Showing papers in "Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs in 1982"
TL;DR: Factors which influence test-retest reliability are examined for the widely used Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) and for the Lifetime Drinking History (LDH), a structured interview that quantifies lifetime patterns of alcohol consumption.
Abstract: are often used as a means of collecting information on drinking behavior for the diagnosis of alcohol misuse, for making treatment decisions and for evaluating treatment outcome. However, various elements can influence the reliability and validity of these data, including the assessment context, detoxication status and the kinds of alcohol-related behaviors measured (1). In the present study, factors which influence test-retest reliability are examined for the widely used Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) (2) and for the Lifetime Drinking History (LDH), 2 a structured interview that quantifies lifetime patterns of alcohol consumption. Reliability may be defined as the consistency of an individual's reporting of drinking behavior both within a single assessment (internal consistency) as well as between two assessment occasions (test-retest). Reliability addresses only the reprodueibility or stability of indices related to alcohol use, and is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the validity of a measure. Since the extent of measurement error sets a mathematical upper bound on any
743 citations
TL;DR: The behavior and motivation of Boston area residents who sought help for their drinking problems and those who did not are compared.
Abstract: The behavior and motivation of Boston area residents who sought help for their drinking problems and those who did not are compared. Three areas were examined: (1) Factors which respondents indicated influenced their decision to seek or not to seek help, the length of time they took to decide, the nature of their decisions and the action they took after deciding; (2) Whether respondents' personal and demographic characteristics, reported drinking practices when they realized they had a problem, and beliefs about their drinking problem and about the treatment of such problems were associated with whether they sought help; and (3) The influence that medical care providers exerted on the respondents to seek help.
145 citations
126 citations
TL;DR: In healthy young women, rapid eye movement sleep decreased, slow-wave sleep increased, sleep-onset latency decreased and late-night disturbance of sleep increased with increasing doses of alcohol.
Abstract: In healthy young women, rapid eye movement sleep decreased, slow-wave sleep increased, sleep-onset latency decreased and late-night disturbance of sleep increased with increasing doses of alcohol.
123 citations
120 citations
TL;DR: Alcoholics who participated in a lithess program had improved rates of abstinence and positive changes on the depression and psychasthenia subscales which were associated with fitness improvement.
Abstract: SUMMARY. Alcoholics who participated in a lithess program had improved rates o] abstinence. Although alcoholism is viewed as a multifaceted disorder, there has been little systematic analysis of the role of physical rehabilitation in alcoholism treatment (1). The past decade has witnessed great concern, in the public as a whole, over aerobic or endurance fitness. Programs which emphasize aerobic fitness require participation for at least 30 min three times a week, with an intensity of effort of from 60 to 80 % of maximum. Physiological adaptations take place following several weeks of regular participation in such a graded exercise program: reduced basal and working heart rate, lowered blood pressure, increase in muscle tone, increase in maximum oxygen uptake, and delayed onset of fatigue (2, 3). Numerous psychological adjustments have also been noted from such activity: e.g., lowered anxiety, improved self-esteem and greater selfconfidence (4, 5). In previous research on exercise programs with alcoholics, Gary and Guthrie (6) found little correlation between fitness improvement and changes in self-concept. Frankel and Murphy (7), administering the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in conjunction with a 12week fitness program, found positive changes on the depression and psychasthenia subscales which were associated with fitness improvement. Pursch a suggested that running daily aids in the rehabilitation of
117 citations
93 citations
TL;DR: The most frequently occurring and yet rarely discussed issue is the problem of "window viewing" an individual's life at only one intervention, especially when the contact is made after more than two years have elapsed.
Abstract: to trace the natural sequence of events in the course of alcoholism that occur after discharge from a treatment program. Unfortunately, the majority of these studies are fraught with methodological problems, making it difficult for results to be compared. Although even the best designed study has methodological constraints, results may be untrustworthy when less than half of the original patient sample can be located at the follow-up period. Even when an adequate number of patients are located, the validity of their self-reports may be questionable (3). Probably the most frequently occurring and yet rarely discussed issue is the problem of "window viewing" an individual's life at only one intervention, especially when the contact is made after more than two years have elapsed. In the most recently published Rand Report, which considered a host of methodological issues, Polich et al. (4) made only a partial attempt to consider this
90 citations
TL;DR: In the counties of California, the kinds and number of outlets of alcoholic beverages are differentially related to the social area characteristics and to arrest rates for public drunkenness, misdemeanor and felony drunken-driving arrest rates and cirrhosis mortality rates.
