint of user periodically in 3-D indoor environment. As any web browser with VRML viewer plug-in is able to run the platform independent 3-D Navigation View, specialized and expensive hardware or software can be disregarded.
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase change of output signal under the absorption of volatile gas on sensor surface was measured by measuring the phase shift of the output signal, which may be well suited for a high performance electronic nose system.
Abstract: This paper presents characteristics of surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensor for detecting volatile gases such as acetone, methanol, and ethanol by measuring phase shift of output signal A delay-line by combining with a center frequency of 200 MHz was fabricated on S-T Quartz substrates Using gas chromatography column, the selectivity of the SAW gas sensor were introduced Experimental results, which show the phase change of output signal under the absorption of volatile gas on sensor surface, were presented This SAW gas sensor system may be well suited for a high performance electronic nose system
TL;DR: In this article, a 6-axis force/moment sensor for a humanoid robot was developed using many parallel plate-beams, and the structure of the sensor was newly modeled and the sensing element was designed using theoretical analysis.
Abstract: This paper describes the development of 6-axis force/moment sensor for a humanoid robot. In order to walk on uneven terrain safely, the robot`s foot should perceive the applied forces Fx, Fy, Fz and moments Mx, My, Mz to itself, and be controlled by the foot using the forces and moments. Also, in order to grasp unknown object safely, the robot`s hand should perceive the weight of the object using the mounted 6-axis force/moment sensor to its wrist, and be controlled by the hand using the forces and moments. Therefore, 6-axis force/moment sensor should be necessary for a humanoid robot`s hand and foot. In this paper, 6-axis force/moment sensor for a humanoid robot was developed using many PPBs (parallel plate-beams). The structure of the sensor was newly modeled, and the sensing element of the sensor was designed using theoretical analysis. Then, 6-axis force/moment sensor was fabricated by attaching strain-gages on the sensing elements, and the characteristic test of the developed sensor was carried out. The rated outputs from theoretical analysis agree well with the results from the experiments.
TL;DR: In this paper, a readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for IRFPA detector is proposed, which consists of reference resistor, detector resistor, reset switch, integrated capacitor and operational amplifier.
Abstract: This paper proposes a readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) detector, which consist of reference resistor, detector resistor, reset switch, integrated capacitor and operational amplifier. Proposed ROIC is designed using 2P-4M (double poly four metal) n-well CMOS process parameters. Low noise folded cascode operational amplifier which is a key element in the ROIC showed 12.8 MHz unity-gain bandwidth and open-gain 89 dB, phase margin , SNR 82 dB. From proposed circuit, we gained output voltage variation when the detector resistor varied according to the temperature.
TL;DR: In this article, the spectrum range of the luminescence excited by 205 nm of wavelength was about nm, and its peak emission appeared at 343 nm, the luminance decay curve of the revealed two exponential components with time constants of 60 ns and 700 ns.
Abstract: crystal was grown using Czochralski method from equimolar mixture of CsCl and . The spectrum range of the luminescence excited by 205 nm of wavelength was about nm, and its peak emission appeared at 343 nm. The luminescence decay curve of the revealed two exponential components with time constants of 60 ns and 700 ns. The energy resolution for 662 keV -ray was 10.3 %. The pulse shape was linear at high energy, but some deviation existed in the low energy region.ကက會Ā―㆗⨀⾗⨀ༀༀༀ瀀ꀏ會Ā정㆗⨀ᢐ⾗⨀瀀ꀏ會Ā瀖㆗⨀䢏⾗⨀ഀഀഀĀ會Ā᠗㆗⨀碎⾗⨀Ā會Ā쀗㆗⨀ꂍ⾗⨀Ā會Ā栘㆗⨀좌⾗⨀Ā會Āမ㆗⨀⾗⨀Āꀏꀏ