Showing papers in "Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1947"
TL;DR: The extent of gastrointestinal absorption of several solid polyethylene glycols including those designated as “Carbowax” compounds 1000, 1540, 4000, and 6000 has been determined following their administration to rats and to humans.
Abstract: The extent of gastrointestinal absorption of several solid polyethylene glycols including those designated as “Carbowax” compounds 1000, 1540, 4000, and 6000 has been determined following their administration to rats and to humans. In rats no absorption of the two higher molecular weight compounds was noted and with the two lower molecular weight compounds absorption was slight. When administered intravenously to human subjects “Carbowax” compounds 6000 and 1000 were excreted readily and to a high degree.
102 citations
TL;DR: Results of administering oral doses of high molecular weight polyethylene glycols to rats over a two‐year period and the single dose toxicity for several of these compounds by intraperitoneal administration to rats and intravenously to rabbits are reported.
Abstract: Results of administering oral doses of high molecular weight polyethylene glycols to rats over a two‐year period are reported. The single dose toxicity for several of these compounds by intraperitoneal administration to rats and intravenously to rabbits was also determined.
49 citations
TL;DR: This report on the effects of glass particles when injected into animals indicates that massive doses are required to produce damage to the organs examined during the study.
Abstract: This report on the effects of glass particles when injected into animals indicates that massive doses are required to produce damage to the organs examined during the study.
38 citations
TL;DR: The results of the study indicate a low degree of toxicity for fumaric, oxalic, and tartaric acids.
Abstract: Data are given on the effects of the oral administration of fumaric, tartaric, oxalic, and maleic acids. The results of the study indicate a low degree of toxicity for fumaric, oxalic, and tartaric acids. The oxalic and tartaric acids were not toxic in concentrations as high as 1.2% and fumaric acid was toxic only at the 1.5% concentration. Maleic acid was toxic at concentrations of 0.5% or more.
34 citations
TL;DR: Results of extensive lethal dose studies on rats, mice, ground squirrels, prairie dogs, cats, bobcats, dogs, coyotes, badgers, guinea pigs, sheep, cattle, horses, chickens, hawks, eagles, and other forms of life are presented.
Abstract: Results of extensive lethal dose studies on rats, mice, ground squirrels, prairie dogs, cats, bobcats, dogs, coyotes, badgers, guinea pigs, sheep, cattle, horses, chickens, hawks, eagles, and other forms of life are presented. Descriptions of physiological reactions shown by the various species to the poison are given. Comparative toxicities of baits made with sodium fluoroacetate, thallium sulfate, white arsenic, zinc phosphide, and barium carbonate, as well as strychnine alkaloid, are shown. Secondary poisoning hazards to the predatory animals most susceptible to this poison are described. The utility of sodium fluoroacetate as an economic poison is discussed.
22 citations
TL;DR: Two alkaloids, Premnine and Ganiarine, have been isolated from Premna integrifolia and their physical and chemical properties described.
Abstract: Two alkaloids, Premnine and Ganiarine, have been isolated from Premna integrifolia and their physical and chemical properties described.
19 citations
TL;DR: The results of a thorough study to determine the optimum p H level at which solutions of the more common ophthalmic drugs should be buffered in order to assume maximum stability and therapeutic efficiency are determined.
Abstract: In this paper various buffer systems are listed and an analysis is made of their usefulness as pharmaceutical buffers. A report is also made of the results of a thorough study to determine the optimum p H level at which solutions of the more common ophthalmic drugs should be buffered in order to assume maximum stability and therapeutic efficiency. These ophthalmic drugs are then classified into five groups and five buffer systems are recommended to the pharmacist for compounding pre‐scriptions calling for these drugs.
18 citations
TL;DR: A new expression is suggested, the “activity coefficient,” to denote degree of fungistatic activity exhibited by a substance, from the dosage response curves gained by this study.
Abstract: The two principal methods for the determination of fungistasis have been compared and their limitations noted. From the dosage response curves gained by this study a new expression is suggested, the “activity coefficient,” to denote degree of fungistatic activity exhibited by a substance. Ten compounds extensively employed in the therapy of dermatophytosis have been tested with Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and their relative potencies have been determined.
17 citations
TL;DR: This new combination produces a typical theophylline response in animals and it is well tolerated in large amounts in man.
Abstract: A method of preparation and the characterization of Sodium Theophylline Glycinate are described. This new combination produces a typical theophylline response in animals and it is well tolerated in large amounts in man.
16 citations
15 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that perchloric acid may be used to isolate choline esters from their reaction mixtures.
Abstract: The preparation and properties of acetyl, benzoyl, furoyl, and thenoyl choline perchlorates are described. It is shown that perchloric acid may be used to isolate choline esters from their reaction mixtures.
TL;DR: A practical assay method for penicillin that can be completed in three hours is reported, employing a principle of physical development that is believed to be new in biological assays.