Abstract: A theoretical integration and an empirical test of the sociocultural model and the distribution of consumption model of alcohol problems is made for 51 California counties. In the counties of California, the kinds and number of outlets of alcoholic beverages are differentially related to the social area characteristics and to arrest rates for public drunkenness, misdemeanor and felony drunken-driving arrest rates and cirrhosis mortality rates.
85 citations
TL;DR: The M^S• is the best known and most widely used of these screening techniques, and the SMAST is the most commonly used.
Abstract: EVERAL alcoholism screening tech iques ave been developed in recent years, including such paper-and-pencil instruments as the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (M^S•) (1), the Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (s^^s•)(2), the Brief Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (3), the Self-Administered Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST)(4), and the c^c.• questions. '• Perhaps the best known and most widely used of these screening techniques is the M^S•.
82 citations
TL;DR: Cognitive restructuring and combined cognitive restructuring-social skills training methods were more effective than social skills training or traditional supportive therapy in producing lasting skill increments and decreased alcohol consumption.
Abstract: SVMMAU¾. Cognitive restructuring and combined cognitive restructuring-social skills training methods were more effective than social skills training or traditional supportive therapy in producing lasting skill increments and decreased alcohol consumption.
TL;DR: Results show that life events are more strongly related to depressive symptomatology in abstainers and heavy drinkers than in moderate drinkers, suggesting stress-buffering functions with regard to these events.
Abstract: This paper examines the question of whether the relationship between life events and depressive symptomatology varies with the individual's typical drinking pattern. Cross-sectional data from a sample of 713 rural residents are used. To clarify the nature of the stress-buffering functions of alcohol use, the relationships are then examined for different categories of stressors (e.g.) marital, job-related). Results show that life events are more strongly related to depressive symptomatology in abstainers and heavy drinkers than in moderate drinkers. More specifically, the interaction profiles suggested that financial and calamitous events were but minimally related to symptomatology among both moderate and heavy drinkers (thus suggesting stress-buffering functions with regard to these events). In contrast, relational and health events were unrelated to symptomatology only among moderate drinkers.
TL;DR: An experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of three familiar components of many programs for the prevention of alcohol misuse and alcoholism: the severity of the consequences of excessive drinking, an individual's personal vulnerability to these unpleasant consequences, and the effectivenessof moderate or responsible drinking in preventing these problems.
Abstract: An experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of three familiar components of many programs for the prevention of alcohol misuse and alcoholism: the severity of the consequences of excessive drinking, an individual's personal vulnerability to these unpleasant consequences, and the effectiveness of moderate or responsible drinking in preventing these problems.
TL;DR: This study examines the links between advertising and problem drinking in the United States and investigates whether alcohol advertising in the form of billboards, television advertisements, and other forms of advertising are effective in reducing problem drinking.
Abstract: alcohol problems has received considerable public attention in recent decades, including editorials in national and local media, regulatory proposals and Congressional hearings. 4 Critics of alcohol advertising have sometimes claimed a link between the advertising and problem drinking (2-4). Other critics of alcohol advertising have claimed that such advertising is frequently geared
TL;DR: Findings are reported on the themes and appeals used, techniques of presentation employed, and portrayal of human models in a sample of televised beverage alcohol advertisements aired during the 1979-80 television season.
Abstract: Findings are reported on the themes and appeals used, techniques of presentation employed, and portrayal of human models in a sample of televised beverage alcohol advertisements aired during the 1979-80 television season.
TL;DR: This review focuses on the metabolism of methanol and formaldehyde in the animal organism and the role of ethanol in the actions of alcohol.
Abstract: 1. POLACSEK, E., BARNES, T., TURNER, N., HALL, R. and WEISE, C. Interaction of alcohol and other drugs. 2d ed. Toronto; Addiction Research Foundation; 1972. 2. BUSSE, S., MULLOY, C. T. and WEISE, C. E. Disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholism; an annotated bibliography. Toronto; Addiction Research Foundation; 197S. 3. TEPHLY, T. R. Methanol; its metabolism and toxicity. Pp. 145-164. In: MAJCHROWICZ, E. and NOBLE, E. P., eds. Biochemistry and pharmacology of ethanol. Vol. 1. New York; Plenum; 1979. 4. TENt, Y.-S. Human liver aidehyde dehydrogenase in Chinese and Asiatic Indians; gene deletion and its possible implications in alcohol metabolism. Biochem. Genet. 19: 107ll4, 1981. 5. LINDROS, K. O. Acetaldehyde--its metabolism and role in the actions of alcohol. Pp. 111-176. In: ISRAEL, Y., GLASER, F. B., KALANT, H., POPHAM, R. E., SCHMIDT, W. and SMART, R. G., eds. Research advances in alcohol and drug problems. Vol. 4. New York; Plenum; 1978. 6. KOIVUSALO, M. Studies on the metabolism of methanol and formaldehyde in the animal organism. Acta Physiol. Scand. 39 (Suppl. 131): 1-103, 1956.
