Showing papers in "Learning and Motivation in 1985"

TL;DR: For example, this paper found that children respond to caloric density cues in regulating their food intake, and that such cues can be associatively conditioned to organoleptic cues in foods and obtain evidence regarding which of the many cues available are involved as conditioned stimuli.

TL;DR: Results suggest that the debilitated response to an overshadowed stimulus does not represent an acquisition failure, but rather the failure of an acquired association to be manifest in behavior.

TL;DR: The authors showed that the context alone, even though it was never exclusively paired with reinforcement, can act as a retrieval cue for infants to learn to kick to produce movement in an overhead crib mobile on a conjugate reinforcement schedule.

TL;DR: In this paper, positive, negative, and zero response-outcome contingencies were responded to and rated by college students under a free-operant procedure, where outcomes were either neutral or were associated with point gain.

TL;DR: Results show that the retardation of learning produced by prior exposure to a stimulus (latent inhibition) was more marked in subjects given an initial phase of preexposure to the training context, and the implications for accounts of the role of contextual factors in latent inhibition are discussed.

TL;DR: Orientation-contingent color aftereffects, like other conditional responses, display overshadowing and blocking, and the results suggest that conditioning contributes to these afterefects.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that when rats drink a novel flavor in a distinctive environment and are injected with lithium, potentiated aversions are established to the environment as evidenced by the animals' unwillingness to consume a familiar, nonaversive flavor.

TL;DR: In this paper, the number of reinforcement trials and reinforcement pairings per session were equated across two factorial group sets and all groups were trained for a fixed total number of acquisition trials (192).

TL;DR: The results demonstrated that the manipulation of FI terminal-link schedules affected the sensitivity of choice to reinforcer amount, and are consistent with the previous findings that choice proportions for the larger of two reinforcers increased with increases in the length of FI terminals.

TL;DR: In this paper, four experiments were conducted to test those features deemed to play an important role in the acquisition and/or maintenance of autoshaping and omission responding with human subjects, viz., event contingencies, reinforcement, stimulus generalization, the type of CS employed, conditioned reinforcement and response topography.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that there was no consistent bias in favor of the ratio alternative, and the sensitivity to reinforcement allocation was not systematically affected by whether the ratio or interval schedule was varied.

TL;DR: Data from two experiments with rat subjects extend the associative account of conditioned analgesia to situations involving stimulus selection and the implications for the analysis of aversive learning are discussed.

TL;DR: In a series of studies, the effects of different types of intradimensional discrimination training on human auditory frequency generalization were examined as discussed by the authors, and the general conclusion is that training with more difficult, three-stimulus discrimination problems results in enhanced peak shift.

TL;DR: Comparison of the two shock-exposed conditions with a naive control condition suggests that previous results that were apparently consistent with inhibitory aversive enhancement and blocking of appetitive conditioning may have been due to aversive context conditioning.

TL;DR: This paper showed that pigeons are more sensitive to forgetting effects than are discrete trial tasks when trained with a free operant rather than a discrete trial task and varying the problem difficulty by altering the dimensional separation between training stimuli.

TL;DR: Models developed to explain pigeon performance in two-event DSD were extended to the three-event task and falsified a noncumulative model and several cumulative integration models, but corroborated one cumulative, multiplying model.

TL;DR: Experiment 2 found that tastes were better conditioned in a taste aversion procedure when the taste-temperature compound was the same during conditioning as during preexposure, interpreted as evidence against a view of within-compound learning that treats the compound as a unitary stimulus.

TL;DR: In this article, animals given a cuing or reminder treatment prior to a lick suppression test exhibited enhanced suppression in the presence of the tone relative to a variety of control conditions, and the effect appeared more robust as the number of backward conditioning trials preceding the cue increased.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated some familiar selective mechanisms of stimulus control over key pecking in pigeons, with duration and line tilt as discriminative stimuli in successive discrimination procedures and found that the greater time required to distinguish duration on a trial, compared to more commonly studied stimulus dimensions, which can be distinguished almost immediately, puts duration at a competitive disadvantage in situations where other relevant dimensions are also available.

TL;DR: The results suggest that instances of response-reinforcer interactions may be predicted by knowledge of species-typical defensive behavior and that reactions elicited by shock are not always identical to those eliciting by frustration in their consequences for the performance of conditioned behavior.

TL;DR: It is indicated that red houselight becomes a conditioned inhibitor more quickly than tone in appetitive situations, just as redHouselight become a conditioned excitor more quickly in those situations.

TL;DR: In this paper, it was established that light stimuli are effective warning signals (WS) in shuttle avoidance and noise onset and noise offset as a feedback signal enhanced avoidance learning under conditions of immediate and delayed termination of a light WS.

TL;DR: The results showed that approach can be eliminated, but only after repeated exposure to an operant contingency which consisted of the immediate closure of the platform upon approach responding, and suggest that approach behavior produced by Pavlovian contingencies can be modified by operant contingencies.

TL;DR: The present study was designed to demonstrate that two different measures of the “latency to escape” tap different aspects of escape responding, and shows that these two latency measures measure different characteristics of the strength of Escape responding in a shuttlebox.

TL;DR: The results suggest that some central adaptation process produced by experience with shock reduces the effectiveness of shock as a reinforcer whenever shock is used repeatedly, independent of other effects, such as context blocking.

TL;DR: Data indicate that the inability of aversive gustatory cues to produce burying reflects a constraint on motivational or S-R learning processes.

TL;DR: The authors showed that irrelevant incentive learning is not limited to interoceptive cues, nor is habit learning limited to exteroceptive ones. And they also showed that motivation affects what is learned as well as affecting current performance, contrary to views of motivation as solely a determinant of performance.