Abstract: A practical assay method for penicillin that can be completed in three hours is reported. The procedure retains the advantages inherent in the cup‐plate method, but reduces the delay necessitated by the sixteen‐ to eighteen‐hour period of incubation customarily employed. Other advantages of the new method are that it yields a linear calibration curve and that the curve has a useful range nearly twice that of the conventional method. The procedure employs a principle of physical development that is believed to be new in biological assays. The seeded layer of test plates is rendered analogous to a photographic emulsion and is treated as such.
TL;DR: The fungicidal activities of ten compounds commonly used in the treatment of foor dermatophytosis are compared, employing a newly developed in vitro method for the evaluation of alcohol‐soluble fungicides.
Abstract: There exists an urgent need for the establishment of a laboratory test method for the assay of water‐insoluble fungicidal compounds which is both reproducible and meaningful. This study presents a critical evaluation of the existing procedures and a newly developed in vitro method for the evaluation of alcohol‐soluble fungicides. The fungicidal activities of ten compounds commonly used in the treatment of foor dermatophytosis are compared, employing the new modified method.
TL;DR: Comparison with sodium chloride indicates that sodium itaconate has the higher molecular toxicity, believed, but not definitely established, to be due to the base content of the Itaconate.
Abstract: Acute and chronic toxicity studies of itaconic acid (methylene succinic acid) and its sodium, magnesium, and calcium salts using cats have been made. The effects of these compounds when injected intravenously and administered orally are reported. Comparison with sodium chloride indicates that sodium itaconate has the higher molecular toxicity. This is believed, but not definitely established, to be due to the base content of the itaconate. There is indication that the itaconate ion is substantially inert.
TL;DR: The results reported will serve to distinguish between the two plant species involved in connection with Brahmi.
Abstract: This report includes new information on the pharmacognosy of the drug known in India as Brahmi. The results reported will serve to distinguish between the two plant species involved in connection with Brahmi.
TL;DR: A theoretical discussion of the possible causes for sticking and binding during compression of granulations is presented together with fundamental research on the mode of action of a lubricant.
Abstract: A theoretical discussion of the possible causes for sticking and binding during compression of granulations is presented together with fundamental research on the mode of action of a lubricant. One hundred seventy-one water-soluble compounds were studied for lubricating properties. Two per cent of a compound lubricant composed of equal parts of Dreft, sodium oleate, and Maprofix gave satisfactory lubrication to 72% of the tested granulations.
TL;DR: A review of the chemistry, experimental pharmacology, and clinical usage of desoxyephedrine has been presented and most investigators have concluded that it is slightly less effective than the d-isomer.
Abstract: A review of the chemistry, experimental pharmacology, and clinical usage of desoxyephedrine has been presented Most of the work reported has been concerned with the d-isomer The therapeutic usefulness of this isomer has been well established The l-isomer has not been investigated sufficiently; so its exact place in therapeutics still remains to be determined Some work has been done on the pharmacology and therapeutic use of the racemic mixture and most investigators have concluded that it is slightly less effective than the d-isomer Further investigation of racemic desoxyephedrine will undoubtedly determine its therapeutic usefulness
TL;DR: The germicidal properties of triolein ozonide in the form of ozonized olive oil have been investigated and it is found to be bactericidal to Strephylococcus aureus, Staphylococci, and Streptococcus bemolyticus and fungicidal to Tricbophyton mentagrophytes.
Abstract: The germicidal properties of triolein ozonide in the form of ozonized olive oil have been investigated. Ozonized olive oil in vitro is bactericidal to Strephylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, and Streptococcus bemolyticus and fungicidal to Tricbophyton mentagrophytes, Tricbophyton purpureum, Microsporon audouini, and Microsporon lanosum. Against Monilia albicans it is only fungistatic.
TL;DR: Nitrofurazone (Furacin) is either bacceriostatic or bactericidal to a wide variety of organisms and possesses a low degree of systemic and local toxicity although sensitization may sometimes be encountered.
Abstract: This report reviews the basis upon which the present status of Nitrofurazone (Furacin) depends. This compound is either bacceriostatic or bactericidal to a wide variety of organisms and possesses a low degree of systemic and local toxicity although sensitization may sometimes be encountered.
TL;DR: Four minor alkaloids in addition to the two principal ones previously reported, have been isolated from the Chinese drug, Pei‐Mu.
Abstract: Four minor alkaloids in addition to the two principal ones previously reported, have been isolated from the Chinese drug, Pei‐Mu. The procedures employed are described and the analytical data and derivatives used in the characterization of these new alkaloids are reported.
TL;DR: A chemical study of Daemia extensa is described and three sterols were isolated in pure form and characterized, and a glycosidic bitter principle with pituitrin‐like action is described.