TL;DR: Few students preparing for careers in medicine, nursing, social work, or counseling are interested in devoting their professional time to the care of problem drinkers; this reluctance to become involved in the treatment of alcohol problems is related to prognostic pessimism and negative assessments of existing therapeutic resources for alcoholism treatment.
Abstract: Few students preparing for careers in medicine, nursing, social work, or counseling are interested in devoting their professional time to the care of problem drinkers; this reluctance to become involved in the treatment of alcohol problems is related to prognostic pessimism and negative assessments of existing therapeutic resources for alcoholism treatment.
TL;DR: More attention needs to be paid to the psychosocial dynamics of educational programs--the role played by cognition, attitudes, social norms, etc., and that especially important is the tailoring of program objectives and content to subgroup characteristics based on current alcohol use, motivation and relevant demographic characteristics.
Abstract: This report summarizes the experimental evaluations of two school-based alcohol education programs. Both univariate and multivariate data analyses are reported. It was found that alcohol education programs given to students in grades 7 through 10 improved their knowledge about alcohol, had mixed effects on their attitudes about alcohol, produced decreases in their alcohol use, and produced predictions of less future alcohol use. It was concluded that more attention needs to be paid to the psychosocial dynamics of educational programs--the role played by cognition, attitudes, social norms, etc., and that especially important is the tailoring of program objectives and content to subgroup characteristics based on current alcohol use, motivation and relevant demographic characteristics.
TL;DR: The evidence suggests that over a range of consumption, the limits of which have not been established, the relationship is negative, however, consumption at the high levels usually associated with alcoholism carries an elevated risk.
Abstract: Epidemiological data on alcohol consumption, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease are examined. Alcohol consumption is positively associated with cerebrovascular disease. Data on the relationship between alcohol consumption and ischemic heart disease are conflicting and incomplete. The evidence suggests that over a range of consumption, the limits of which have not been established, the relationship is negative. However, consumption at the high levels usually associated with alcoholism carries an elevated risk.
TL;DR: The questionnaire, calculations, and the original data base used can be found in the following item records within IUScholarworks repository.
Abstract: Other research PUBLICATIONS and PAPERS on university students drinking, drug use and health concerns and behaviors can be found at: https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/17130/browse?type=title; https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/17127/browse?type=title and https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/17124/browse?type=title. Further information about the questionnaire, calculations, and the original data base used can be found in the following item records within IUScholarworks repository. Details about the reliability and validity of the SAQ are found at: http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17337; http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17154; http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17181. The classic 1975 copy of the SAQ is found at http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17153. The Health Concern Questionnaire is found at: http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17250. Reliability and validity of this instrument are found at: http://hdl.handle.net/2022/17251. ALL QUESTIONNAIRES developed by Engs are found in the repository at: https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/17141/browse?type=dateissued
TL;DR: The risk of suicide in alcoholics is high, and Rushing has concluded that 7-21% of alcoholics eventually commit suicide, compared with approximately 1% of the general population.
Abstract: The risk of suicide in alcoholics is high (1), and Rushing (2) has concluded that 7-21% of alcoholics eventually commit suicide, compared with approximately 1% of the general population Explanations of the high suicide rate among alcoholics have ranged from psychoanalytic observations that alcoholism itself is a form of selfdirected hostility (3) to empirical contrasts between the demographic characteristics of nonsuicidal and suicidal alcoholics (4) One of the most supported contentions is that alcoholics are suicidal because they are depressed (5-8) Ho•vever, Beck et al (9), in studying a sample of 126 alcoholic and 252 nonalcoholic attempted suicides, found that hopelessness, defined in terms of negative expectancies for the future, was a stronger correlate of stficidal intent than was depression The relationship bet•veen suicidal intent and depression was accounted for mostly by hopelessness In reviewing measures of suicidal risk, the Task Force of the Center for Studies of Suicide Preventions at the National Institute of Mental Health
TL;DR: It is proposed that much of the motive for drinking is to alter self-identity and that drinking will be more likely if the individual attributes a positive evaluation to that version of his self-concept that he anticipates will result from drinking than if he has negative expectations of alcohol.
Abstract: This study explores the extent to which psychological dependence can be understood in terms of one single concept. This concept is that drinking behavior is personally functional, and that a major determinant of whether people drink is whether they "want" to do so. It is proposed that much of the motive for drinking is to alter self-identity and that drinking will be more likely if the individual attributes a positive evaluation to that version of his self-concept that he anticipates will result from drinking than if he has negative expectations of alcohol.