Abstract: A chemical study of Daemia extensa is described. Three sterols were isolated in pure form and characterized. In addition, a glycosidic bitter principle with pituitrin‐like action is described. Other minor constituents are described briefly.
TL;DR: Four of the five preparations of digitalis show good agreement in the potency estimates between the cat and guinea‐pig methods, but the potency of the fifth yielded a result differing by more than 20% from that obtained by the intravenous cat method.
Abstract: Five preparations of digitalis have been assayed by the guinea‐pig method and have been compared with the U. S. P. XI one‐hour frog method and the U. S. P. XII intravenous cat method. Four of the five preparations show good agreement in the potency estimates between the cat and guinea‐pig methods. The potency of the fifth assayed by the guinea‐pig method yielded a result differing by more than 20% from that obtained by the intravenous cat method.
TL;DR: The Knudson‐Dresbach colorimetric method as modified by Bell and Krantz for the assay of digitalis preparations has been applied to several samples and results are reported.
Abstract: The Knudson‐Dresbach colorimetric method as modified by Bell and Krantz for the assay of digitalis preparations has been applied to several samples. The results of this study are reported.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the beneficial clinical results which have been obtained with ozonized olive oil are due to the germicidal properties of the peroxides and to specific actions of the final decomposition products.
Abstract: Chemical and physical properties of ozonized olive oil have been investigated. Ozonized olive oil decomposes in the presence of water into medium length mono and dibasic acids and aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide. Organic peroxidic compounds are formed as intermediates. It is suggested that the beneficial clinical results which have been obtained with ozonized olive oil are due to the germicidal properties of the peroxides and to specific actions of the final decomposition products.
TL;DR: The bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties of a homologous series of benzyl quaternary ammonium compounds having substituents in the aromatic nucleus are described and the effect of carbon chain lengths in the alkyl groups upon the surface tension of solutions is reported.
Abstract: The bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties of a homologous series of benzyl quaternary ammonium compounds having substituents in the aromatic nucleus are described. The influence of the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl groups and the introduction of one or two chlorine atoms in the aromatic nucleus on germicidal activity is described. The effect of carbon chain lengths in the alkyl groups of certain benzyl quaternary ammonium compounds upon the surface tension of solutions is also reported. No correlation between surface tension values and antibacterial activity was found.
TL;DR: A series of saturated C10 to C18 fatty alcohols were studied for their effect on the hydrophilic properties of petrolatum and the optimum concentration at which each fatty alcohol exerts its maximum effect is noted.
Abstract: A series of saturated C10 to C18 fatty alcohols were studied for their effect on the hydrophilic properties of petrolatum. An optimum concentration at which each fatty alcohol exerts its maximum effect is noted. Cetyl alcohol has the lowest optimum value, but octadecyl alcohol (stearyl alcohol), having a slightly higher optimum value, but octadecyl alcohol (stearyl alcohol), having a slightly higher optimum value, exerts the strongest effect on the hydrophilic properties of petrolatum. The values obtained by two methods are compared and the practical value of this property of the fatty alcohols is discussed. A comparative study of these alcohols in bases analogous to that described in the Swiss Pharmacopoeia V is made.
TL;DR: The antifungal activity of an experimental ointment and two solutions containing trimethyl cetyl ammonium pentachlorphenate was determined and compared with results obtained by similar methods using preparations containing fatty acids or their salts.
Abstract: The antifungal activity of an experimental ointment and two solutions containing trimethyl cetyl ammonium pentachlorphenate was determined and compared with results obtained by similar methods using preparations containing fatty acids or their salts.
TL;DR: In vitro tests showed that the stilbestrol derivative is bactericidal against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and against cultures of the M. tuberculosis which had been pretreated with alkali; and against Eberthella typhosa and Staphylococcus aureus, which appeared to be bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic against all three organisms.
Abstract: Directions are given for the preparation of stilbestryl‐bis (diethylaminoethyl) ether dihydrochloride, and hexylresorcinol‐bis (diethylaminoethyl) ether. In vitro tests showed that the stilbestrol derivative is bactericidal against Mycobacterium tuberculosis var, hominis i n concentration of 1:50,000; against cultures of the M. tuberculosis which had been pretreated with alkali, 1:50,000; against Eberthella typhosa, 1:5000 and against Staphylococcus aureus, 1: 5000. The corresponding minimum effective concentrations of the hexylresorcinol derivative were 1:50,000 (M. tuberculosis); 1:100,000 (M. tuberculosis pretreated with alkali); 1:50,000 (E. typhosa; and 1:10,000 (S. aureus). The compounds appeared to be bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic against all three organisms. Preliminary tests indicated that the stilbestrol derivative, administered intraperitoneally to castrated female rats, was neither estrogenic nor toxic in doses of 10, 50, or 100 micrograms.